Exam+3


 * Exam #3 (Final Exam)**

Bring with you a blue book and a pen.

Exam times:

//**9:20 section:**// Monday, 14 December 9:35 am-11:25 am

//**10:40 section:**// Wednesday, 16 December 11:55 am-1:45 pm

Study for the following four possible questions.

On the exam itself, I will pick three of these questions--you will have to answer two of the three.

The exam will be essay; that means complete sentences, not just bullet points.


 * Please write in PEN**.


 * Possible Exam Questions:**

1. Texas Revolution and the U.S.-Mexican War 2. Second Great Awakening and Anti-Slavery 3. Slavery and the 1850s 4. Civil War and Reconstruction


 * START HERE FOR QUESTION #1:**
 * TEXAS REVOLUTION AND THE U.S.-MEXICAN WAR**


 * TEXAS**

Map: []

Americans move into Spanish, then Mexican Tejas Panic of 1819 pushed some Americans westward Mexico gained its independence from Spain (1821)

Spain gave land grants to Moses Austin Mexico continued the same deal with Stephen Austin (1824) []

Americans not happy with three aspects of life in Mexico:

a. Catholicism: Settlers either converted superficially or ignored requirement b. Slavery (in 1829 Mexico freed its slaves)(colonists freed slaves but signed them to lifelong indentured servant contract c. Self government

Texas part of Mexican Coahuila (Texas outnumbered 3 to 1) Americans demanded a Mexican state of their own

Dictator Santa Anna abolished separate Mexican states (1834) []


 * Texas revolution** (1836)

By 1835, Texas population: 30,000 Americans; 3,000 Mexicans "War party" declared Texas independent in1836 Guests who rebelled against their hosts


 * Main battle of the Texas Revolution**:

Alamo: 187 all died (Davy Crockett, Jim Bowie, William Travis) []

The Alamo Came Under Attack (Finding Dulcinea, On This Day) http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/Feb/On-this-Day--The-Alamo-Came-Under-Attack.html


 * Texas: the Lone Star Republic** (1836–1845)

Texas a separate country

Sam Houston the first president. []

Population increased from 30,000 to 142,000 Annexation delayed until 1845: volatility of the slavery issue


 * U.S.-MEXICAN WAR**

Army Life: U.S. Army http://www.pbs.org/kera/usmexicanwar/war/army_life_us.html

Army Life: Mexican Army http://www.pbs.org/kera/usmexicanwar/war/army_life_mexican.html

Many Truths Constitute the Past http://www.pbs.org/kera/usmexicanwar/aftermath/many_truths.html


 * Manifest Destiny**

The notion that American expansion westward and southward was inevitable, just, and divinely ordained

In accordance with this view: Native Americans: savages, best eliminated Hispanics: inferior peoples, best controlled or conquered


 * Mexican War (1846–1848)**

U.S.-Mexican War (PBS) http://www.pbs.org/kera/usmexicanwar/prelude/

Mexican War Regular Map: []

1. Mexico felt annexation of Texas cause for war

American sent forces into disputed region to provoke a Mexican attack Mexicans did attack America declared war

Some in U.S. opposed war:

Many northerners opposed the war with Mexico They saw in a war an evil design by slave owners to increase possible slave territory

Henry Clay; Abraham Lincoln

2. American interest in California--then a part of Mexico:

New England clipper ships traded with the area in the 1830s http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clipper

Bartered manufactured goods for cowhides Boston companies set up resident agents in California Agents' reports back East sparked interest in California

a. Richard Henry Dana's //Two Year Before the Mast//: a best seller (1840)

Richard Henry Dana http://www.winthrop.dk/rhdana.html

Dana Point. Ship visit: Pilgrim. http://www.ocean-institute.org/programs/pilgrim.html

b. Sutter's Fort. Sacramento. At end of Overland Trail.

