HIST+152+Exam+3+F17


 * COLD WAR**


 * Sources Of The Cold War**

Main focus is the rivalry between the U.S. and the Soviet Union (USSR).

USSR=Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

Here is a listing of which Republics the USSR included: Russia by far the major part of the USSR. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-Soviet_states

Hot war==actual shooting Cold war==hostility but either no actual shooting or war through surrogates


 * Containment**

Containment of Soviets became the cornerstone of American foreign policy.

Video: Policy of Containment (1/10) http://youtu.be/W9VOdsUOUa8

[]
 * George F. Kennan**

Kennan and Containment (US State Department) https://history.state.gov/milestones/1945-1952/kennan

1. **Kennan's "Long telegram"** 1946

a. American diplomat in Moscow.

b. Soviet fanaticism made even a temporary understanding impossible.

c. His report played into a growing belief among American officials that only toughness would work with the Soviets.


 * 2.** **Kennan's "Mr. X" article**.

a. The article, titled the //Sources of Soviet Conduct// and based on the "long telegram," was published in the prestigious //Foreign Affairs// magazine.

b. Author (Kennan) advocated a policy of firm containment of the Soviets.

c. "Confront the Soviets with unalterable counterforce at every point where they show signs of encroaching on the interests of a peaceful and stable world."


 * Churchill's "Iron Curtain" speech** (1946)

Churchill Delivers 'Iron Curtain' Speech - 1946 | Today In History | 5 Mar http://youtu.be/X2FM3_h33Tg

1. Warned that a Soviet "iron curtain" had cut off Eastern European countries from the West.

2. Called for an Anglo–American partnership to resist the communist menace.

Map: After World War II. Iron Curtain []


 * President Harry S. Truman**

Harry Truman bio https://youtu.be/m8zA432hiJg


 * Truman Doctrine** (1947)

Video: Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan (2/10) http://youtu.be/Xyoviiavusk

The Truman Doctrine, 1947 (US State Department) https://history.state.gov/milestones/1945-1952/truman-doctrine

1. British had no money to continue to help Greece and Turkey.

2. British claimed that Communists threatened both countries.

3. Congress approved $400 million economic aid to Greece & Turkey.

4. Truman doctrine: "U.S. policy to support free peoples who are resisting attempted takeover by (a) armed minorities or (b) outside pressure."


 * Marshall Plan** (1948)

Video: Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan (2/10) http://youtu.be/Xyoviiavusk

Marshall Plan, 1948 (US State Department) https://history.state.gov/milestones/1945-1952/marshall-plan

1. War damage and dislocation in Europe invited communist influence:

a. Food was scarce; workers were demoralized; winter of 1947 was the worst in 50 years.

b. Communist voting strength was growing in France and Italy

2. U.S. offered economic aid to all European countries (including Soviets)

3. Soviets declined: fearing aid might defeat their control of Eastern Europe

Soviet Union rejects Marshall Plan assistance (History.com This Day in History | 7/2/1947) []

4. U.S. gave $17 billion in aid over four years.

5. That aid helped rebuild Europe. It was also good for American business.


 * Israel Became a Separate Country**

In 1948, the nation of Israel was born, created out of the British colonial mandate of Palestine.

Video: 1948 Nation of Israel is Born http://youtu.be/4E7GxwCUp6k

Creation of Israel, 1948 (US State Department) https://history.state.gov/milestones/1945-1952/creation-israel


 * Berlin blockade and airlift** **(1948–49)**

Video: Berlin Airlift and Formation of NATO (3/10) http://youtu.be/cH-GVf9floo

The Berlin Airlift, 1948–1949 (US State Department) https://history.state.gov/milestones/1945-1952/berlin-airlift

Berlin Airlift Map []

1. Soviets blocked land access to Berlin.

2. U.S. airlifted food and fuel for 2 million West Berliners.

Operation Little Vittles https://www.trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/BERLIN_A/CHOCOLAT.HTM

3. Flights of 1,000 planes a day (every 3 minutes) for ten months.

4. Soviets finally called off blockade.

Soviet Union Ends Berlin Blockade http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/May-June-08/On-this-Day--Soviet-Union-Ends-Berlin-Blockade.html


 * North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)** **(1949)**

Video: Berlin Airlift and Formation of NATO (3/10) http://youtu.be/cH-GVf9floo

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 1949 (US State Department) https://history.state.gov/milestones/1945-1952/nato

1. Established to defend Europe against a Soviet invasion. 2. U.S. foreign policy change: not since French–American alliance (1778) 3. Members pledged to treat an attack against one as an attack on all. 4. Dwight Eisenhower named initial NATO commander. 5. Four U.S. divisions stationed in Europe to evidence American support. 6. Soviets later formed Warsaw Pact in response.

