HIST+386+Content


 * MODERN AMERICA**


 * WORLD WAR TWO**


 * Some useful links:**

Great interactive on U.S. Neutrality from 1931-1941 America on the Sidelines: The United States and World Affairs [play both the Europe and Asia sides] http://www.teachingamericanhistory.org/neh/interactives/neutrality/ http://teachingamericanhistory.org/neh/interactives/neutrality/

World War II in Europe http://wps.ablongman.com/wps/media/objects/1483/1518969/DIVI585.jpg

World War II in the Pacific http://wps.ablongman.com/wps/media/objects/1483/1518969/DIVI578.jpg

World War II movies http://thelearningprofessor.wikispaces.com/World+War+II+Movies

Alan Taylor photo essays http://thelearningprofessor.wikispaces.com/Atlantic+mag+photos

Build the last 8 sessions around these summaries:


 * Periodic Summary:**

From end of WWI, economy was one track; military/diplomacy another track

Gathering Storm Dictators American grapples with its role: isolation v. international

Line-up of the eventual sides during WWII: countries and leaders

Allies [that means us, the United States--from our view of history] U.S. and FDR Great Britain and Winston Churchill Soviet Union and Josef Stalin China and Chiang Kai-shek

Axis Germany and Adolf Hitler Italy and Benito Mussolini Japan and Emperor Hirohito and General Tojo


 * Periodic Summary:**

Events preceding World War II in Asia Context: summary of our relationship with Japan since the Russo-Japanese war Japan's New Order in Asia (Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere)

Japan on the march: Japanese invasion of Manchuria 1931
 * 1931**

FDR and Hitler come to power within a month of each other in 1933 FDR and Hitler die within 6 weeks of each other in 1945
 * 1933**

US diplomatic recognition of USSR 1933 Remember: depression is going on during this time throughout most of the world

US grapples with how to remain neutral with all that is happening in the world Neutrality Act debate in Congress Isolationism versus internationalism


 * Periodic Summary:**

Italy on the march: Italian invasion of Ethiopia 1935 (League of Nations cannot do much)
 * 1935**

Germany on the march: Reoccupation of the Rhineland 1936 Summer Olympics held in Berlin 1936 Jesse Owens
 * 1936**

Rome-Berlin Axis (1 November 1936)

Anti-Comintern Pact (25 November 1936): Germany and Japan against USSR

Japanese invade rest of mainland China (Beginning of World War II in Asia) Nanking massacre Panay incident
 * 1937**

Spanish Civil War 1936-1939 Abraham Lincoln Brigade Guernica 1937


 * Periodic Summary:**

1938 German annexation of Austria Munich Agreement Neville Chamberlain Appeasement Sudetenland

Hitler's persecution of the Jews Kristallnacht

1939 Germans take the rest of Czechoslovakia (March) German-Russian Non-Aggression Pact (23 August) German invasion of Poland 1 September (Beginning of WWII in Europe) U.S. declares neutrality Sitzkrieg==Phony War September 1939-May 1940


 * Periodic Summary:**

1940 Churchill comes to power

Nazi blitzkrieg: Denmark, Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, France

Dunkirk evacuation France conquered

Battle of Britain The Blitz


 * Periodic Summary:**

U.S.-British partnership issues Neutrality debate Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies America First Committee

Lend Lease

German invasion of the Soviet Union

Battle of the Atlantic: How to get supplies to Britain Atlantic Charter August 1941 U.S. Navy escort policy (Greer, Kearny, Reuben James were precedents)


 * Periodic Summary:**

1941 Road to war with Japan Pearl Harbor

Germany and Italy declare war on the United States

1942 Japanese on a roll: Singapore

Philippine Islands MacArthur Bataan

Doolittle raid 18 April 1942

Battle of Midway 6 June 1942


 * Periodic Summary:**

Code breaking: MAGIC, Enigma Special Operations Executive items

War chronology: Switch back and forth between Europe and Pacific US operated pretty much alone in Pacific

Pacific Theater: Strategy: island hopping

Guadalcanal

John F. Kennedy and PT-109


 * Periodic Summary:**

War of Machines

Stalingrad

Home Front

Battle training


 * Periodic Summary:**

European theater: strategy had to be coordinated with Britain and Soviet Union Strategy: Europe first Strategy: Second front

How grand was Grand Alliance

North Africa (Operation Torch) 8-10 November 1942 George S. Patton Erwin Rommel and El Alamein Bernard Montgomery Casablanca Conference January 1943 Teheran Conference

Italian Campaign Sicily (July 1943) Italy (September 1943) Anzio Monte Cassino Northern Italy


 * Periodic Summary:**

Air war issues at different phases in the war Allied bombing: Brits by night; US by day Hard targets versus people targets Firebombing

Eastern front (Soviet Union) Stalingrad

Cairo conference China situation

Teheran conference


 * Periodic Summary:**

Second front: invasion of France Preparations in England Where to invade Issues involved in D-Day 6 June 1944 Logistics

Breakout from Normandy Liberation of Paris August 1944

Logistics


 * Periodic Summary:**

Market Garden September 1944

Battle of the Bulge December 1944

America and the Holocaust

Yalta conference February 1945 Drive toward Berlin FDR and Hitler died April 1945 Victory Europe May 1945


 * Periodic Summary:**

Still at war with Japan U.S. handled the war alone; no coordination needed with our allies

Saipan June 1944 Leyte Gulf October 1944 Bataan Rescue

Iwo Jima February 1945 Code Talkers

Okinawa June 1945 Kamikazes


 * Periodic Summary:**

Potsdam conference July 1945

Churchill loses office

Manhattan project got bombs ready

Atomic bombs

Japan finally surrenders


 * CHAPTER 13: The Gathering Storm**, 381-425

What was happening in 1930s America/Germany? What examples of isolationism in America as a result of remembrance of WWI? What examples of dictators on the march? What comparisons between how Britain saw a reluctant U.S. prior to WWII versus how U.S. saw a reluctant France prior to Iraq war? How did each country make its geopolitical calculations based on prior events and new events?