3. When war with Mexico seemed likely, U.S. claimed California

Bear Flag Revolt (June 14, 1846)

Key names: Sonoma; William B. Ide; John Fremont; Mexican Governor Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo

Separate country for less than a month

California's Bear Flag revolt begins (History.com This Day in History | 6/14/1846) http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/californias-bear-flag-revolt-begins

4. U.S. Forces in Mexico

a) General Zachary Taylor: invaded Mexico from north

b) General Winfield Scott: invaded Mexico from seacoast

Halls of Montezuma Marines raised U.S. flag over National Palace in Mexico City

5. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Territorial Acquisitions Map 

U.S. paid Mexico $15 million Present states: California, Utah, New Mexico, Nevada, Arizona U.S. territory enlarged by 20%


 * Legacy of the Mexican-American War**

$100 million in military costs 13,000 Americans died Training ground for military officers later famous in Civil War Gold discovered in California (1848): a few months before treaty signed Continuing controversy over extension of slavery in land won from Mexico


 * END HERE FOR QUESTION #1**
 * TEXAS AND THE U.S.-MEXICAN WAR**


 * START HERE FOR QUESTION #2**
 * SECOND GREAT AWAKENING AND ANTI-SLAVERY**


 * SECOND GREAT AWAKENING**

Began around 1800 Democratized American religion—as voting was being democratized Rejected doctrine of predestination


 * A. On the frontier: West and South**

Focus on individual salvation; no impulse to reform society

Let's take a look at the section in this article entitled "Great Revival of the South" http://www.lewis-clark.org/content/content-article.asp?ArticleID=2449


 * 1. Camp meetings**

Attended by thousands Cane Ridge (1801): 10,000 participants

Cane Ridge Revival Kentucky (Google Images) []

Cane Ridge Meeting House http://www.caneridge.org/ Plus: The Great Revival http://www.caneridge.org/revival.html


 * 2. Circuit riders**

Methodist Circuit Riders (Google Images) []

The Circuit Riders in Early Methodism http://www.gcah.org/site/pp.aspx?c=ghKJI0PHIoE&b=3828779

Nothing but Crows and Methodist Preachers http://www.forgottenword.org/crows.html

Circuit Riders http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_rider_%28religious%29


 * B. In the north**

Congregationalists and Presbyterians Small to medium-sized towns Northern revivals led to an impulse to reform society


 * Charles G. Finney**

Key name in Second Great Awakening

New York lawyer Converted (1821) Finney became a full–time evangelist "I have a retainer from Jesus to plead his case" Focused initially on the small towns in western New York.

Arminianism==Free will A more democratic version of Christianity than predestination. Any person who wanted to be saved could be saved.

Finney's evangelistic approach

Was controversial for its time:

a. Protracted meetings. Revivals continued nightly for a week or more.

b. Anxious bench

"Almost saved" would sit up front Made an object of special prayer.

c. Women allowed to speak aloud and pray for male relatives


 * Converts organized into voluntary associations**

1810—Foreign Missions Board

Students at Williams College: Haystack Prayer Meeting http://wso.williams.edu/~dchu/MissionPark/meeting.html

1816—American Bible Society—distributed Bibles in the West

1825—American Tract Society—to seamen and urban poor


 * Antislavery**

Antislavery was not a unified movement at first

Its adherents differed over several issues:
 * a. How hard to push the issue
 * b. The rights of women
 * c. The place of free blacks in American society

The issue of slavery eventually became so compelling that it consumed all the other reforms we have discussed.


 * Gradual emancipation**:

1. American Colonization Society (founded in 1816) 2. Advocated gradual emancipation of former slaves 3. Suggested resettlement in Africa 4. Liberia was set up for this purpose Its capital, Monrovia, named for President James Monroe


 * Immediate emancipation**

Immediatism surpassed gradualism as dominant anti-slavery approach


 * a. Immediate—right now
 * b. Complete—no other labor contract
 * c. Uncompensated—owners not paid a thing


 * William Lloyd Garrison**

Garrison was a white abolitionist He argued for immediate emancipation His newspaper, //The Liberator//, began publication in 1831


 * Black abolitionists**

Much of abolitionism was run by free blacks By 1830, blacks had organized some 50 abolitionist societies


 * Women abolitionists**
 * Women more prominent in abolition than other movements
 * Women could not vote
 * Women expected to "keep their place" in the background

Angelina and Sarah Grimke []

White daughters of a South Carolina slave owner Moved to the North Became involved in anti-slavery and women's rights Attacked the concept of subordination of women to men


 * END HERE FOR QUESTION #2**
 * SECOND GREAT AWAKENING AND ANTI-SLAVERY**


 * BEGIN HERE FOR QUESTION #3**
 * SLAVERY AND THE 1850S**


 * Antebellum South**

Old South or Antebellum South (before the Civil War) (1800-1860) North grew and changed South just grew


 * Remained a rural, agrarian society
 * Thin population distribution
 * Few cities
 * Small number of factories


 * Rise of the Cotton South**

Several factors increased the growth of slave–supplied cotton plantations:

1. Cotton gin [before gin:10 hours for 1 pound; after: 1000 pounds/day] http://www.freetech4teachers.com/2012/02/cotton-gin-animated.html#.UJ5lFoY9WSo

2. Short–staple cotton

3. English and northern U.S. textile factories need for cotton


 * Southern society**

Some 75% of white southern families owned NO slaves at all.