Issue in 2017: US approach to NATO

The Soviets formed the Warsaw Pact as their response to NATO.


 * McCarthyism**:

Anti–communist hysteria Named for Republican Senator from Wisconsin Joseph McCarthy (R-Wisconsin)

Anti-Communist hysteria Arthur Miller: The Crucible

Video: Sound Smart Joseph McCarthy https://youtu.be/lO7rTOZJGFo

Video: McCarthyism (8/10) http://youtu.be/HaRtRhyorsw

Video: McCarthyism (Sia's "Chandelier" parody) [Mr. Betts class] []

What Donald Trump Learned From Joseph McCarthy’s Right-Hand Man, Roy Cohn https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/21/us/politics/donald-trump-roy-cohn.html

Video: US Senator Joseph McCarthy and Counsel Roy Cohn at Senate hearing http://youtu.be/_JdhmAkijGk

Video: Roy Cohn defends Senator McCarthy http://youtu.be/5UnIqFbomyk

Edward R. Murrow Movie: Good night, and good luck http://youtu.be/PSEDycjaOMY

Arthur Miller The Crucible: Parallels to today (2012) http://youtu.be/QG0iezYkHLc

Here are some of the key names and major events associated with McCarthyism:

1. J.Edgar Hoover (head of the FBI): fear of internal subversion by Communist spies became intertwined with fear of external attack by the Soviet Union.

2. Spy revelations gave people cause to be alarmed

Red Scare and House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) (6/10) https://youtu.be/enHS3oicqKA

3.Red Baiting

People began pointing accusing fingers at each other for suspicion of Communism.

How to spot a Communist http://youtu.be/lTgt0tGS8YY

4. "Hollywood Ten" (screenwriters and directors) jailed for contempt of Congress.

Video: Sound Smart Hollywood 10 https://youtu.be/n1cF1x6V16k

Video: Sound Smart HUAC https://youtu.be/qkHzURumycM

They refused to provide names of alleged Communists.

Others were blacklisted—even if only accused.

Those who did provide names (Elia Kazan) suffer to this day

5. Schoolteachers had to take loyalty oaths and were fired if they refused.

6. Alger Hiss case (1950)

Alger Hiss Case and the Rosenbergs (7/10) http://youtu.be/wNQvdpa0sc4

Hiss accused by Whittaker Chambers of being a Communist spy.

Role of House of Representatives Committee on Un–American Activities (Richard Nixon a member).

7. Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were executed (1953) for having supposedly spied for the Soviet Union.

8. Downfall of McCarthy

a. Eisenhower reluctance to confront McCarthy.

President Eisenhower was reluctant to confront Senator McCarthy when McCarthy accused Secretary of State George C. Marshall.

b. Televised hearings: Army–McCarthy.

Army-McCarthy Hearings First Televised http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/March-April-08/On-this-Day--Army-McCarthy-Hearings-First-Televised.html


 * Reconstruction of Japan**

Role of U.S. in controlling postwar Japan (Douglas MacArthur)

After the defeat of Japan in World War II, the United States led the effort to rebuild Japan. Between 1945 and 1952, the U.S. occupying forces were led by General Douglas A. MacArthur.

To help contain communism in Asia, we eventually built up Japan.

Japan turned into a formidable economic competitor.


 * People's Republic of China (PRC)** (1949)

The Chinese Revolution of 1949 (US State Department) https://history.state.gov/milestones/1945-1952/chinese-rev

Video: Mao's Communists take over China 1949 http://youtu.be/4OWXTGFxzU0

1. Chinese Civil War (1945-1949) War between the forces of Mao Tse-Tung's Commuists and our World War II ally, Chang Kai-Shek.

2. Mao Tse-Tung's Communists won. Establishment of the People's Republic of China (1949).

3. Chang Kai-Shek and his supporters were forced to leave mainland China and move to the island of Taiwan (formerly called Formosa).

4. The Communist victory had a major influence on American politics.

Republicans criticized Democrats for the "loss" of China to the Communists.

A defeat for containment.


 * Korean War** (1950-1953)

Video: Start of Korean War (4/10) https://youtu.be/uFPwJUqtz7o

Video: MacArthur Dismissed and Korean Armistice (5/10) http://youtu.be/rDhy7i7JIl4

The Korean War, 1950–1953 (US State Department) https://history.state.gov/milestones/1945-1952/korean-war-2

Let's spend a few minutes with this map of the Korean War http://wps.ablongman.com/wps/media/objects/1483/1518969/DIVI599.jpg

Here is a summary of the specific events during the war:

1. North Korea attacked across 38th parallel into South Korea (25 June 1950)

2. President Truman, determined to "contain" communism, committed U.S. forces to battle.

MacArthur Named Commander of UN Forces http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/July/MacArthur-Named-Commander-of-UN-Forces.html

3. Pusan perimeter

a. North Koreans advanced all the way to southern tip of South Korea.

b. America feared an Asian "Dunkirk"

4. Inchon invasion. Douglas MacArthur reversed initial tide of the war.

5. U.S. moved to 38th parallel, thereby recovering all of South Korea.

6. U.S. decided to take North Korea, too. Moved north of 38th parallel.

7. U.S. forces pushed to the Yalu River (North Korea's border with PRC)

8. Chinese troops entered the Korean War.

9. U.S. embarrassed militarily, particularly at the Chosin Reservoir

Ballad of the Chosin (5:01) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1OI40GsNiHk&feature=youtube_gdata_player

10. MacArthur now looked like a chump.

11. Civilian control of the military became a hot issue.

12. MacArthur: wanted to expand the war to the Chinese mainland; use nuclear weapons

13. Truman: wanted to keep conflict limited; not risk Soviet entry and a possible World War Three.

14. President Truman fired General MacArthur

Video: Lessons Learned: General MacArthur's Dismissal (6:20) https://youtu.be/X3aCIfVhW7w

15. War's results. U.S. casualties: 34,000 dead.

16. Sometimes called the "Forgotten War": frustrating; no clear victory.

17. Issues today: U.S. troops in South Korea; North Korea threat to peace.

Check out today's front page of Washington Post: US prepared to take military action.

Photo essay: Korean War (Boston Globe | Big Picture) (48 photos) http://www.boston.com/bigpicture/2010/06/remembering_the_korean_war_60.html


 * Asian Alliances**

As the Cold War came to dominate U.S. foreign policy, America extended security commitments to two nations in Asia—the Republic of Korea and Japan, creating alliances that have lasted to today.


 * President Dwight D. Eisenhower**

Video: Dwight D. Eisenhower bio https://youtu.be/v1FJXK4qy-k

Video: 60-Second Presidents (PBS) Dwight D. Eisenhower []


 * 1952 Presidential Election: Eisenhower wins**

Check out this great web site:

1952 election campaign commercials []


 * 1956 Presidential Election: Eisenhower wins**

1956 election campaign commercials []


 * Sputnik** (1957) (during the presidency of Dwight Eisenhower)

Video: Sputnik (1957) [National Air and Space Museum] http://youtu.be/lkyjKGIWRF0

Sputnik, 1957 (US State Department) https://history.state.gov/milestones/1953-1960/sputnik

Soviets launched a satellite that scared America and put them ahead (temporarily) in the space race.

Video: Space Race (Taylor Swift's "Blank Space" parody) (Mr. Betts class) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H_pomAWW284


 * U–2 incident** (1960) (during the presidency of Dwight Eisenhower)

Video: U-2 Incident (10/10) http://youtu.be/BsQsXCzkDoc

U-2 Overflights and the Capture of Francis Gary Powers, 1960 (US State Department) https://history.state.gov/milestones/1953-1960/u2-incident

U–2 spy plane carrying high–powered cameras crashed 1,200 miles inside the Soviet Union.

After denying presence of such a spy plane, President Eisenhower (Ike) accepted the blame


 * President John F. Kennedy**

John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum []

Video: 60-Second Presidents (PBS) John F. Kennedy []

John F. Kennedy (Aha's "TakeOnMe" Parody) Mr. Betts https://youtu.be/31fNQbzyCN8

Photos: President Kennedy (Big Picture | Boston Globe) []


 * 1960 Presidential Election: Kennedy wins**

Nixon and Kennedy Hold First Ever Presidential Debate []

1960 Election campaign commercials []


 * Peace Corps**

Video: Peace Corps []

Peace Corps (John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum) []


 * Berlin Wall** (August 1961)

The Berlin Crisis, 1958–1961 (US State Department) []

Video: East Germany Closes Border - 1961 | Today in History | 13 Aug []

Video: The Building of the Berlin Wall (August 1961) (5:45) []

Video: Berlin Wall deconstructed (2:27) []

Soviets built a wall to keep people from fleeing East Berlin.