Most planters owned fewer than 10 slaves. But the big planters (100 slaves or more) set the tone for southern society.


 * Slave life**

Food generally adequate, but plain and monotonous Slaves owned few clothes and lived in small, one–room cabins Slaves worth more healthy than sick Women as child bearers were particularly valuable to owner

Slaves treated as property:
 * Pledged for a debt
 * Gambled away in a card game
 * White crimes against slaves went unpunished
 * Slaves could not testify against whites


 * Slave work routine**

1. House slaves

2. Field slaves

Most field slaves worked in the **gang system** White overseer: compensated on how much he produced Black slave drivers: foremen to keep down dissension

3. Some slaves worked the **task system**

In urban settings and on some rice plantations Assigned daily tasks to complete at their own pace Remainder of the time was their own

4. Slave **hire system**

Some skilled slaves were able to hire themselves out They could keep most of their wages Often used proceeds to purchase their freedom


 * Slave religion**

Most white southerners were religious

Most believed they should help slaves become Christians

But they did so on their own terms

Whites used religion as a form of control:

God commanded slaves to serve and obey their masters Slaves felt there must be a real Bible somewhere One not written by their white owners Many whites unwilling to accept slaves as brothers and sisters in Christ.

Christianity helped slaves cope with bondage:

Slaves used religion as a refuge Inner sense of personal worth and dignity Slaves hoped for deliverance from bondage Surely in heaven but hopefully in this lifetime


 * Slave family life**

Slaves tried to be monogamous

Slave marriages had no legal basis Slaves still had marriage ceremonies Vows were changed to "till death or distance do us part" Family was central to slave life

Worst fear was family separation by sale At any moment, the master could a. Sell a slave husband or wife b. Die in debt, forcing a division of his property c. Give a slave child away as a wedding present

Husbands tried to provide for their wife and children Could not protect the females from sexual exploitation by the master


 * Slave resistance**

Few violent rebellions

Whites had firepower, slave patrols, militia, and federal troops

Slaves tried to preserve mental independence and self–respect

Coping mechanisms


 * Trickster tales
 * Nonviolent forms of resistance
 * Stealing food
 * Temporarily running away
 * Slacking off at work


 * Nat Turner slave rebellion in Virginia** (1831)

Nat Turner []

Turner an educated black lay preacher

Key slave rebellion—a violent one Caused an intense white reaction in the south


 * Virginia legislature slavery debate** (1832)

White advocates of gradual abolition of slavery forced a debate Argued that slavery was injurious to Virginia's modernization Motion favoring abolition lost Last public debate on slavery in the antebellum South


 * THE 1850s**


 * Context: Crucial interplay of several factors**

Should new states be slave or free? "If slavery was the sore spot in the body politic, territorial disputes were salt rubbed into the wound."

Frames of reference of North and South toward each other:

Northerners: feared an evil Southern Slave Power wanting to take over U.S. Southerners: felt that northerners were all abolitionists--wanting to oppress the South


 * Compromise of 1850**

A North–South division was deepening Slavery in the territories colored every other national issue The first sectional battle of the decade involved California California's request to enter Union as free state caused political conflict Compromise of 1850 became a temporary armistice in the slavery issue

Major provisions of the Compromise of 1850:

a. California entered the Union as a free state

California becomes the 31st state in record time (History.com This Day in History | 9/9/1850) http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/california-becomes-the-31st-state-in-record-time

b. Trading and auction of slaves abolished in Washington, D.C.

Slavery itself was still permitted

c. Fugitive Slave Act

Stronger than past ones Citizens must help capture and return runaway slaves Suspected runaways denied trial by jury

Daniel Webster Endorses Compromise of 1850 (Finding Dulcinea, On This Day) http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/March/Daniel-Webster-Endorses-Compromise-of-1850-in-3-Hour-Speech.html


 * Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852)**

Harriet Beecher Stowe's portrait of slave suffering made southerners mad

Harriet Beecher Stowe (God in America) http://www.pbs.org/godinamerica/people/harriet-beecher-stowe.html

Slave narratives and Uncle Tom's Cabin http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p2958.html

The Underground Railroad http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p2944.html