 * President Kennedy's Speech at the Berlin Wall (June 1963)**

Video: JFK Berlin Wall speech (26 June 1963) [start at 0:44] []

President Kennedy Declares “Ich bin ein Berliner” []


 * Cuba and Castro**

1. Fidel Castro ousted American–backed dictator Fulgencio Batista (1959)

Castro takes power (1 January 1959)

Batista Flees Cuba and Castro Takes Power []

Video: Cuban Revolution 1959 Today in History 1 January (1:21) []

2. Castro's Cuba became an ally of the Soviet Union.

The Castro regime quickly cut Cuba's formerly strong ties with the United States by expropriating U.S. economic assets in Cuba and developing close links with the Soviet Union.

3. America freaked. President Eisenhower (Ike) broke diplomatic relations with Cuba.

Eisenhower Places Embargo on Exports to Cuba []

4. Ike ordered CIA to use Cuban exiles to try to overthrow Castro.


 * Bay of Pigs invasion** (April 1961)

Video: Cuba and the Bay of Pigs []

The Bay of Pigs Invasion and its Aftermath, April 1961–October 1962 (US State Department) []

1. Kennedy approved the Eisenhower-initiated plan to topple Castro. 2. The 1,500 man invasion force was unsuccessful. 3. No uprising against Castro occurred. 4. Kennedy took all the blame. His poll ratings went up! Kennedy in his first Hundred Days.

Bay of Pigs Invasion Embarrasses US []


 * Cuban missile crisis** (October 1962)

Video: Cuban Missile Crisis Explained - @MrBettsClass []

Photo essay: The Cuban Missile Crisis (Alan Taylor/The Atlantic) [26 photos] []

The Cuban Missile Crisis, October 1962 (US State Department) []

1. Soviet's secretly installed offensive missiles in Cuba.

2. Kennedy (JFK) learned from his mistakes earlier at Bay of Pigs. Laid out a range of options.

3. JFK chose a naval blockade (quarantine) of Cuba.

Video: Cuban Missile Crisis (October 1962): JFK speech to the nation []

Video: Tom Lehrer - We Will All Go Together When We Go (3:26)i []

4. Soviets ships eventually turned back before they got to U.S blockade.

Interactive: World on the Brink: Thirteen Days in October 1962 []


 * CIVIL RIGHTS**

The following extensive chronology will help us tie together the events of the civil rights movement:

Follow with me by using Google Images on your laptop for each person and event.

Pay close attention to the videos. I am trying really hard to bring material that will support your preferred visual learning styles.


 * Jim Crow laws (Segregation)**

Jim Crow was the name of a popular minstrel show.

Video: What were the Jim Crow laws? http://youtu.be/x2Iwa9LeuFM

Rise and Fall of Jim Crow (PBS) Note the terrific chronology http://www.pbs.org/wnet/jimcrow/

Green Book: The forgotten way African Americans stayed safe in a racist America https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2016/01/08/the-forgotten-way-african-americans-stayed-safe-in-a-racist-america/


 * Plessy versus Ferguson** (1896) (Supreme Court decision)

Separate but equal is ok.

Video: Sound Smart Plessy versus Ferguson https://youtu.be/Sj54KP16Ilw

Plessy v. Ferguson (Drake's "One Dance" Parody) Mr. Betts http://youtu.be/NwNrnYJE36k

Plessy versus Ferguson (Today in History, Library of Congress) http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/may18.html


 * Black leaders: Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. DuBois**

Their legacies represent differing approaches within the civil rights movement.

Video: Why Booker T. Washington and W.E.B.DuBois matter (Mr. Betts class) (3:25) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MLkyCAcizdk&feature=youtu.be


 * 1. Booker T. Washington (1856-1915)**

Son of a slave woman and a white man.

Atlanta Compromise (1895): Known for major speech Blacks should not yet push for political or social equality Blacks should work hard and show themselves worthy Blacks should accommodate (temporarily) to white society


 * 2. W.E.B. DuBois (1868-1963)**

First African American to earn a Ph.D. from Harvard. He disagreed with Booker T. Washington DuBois wanted blacks to be more aggressive and militant Wanted to educate the top 10% of blacks ("talented tenth") Demonstrate blacks could compete effectively with whites. Helped form the NAACP in 1909.

Video: WEB DuBois mini bio https://youtu.be/TGOEED_MexI


 * 1948**

Post World War II. Returning black veterans unwilling to accept second–class status back home.


 * Racial desegregation of the armed forces** (1948) by executive order of President Truman.

July 26, 1948 - President Harry S. Truman orders the integration of U.S. armed forces. http://youtu.be/-fBv-1lgM9Y


 * 1954**


 * Brown v. Board of Education (Supreme Court decision)**

Overturned the decision in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896).

"Separate facilities are inherently unequal" and therefore unconstitutional.

Argued by Thurgood Marshall on behalf of the NAACP.

Brown v. Board of Education (PBS' The Supreme Court) http://youtu.be/TTGHLdr-iak

Mr. Betts Brown vs. Board of Education https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2sJeMtyY9co&feature=youtu.be

Supreme Court Ends School Segregation http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/May-June-08/On-this-Day--Supreme-Court-Ends-School-Segregation.html


 * Kenneth Clark's "doll" test**

How an experiment with dolls helped lead to school integration http://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/07/upshot/how-an-experiment-with-dolls-helped-lead-to-school-integration.html?hpw&rref

Video: Kenneth Clark doll test (3:46) Simple Justice: The Social Science Evidence of Racism http://youtu.be/85-EC_nDlpY

Video: A Girl Like Me [modern adaptation of that doll test] http://www.understandingrace.org/lived/video/index.html


 * 1955**


 * Emmett Till's Murder** (28 August 1955)

Murder in Mississippi of a young black teenager from Chicago for having insulted a white women.

Video: Moments in Civil Rights history (3:33) 14-year-old Emmett Till Abducted and Murdered in Mississippi Delta http://youtu.be/OvKfGATjigs

Video: American Freedom Stories: Emmett Till (2:18) https://youtu.be/MGqqOMTreNA

Woman Linked to 1955 Emmett Till Murder Tells Historian Her Claims Were False https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/27/us/emmett-till-lynching-carolyn-bryant-donham.html?_r=0

White artist's painting of Emmett Till draws protests https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/21/arts/design/painting-of-emmett-till-at-whitney-biennial-draws-protests.html?_r=0


 * 1955**


 * Montgomery, Alabama, Bus Boycott (Rosa Parks)**

Rosa Parks arrested on 1 December 1955

Video: Rosa Parks https://youtu.be/v8A9gvb5Fh0

Video: Rosa Parks mini bio https://youtu.be/qkF5_54iRDw

Remembering Rosa Parks | Today in History https://youtu.be/GCqTZOJz4s8

American Freedom Stories: MLK as the new pastor http://youtu.be/sPFGBfZi0gU

American Freedom Stories: Rosa Parks https://youtu.be/zTcwUKoidBc

Dec. 1, 1955 - Rosa Parks Arrested for Violating Segregation Laws https://youtu.be/7iXne4bf5JU

Martin Luther King will lead the Montgomery Improvement Association That group will sponsor the bus boycott

American Freedom Stories: Montgomery Bus Boycott http://youtu.be/FE6Yvy--5aw

The Montgomery Bus Boycott Ends https://youtu.be/eLanYTrI23Y

Rosa Parks (Today in History, Library of Congress) http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/dec01.html


 * Martin Luther King, Jr.**

Video: Martin Luther King, Jr. https://youtu.be/3ank52Zi_S0

Video: Martin Luther King, Jr mini bio https://youtu.be/bOEkRwJETN8

Martin Luther King, Jr. (Bruno Mars' "When I Was Your Man" Parody Put on wiki page plus use for HIST 152 https://youtu.be/jeWBq4T5qy0

Martin Luther King’s Christian America https://thewayofimprovement.com/2017/01/16/martin-luther-kings-christian-america/


 * 1956**


 * Southern Manifesto**

Document signed by 100 Southern members of Congress saying they would not obey the Brown versus Board of Education decision. http://www.pbs.org/wnet/supremecourt/rights/sources_document2.html


 * White Citizens' Councils**

Class and White Citizen's Councils [Newseum] http://youtu.be/sn5na4k0Bxg

White Citizens' Councils Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute (Stanford University) []


 * 1957**


 * Southern Christian Leadership Conference** (SCLC)

Grouping of African-American pastors.

Southern Christian Leadership Conference (Encyclopedia of Alabama) []


 * Little Rock Central High School**

Central High School desegregated. Governor Faubus. Nine black students.

President Eisenhower sent 101st Airborne.