 * Republican party** **(1854)**

New party—not connected to the earlier Jeffersonian Republican party A purely sectional third party--based in the North Dedicated to keeping slavery out of the territories

The Kansas-Nebraska Act and the Rise of the Republican Party http://lincoln.lib.niu.edu/biography6text.html


 * Sumner–Brooks incident** **(1856)**

Sen. Charles Sumner (Mass.) an abolitionist His antislavery remarks were an insult to Rep. Preston Brooks (S.C.) Brooks beat Sumner with a cane—in Senate chamber

South seemed to condone violence to have its way South sent Brooks more canes Northerners shocked at this southern assault on free speech

The Caning of Senator Charles Sumner (US Senate) http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/minute/The_Caning_of_Senator_Charles_Sumner.htm


 * Dred Scott decision (1857)**

Supreme Court attempted to decide issue of slavery in the territories Five of the nine Supreme Court justices were southerners

The case ruled as follows:
 * Blacks could not be U.S. citizens
 * Congress could not prohibit slavery in a territory
 * This implied a repeal of the Missouri Compromise
 * South delighted; North outraged

Supreme Court Rules Against Dred Scott (Finding Dulcinea, On This Day) http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/March/Supreme-Court-Rules-Against-Dred-Scott.html


 * Lincoln-Douglas debates (1858)**

The Lincoln-Douglas Debates Begin (Finding Dulcinea, On This Day) http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/July-August-08/On-this-Day--The-Lincoln-Douglas-Debates-Begin.html


 * END HERE FOR QUESTION #3**
 * SLAVERY AND THE 1850S**


 * START HERE FOR QUESTION #4**
 * CIVIL WAR AND RECONSTRUCTION**


 * John Brown at Harpers Ferry** **(1859)**

Using both whites & blacks, John Brown attacked federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry Brown hoped to arm slaves and trigger a slave rebellion Brown failed: captured, tried, and executed Northern abolitionists saw him as a Jesus figure South bothered by this adulation; thought all northerners endorsed him

John Brown: America's First Terrorist? (National Archives magazine) http://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2011/spring/brown.html


 * U.S. Presidential Election of 1860**

Lincoln got no southern electoral votes but still won the election. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1860

Lincoln's analysis "You in the south think slavery is right and ought to be expanded. We think it is wrong and ought to be restricted."


 * Secession**

Map of secession: []

Secession of South Carolina (December 20, 1860)

The secession of South Carolina led other southern states to secede

Distinguish the two waves of secession

a) Deep South: Miss., Fla., Ala., Ga., La., Tx. b) Upper South: Ark., Tn., N.C., Va.

Several slave states remained committed to the North: Mo., Ky., Md., Del.


 * Confederate States of America**

Confederacy was a separate country Problems similar to those of the Articles of Confederation

Jefferson Davis chosen as President of the Confederate States of America

Jefferson Davis Elected (Today in History, Library of Congress) http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/nov06.html

Capital of the Confederacy was initially in Montgomery, Alabama Capital for remainder of war in Richmond, Virginia Each side tried to take the enemy's capital city


 * War aims**

a. North: Preserve the Union. Not free the slaves

b. South: Preserve slavery==the southern way of life


 * Names used to describe each side**:

a. North=Federals=Yankees=Union=Billy Yank=Blue

b. South=Confederates=Rebels=Secessionists=Johnny Reb=Gray


 * Key Leaders/Generals**

a. North:

Abraham Lincoln Ulysses Grant William Tecumseh Sherman George Meade George McClellan

b. South: Confederate States of America

Jefferson Davis Robert E. Lee Stonewall Jackson J.E.B. Stuart

http://www.teachingamericanhistory.org/neh/interactives/civilwar/lesson1/civil_war.swf
 * Comparisons of both sides**

a. Northern advantages:

Larger population Greater industrial production More railroads and canals

b. Southern advantages:

Greater emotion Excellent military commanders


 * Diplomatic strategy**

a. North

Lincoln tried hard to prevent Britain and France from aiding the Confederacy

Trent Affair (Historian of the State Department) http://history.state.gov/milestones/1861-1865/TrentAffair

b. South

"King Cotton" diplomacy

Hoped that Britain and France would aid South to get southern cotton It did not happen Both countries developed other supply sources


 * Emancipation**

a. Lincoln's approach

1. Hoped to achieve a peace treaty compromise with the South 2. Tried to balance conflicting parts of his Republican party coalition Radical Republicans wanted immediate emancipation Others (especially border slave states) did not 3. His priority remained: to preserve the Union, not end slavery 4. But he needed to keep Britain and France from aiding the Confederacy

The Civil War and emancipation (Africans in America) []

Emancipation Proclamation []

b. Jefferson Davis's approach

Preserving Confederate independence was the key Would free the slaves if it preserved Confederate independence An effort was made to emancipate: too little, too late


 * Major Battles of the Civil War**

[]
 * Map of the Civil War, 1861-1862**


 * Bull Run**. South won. Southerners confident. Stonewall Jackson.