Arkansas National Guard Prevent School Desegregation - 1957 | Today in History | 4 Sept http://youtu.be/RFVGKykCGyw

Colonel (Ret.) Heath Twichell on securing Little Rock Central High School http://youtu.be/3hRwOpYZbig

Book Trailer: Elizabeth and Hazel: Two Women of Little Rock, by David Margolick http://youtu.be/X46XuWzpFgA

Video: Moments in Civil Rights History (2:41) September 27, 1958: Little Rock Schools Close Rather Than Integrate https://youtu.be/DaaRlFSjm0I

Arkansas National Guard Bars “Little Rock Nine” From School http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/September-October-08/On-this-Day--Arkansas-National-Guard-Bars--Little-Rock-Nine--from-School.html


 * 1959**


 * Non-Violence and a Christian America**

MLK and his wife spent a month in India studying Gandhi's non–violence.

Martin Luther King’s fight for a Christian America was a battle against injustice and an attempt to forge a national community defined by Christian ideals of equality and respect for human dignity.

Video: Sound Smart Mahatma Gandhi https://youtu.be/rJBGjtOlAYw

MLK and Gandhi http://youtu.be/uSm8-bD5hdI

Video: Gandhi mini bio https://youtu.be/ept8hwPQQNg

Mahatma Gandhi https://youtu.be/rJBGjtOlAYw

King's Trip to India Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute (Stanford University) []


 * 1960**


 * Sit–ins**

Video: Moments in Civil Rights history (2:41) Martin Luther King Arrested in Atlanta Sit-In Protest https://youtu.be/uoABKgFjGm4


 * Greensboro Lunch Counter Sit-in**

Details of what happened at what is considered the first noteworthy sit-in Four African-American freshman (Joseph McNeil, Franklin McCain, Ezell Blair Jr., and David Richmond) at North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University in Greensboro, North Carolina.

Decided to sit in at a Woolworth's lunch counter and request service.

[]

Greensboro Four: Civil Rights Sit-in http://www.pbs.org/independentlens/februaryone/sitin.html


 * Student NonViolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)**

Video: SNCC's legacy: A civil rights history (5:56) http://youtu.be/QZE0a5-p9pg

(SNCC—pronounced "snick). Established to coordinate sit–ins across the south.


 * a. John Lewis**

He was involved in most of the crucial events in the civil rights period: Sit-ins, March on Washington, Freedom Rides, Selma

American Freedom Stories: John Lewis http://youtu.be/k6QJAGacJyU

John Lewis Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute (Stanford University) []


 * b. Diane Nash**

The question Diane Nash Asked the Memphis Mayor To End Desegregation http://youtu.be/vudezAfIxSE

"Who the hell is Diane Nash?" From Freedom Riders http://youtu.be/GIffL6KplzQ


 * MLK jailed** (October).

October 19, 1960 - Martin Luther King Arrested in Atlanta Sit-In Protest [right before 1960 Presidential election] https://youtu.be/uoABKgFjGm4

During the 1960 presidential election campaign, concern expressed by both JFK and Robert Kennedy for the arrest and prison sentence of Martin Luther King, Jr., earned Kennedy the black vote.


 * 1961**


 * Freedom Rides**

A group of black and white persons set out by bus from Washington, D.C. to New Orleans to test the "whites only" facilities of southern interstate bus terminals.

Video: Sound Smart Freedom Rides https://youtu.be/dJqA6PQRh3U

Freedom Riders: The Young Witness (Anniston) http://youtu.be/r1EDOL9II0s

Video: Freedom Riders: **Jim Zwerg** https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=q5wjYnSL2m0

Interview with white Freedom Rider Jim Zwerg http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/peoplescentury/episodes/skindeep/zwergtranscript.html

Quote from **Jim Zwerg:** "I got to Nashville in 1961 and the first discrimination that I experienced was when I explained to the cabby where I was going>"

Freedom Ride Protests Provoke Violent Backlash Across American South (Finding Dulcinea: On This Day) http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/May/Freedom-Ride-Protests-Provoke-Violent-Backlash-Across-American-South.html


 * 1962**


 * University of Mississippi Desegregated**

James Meredith desegregated the University of Mississippi.

Video: Moments in Civil Rights history (2:21) October 1, 1962 - James Meredith Integrates Ole Miss https://youtu.be/-F8K6p651v8

Video: Moments in Civil Rights history (2:21) James Meredith Graduates From Ole Miss http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/Aug/James-Meredith-Graduates-From-Ole-Miss.html

[Put in the actual day/month for this year]
 * 1963**


 * Project "C" [Confrontation] in Birmingham**

Birmingham, Alabama (called "Bombingham" by civil rights workers, due to so many unsolved bombings).

1. "Letter from a Birmingham Jail"

Written by MLK while in jail. Response to an ad from white pastors telling him that he was stirring up too much trouble.

Video: Letter from Birmingham Jail (5:39) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XIpfCVt2eb4&feature=youtu.be

Letter from Birmingham Jail (Encyclopedia of Alabama) []

2. Birmingham Children's march. Police dogs and fire hoses. TV coverage shocked America.

American Freedom Stories: Children's Crusade of 1963 https://youtu.be/WV0k-3Hkjsw

American Freedom Stories: Civil Rights Foot Soldiers http://youtu.be/cWRJaSuDhTk

Video: Moments in Civil Rights history (2:39) 1963 Protesting Black Children Assaulted and Arrested in Birmingham, AL http://youtu.be/7g9aBsZu8MI

Childrens' Crusade Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute (Stanford University) []

3. Sheriff "Bull Connor.

Bull Connor Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute (Stanford University) []

4. JFK TV speech.

He was afraid of losing votes of white southern Democrats. He finally spoke out: "Civil rights is a moral issue."

Video: JFK speech on Civil Rights (1:35) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RWX_pjyIq-g&feature=youtu.be

Kennedy's finest moment http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/11/opinion/kennedys-civil-rights-triumph.html?ref=global-home


 * Medgar Evers murdered**

Evers was the Mississippi head of NAACP.

Video: Medgar Evers mini bio https://youtu.be/VA6QFbDGfDM

American Freedom Stories: Medgar Evers Assassination (3:10) https://youtu.be/7gMvhvs1gMI

American Freedom Stories: Medgar Evers Legacy https://youtu.be/qbFMFcUUMd4

Medgar Evers Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute (Stanford University) []


 * March on Washington**

March on Washington - 1963 | Today in History | 28 Aug https://youtu.be/GlMQ4Sa8iYU


 * MLK "I Have a Dream Speech"**

One of the great speeches in U.S. history. Delivered as part of the program during a March on Washington (60,000 whites and 190,00 blacks).

Video: King Leads the March on Washington (3:21) http://youtu.be/0wDU-oYQN04

Video: 53rd Anniversary of the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom (2:54) https://youtu.be/D5kYEuSf7Ow

Video: Congressman John Lewis Recalls His Speech at March on Washington (2:08) http://youtu.be/MFUI-at4sEg

Martin Luther King Jr. Delivers “I Have a Dream” Speech []


 * Sixteenth Street Baptist Church bombing**

Bomb exploded during Sunday School, killing four teenage black girls. The Sunday school lesson for that morning was "A Love that Forgives."

American Freedom Stories: Bombing of the 16th Street Baptist Church (3:18) https://youtu.be/K5KqCMsHlq0

September 15, 1963: Four Black Girls Killed in Bombing of Birmingham, Alabama, Church https://youtu.be/kfcExiQVzLs

Four Girls Killed in Birmingham Church Bombing http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/Sept/Four-Girls-Killed-in-Birmingham-Church-Bombing.html


 * John F. Kennedy assassinated**


 * New President is Lyndon B. Johnson**


 * 1964**


 * Freedom Summer: voter registration and freedom schools**

Local black leaders aided by white students from elite colleges. Whites in the South saw this activity as "invasion" by outside agitators.

What was the 1964 Freedom Summer Project Assign for homework http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/Content.aspx?dsNav=N:4294963828-4294963805&dsRecordDetails=R:CS3707

Video: Mississippi in Black and White: Freedom Summer 50 Years Later http://youtu.be/1XhHiATDxu8


 * Voter registration**

No real power for blacks until they could vote. But risked their lives if they went through with the process.

1965 Alabama literacy test http://www.pbs.org/wnet/jimcrow/literacy_popup.html


 * Murder in Mississippi (21 June 1964)**

Two white and one black civil rights workers were murdered in Mississippi.

Two white (Andrew Goodman and Michael Schwerner) and one black (James Chaney) civil rights workers were murdered in Mississippi.

Video: Moments in Civil Rights history (2:49) August 4, 1964: Bodies of Murdered Civil Rights Workers Found in Mississippi http://youtu.be/jYdszjtiPrg

Three Civil Rights Workers in Mississippi Go Missing http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/June/Three-Civil-Rights-Workers-in-Mississippi-Go-Missing.html


 * Civil Rights Act (1 July 1964)**

Johnson signs Civil Rights Act (History.com This Day in History | 7/2/1964) []

Civil Rights Act Passed - 1964 | Today in History | 19 June https://youtu.be/6J6xO4gtCJM

Provisions: The Civil Rights Act prohibited racial discrimination in employment and education and outlawed racial segregation in public places such as schools, buses, parks and swimming pools.