Stonewall Jackson profile (Finding Dulcinea) http://www.findingdulcinea.com/features/profiles/j/thomas--stonewall--jackson.html


 * Shiloh**. Union barely won. General Grant removed from command. Large casualties revealed the horrible nature of modern warfare.


 * Antietam**. Battle a draw. First time South invaded North. Antietam and Gettysburg the only major battles outside the South.


 * Fredericksburg** (December 1862). Union lost big. Made 14 charges against well–entrenched Confederates.

[]
 * Map of the Civil War, 1863-1865**


 * Chancellorsville** (May 1863). Confederates won battle. But lost their great general, Stonewall Jackson.

May 2, 1863 | Stonewall Jackson Shot by His Own Men at Chancellorsville (New York Times) []


 * Vicksburg** (July 1863). Union victory. Union gained complete control of Mississippi River. Western part of Confederacy cut off.


 * Gettysburg** (July 1863)

Battle of Gettysburg Begins (Finding Dulcinea, On This Day) http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/July-August-08/On-this-Day--Battle-of-Gettysburg-Begins-.html

Union victory. "High tide" of Confederacy. Turning point of the war for the South.


 * Gettysburg Address**

President Lincoln Delivers Gettysburg Address (Finding Dulcinea, On This Day) http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/November/President-Lincoln-Delivers-Gettysburg-Address.html


 * Battle of Atlanta** (1864). Union victory. Ensured Lincoln's reelection.


 * Sherman's March through Georgia**

Union victory Sherman operated in deep South Across Georgia: Atlanta to Savannah Destroyed everything in a path 50 miles wide, 200 miles long

Sherman's March to the Sea (Eyewitness to History) http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/sherman.htm


 * Grant's overland campaign** pursuing Lee's army to Richmond


 * Appomattox** (9 April 1865).

Confederate Robert E. Lee surrendered to Union Ulysses S. Grant Lincoln assassination: 14 April 1865

Jefferson Davis captured (Today in History, Library of Congress) http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/may10.html


 * Deaths in the Civil War**

Total deaths 620,000===(360,000 North; 260,000 South)


 * Reconstruction (1865-1877)**


 * Place of ex-slaves in southern society**

Four million slaves in the South were free. What to do about them?

The civil rights movement led by Martin Luther King, Jr., has been called the Second Reconstruction.

Consider also the powerful feelings that arise even today over the issue of affirmative action.


 * Reconstruction Plans:**


 * How to bring the Southern states back into America**

Post World War II comparison: former Nazi leaders

Prodigal son comparison [Luke 15:11-32 NIV] []


 * Presidential Reconstruction Plans**

a. **Lincoln's Reconstruction Plan**

Lincoln was assassinated (April 1865)

Andrew Johnson took over From Tennessee Former slave owner himself

Abraham Lincoln-John Kennedy comparisons http://www.snopes.com/history/american/lincoln-kennedy.asp

b. **Johnson's Reconstruction Plan**

Northerners hoped he would remove Old South leaders from power Through most of 1865, Johnson alone controlled Reconstruction policy Congress recessed shortly before he became President (April) Congress did not meet again until December 1865 Congress angered at lenient presidential Reconstruction policy


 * Congress attempted (unsuccessfully) to impeach Johnson**


 * Congressional reconstruction plan**

Congress believed it had constitutional role in Reconstruction Congress controlled by Republican party Congressional Republicans wanted the Southern states that came back into the Union to be Republican

Radical Republicans (former abolitionists) wanted to go farther than most They wanted to transform southern society (sort of like the issue today of "nation building")

Keep out Southern states until this transformation


 * Election of 1876/Compromise of 1877**

On This Day: Rutherford B. Hayes Named Winner Over Samuel Tilden in 1876 Presidential Election []

This so-called Compromise of 1877 effectively ended Reconstruction


 * END HERE FOR QUESTION #4**
 * CIVIL WAR AND RECONSTRUCTION**