 * MLK won the Nobel Peace Prize**.

This Day in History - Martin Luther King Wins the Nobel Peace Prize http://youtu.be/MCEgCuNxwQI

Martin Luther King: The Nobel Prize for Peace (Museum of the Bible) http://youtu.be/BZ3T9Qqdvuk

MLK Wins Nobel Peace Prize 1964 (New York Times) http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/1014.html#article


 * 1965**


 * Selma:**


 * a. "Bloody Sunday".**

Selma (New York Times) Check out this front page of New York Times [|http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0307.html#article]

Video: Moments in Civil Rights history (3:56) March 7, 1965 - Bloody Sunday https://youtu.be/jp0uXZdDxhs

Bloody Sunday []

http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/March-April-08/On-This-Day--The-Selma-to-Montgomery-March-Begins.html
 * b. Selma to Montgomery march**

Video: American Freedom Stories: March from Selma to Montgomery (4:11) https://youtu.be/q1_KtW-9tIg

Our God Is Marching On - How Long? Not Long! http://youtu.be/lez10drkLAw

Encyclopedia of Alabama: Selma to Montgomery March []


 * LBJ speech to Congress calling for legislation on voting rights**

Asks Joint Session of Congress for sweeping civil rights legislation. Ends speech with "we shall overcome." His southern friends appalled at his sellout.

Video: LBJ -- We Shall Overcome (0:53) http://youtu.be/bKDVNSpsBZE


 * Voting Rights Act of 1965**

Voting Rights Act of 1965 https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965

Video: Sound Smart Voting Rights Act of 1965 https://youtu.be/-nrpLVgO7l4

The Voting Rights Act of 1965 set strict rules for protecting the right of African Americans to vote–that have since been used to enforce equal rights for women as well as all minorities.

Video (2:56) http://youtu.be/MdjcTLeSz9I


 * Watts Riots**

Watts Riots - 1965 | Today in History | 11 Aug https://youtu.be/PE9jA1dU3jE

Video: Moments in Civil Rights history (3:44) August 17, 1965: Days of Riots End in Watts https://youtu.be/7ye5gldN2Ik

Watts Riots 1965 (New York Times) http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0811.html#article


 * 1967**


 * Black power**

Militant black leaders gained prominence in SNCC, questioned Martin Luther King's philosophy of nonviolence, and forced white members to leave the organization.

Black Power Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute (Stanford University) <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]


 * Malcolm X**

<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">Put in a sentence or two here

Video: Malcolm X http://youtu.be/9a3hT8f6Kkk


 * Black Panther Party**

Founded in California. Major figures: Eldridge Cleaver, Huey Newton, and Bobby Seale. Advocated violent confrontation with whites.

Video: Sound Smart Black Panthers https://youtu.be/B8SRcIbLQBg

Video: 5 Things To Know About The Black Panthers (2:08) http://youtu.be/W9PwhmyhYLA


 * 1968**


 * Tet Offensive in Vietnam (February)**


 * Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr.** (April: in Memphis)

He was killed in Nashville, Tennessee, at the Lorraine Motel.

Martin Luther King's Last Speech: "I've Been To The Mountaintop" http://youtu.be/Oehry1JC9Rk

Video:Moments in Civil Rights history (2:33) Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Assassinated http://youtu.be/fXOGRI-5S9U

1968 King Assassination Report (CBS News) http://youtu.be/cmOBbxgxKvo

Assassination of MLK Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute (Stanford University) <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]


 * Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy** (June: in Los Angeles)

Senator Robert F. Kennedy Assassinated http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/May-June-08/On-This-Day--Senator-Robert-F--Kennedy-Assassinated.html

Video: Robert F. Kennedy mini bio https://youtu.be/J84hEsjY3BQ


 * Black Power Salute at Mexico City Olympics**

Who: Tommie Smith and John Carlos

Video: Moments in Civil Rights history (2:45) October 16, 1968 - U.S. Olympic Sprinters Protest Racial Inequality https://youtu.be/E3wjBlnxNek

U.S. Athletes Give Black Power Salute on Olympic Podium http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/September-October-08/On-this-Day--US-Athletes-Give-Black-Power-Salute-on-Olympic-Podium.html


 * Hispanic School Protests in Los Angeles**

East LA Walkouts http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_LA_walkouts

Sal Castro and the 1968 East LA Walkouts []

Joan Baez: No nos moveran https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kKopB66ujuQ&feature=youtu.be

Walkout: The True Story of the Historic 1968 Chicano Student Walkout in East L.A. [] orrr