Let's make sure we understand the issues (and chronology) of the events in this chapter:

We can always take a look at the appropriate entry in Wikipedia.

In this chronology I have tried to use other sources than Wikipedia.


 * World War Two in Context**


 * Lineup of opposing sides**


 * Allies**:


 * United States: FDR**


 * Great Britain**

Churchill and the Great Republic (Library of Congress) []

Winston Churchill obituary (New York Times) http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/1130.html


 * Soviet Union**

Josef Stalin Obituary (New York Times) http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/1221.html

US-Soviet Alliance, 1941-1945 https://history.state.gov/milestones/1937-1945/lend-lease


 * China**

Chiang Kai-Shek http://www.history.com/topics/chiang-kai-shek

Chiang Kai–Shek obituary (New York Times) http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/1031.html

Repeal of the Chinese Exclusion Act, 1943 https://history.state.gov/milestones/1937-1945/chinese-exclusion-act-repeal

Madame Chiang Kai–Shek obituary [she died at age 105] (New York Times) http://www.nytimes.com/2003/10/24/world/madame-chiang-105-chinese-leader-s-widow-dies.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm


 * Axis**:


 * Germany**

Adolf Hitler obituary (New York Times) http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0420.html

The Rise of Adolf Hitler (BBC News) http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/hitler_01.shtml


 * Italy**

Benito Mussolini http://www.history.com/topics/benito-mussolini


 * Japan**

General Hideki Tojo http://www.history.com/topics/tojo-hideki

Emperor Hirohito obituary (New York Times) http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0429.html

Emperor Hirohito (American Experience) http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/macarthur/peopleevents/pandeAMEX97.html


 * Events preceding World War II in Asia**


 * Context**: summary of our relationship with Japan since the Russo-Japanese war

Japan's New Order in Asia Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere

Japan wanted a sphere of influence in Asia Similar to what United States had in Latin America U.S. was unwilling to permit such Japanese influence.

United States had major interests at stake in Asia:

Philippines and various Pacific islands Religious missions Trade and investments Open Door in China.

Japan's Quest for Empire 1931-1945 (BBC) http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/japan_quest_empire_01.shtml


 * 1931**


 * Japanese seized Manchuria (18 September 1931)**

Mukden Incident and the Stimson Doctrine https://history.state.gov/milestones/1921-1936/mukden-incident

American response: Stimson Doctrine of nonrecognition

Mere moral lecture U.S. had neither the means nor will to use military force

Manchuria http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/history/mwh/ir1/manchuriarev1.shtml http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/history/mwh/ir1/manchuriarev2.shtml http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/history/mwh/ir1/manchuriarev4.shtml


 * 1933**

Both Roosevelt and Hitler came to power in 1933 within about a month of each other. They both died in 1945 within about a month of each other. I think the U.S. got the better deal.

Adolf Hitler: became Chancellor of Germany (30 January 1933) Franklin Roosevelt: became President of the United States (4 March 1933)

Japan (February 1933) and Germany (October 1933) withdrew from the League of Nations What was the League of Nations?


 * U.S. recognized Soviet Union** (16 November 1933)

To increase trade. To halt Japanese expansion.

Recognition of the Soviet Union https://history.state.gov/milestones/1921-1936/ussr


 * 1935**


 * U.S. Neutrality Acts** (1935-1939)

Neutrality Acts an expression of isolationist sentiment. Congress sought to protect the nation by outlawing the contacts that had compromised U.S. neutrality during World War I.

Compare to the issues in the last few years of whether or not we should be involved in various revolutions in Middle East. And at the moment, Syria.

In 1933, U.S. was not the world leader as it is today.

Neutrality Acts https://history.state.gov/milestones/1921-1936/neutrality-acts

From **Kennedy Book** Ch. 14: The Agony of Neutrality

What were the various "methods short of war" that U.S. employed? Analyze each. What might be some comparisons in 2012—our approach to Iran, for instance?

How did FDR and Churchill work each other?

How did FDR zig and zag as he tried to move us to be ready for war. What were the obstacles facing him? How did we attempt to balance U.S. needs versus those of our allies? What were the obstacles in this endeavor?


 * 1935**


 * Italian invasion of Ethiopia** (3 October 1935)

Abyssinia [Ethiopia] (BBC) http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/history/mwh/ir1/manchuriarev1.shtml http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/history/mwh/ir1/manchuriarev3.shtml


 * 1936**

Germany reoccupied the Rhineland 7 March 1936 (BBC) http://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/higher/history/roadwar/rhine/revision/1/ http://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/higher/history/roadwar/rhine/revision/2/

Expansion in Europe by Germany, 1930s http://images.classwell.com/mcd_xhtml_ebooks/2005_world_history/images/mcd_mwh2005_0618377115_p460_f1.jpg

http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005177
 * Development of the Axis Alliance** (Holocaust Museum)

Rome-Berlin **Axis** (1 November 1936)


 * Anti-Comintern** Pact (25 November 1936): Germany and Japan against USSR


 * Tripartite Pact** (Germany, Italy, Japan): 27 September 1940


 * 1936 Olympic Games**

Held in Berlin (August 1936)

50 stunning Olympic moments: Jesse Owens's four gold medals (Guardian) http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/london-2012-olympics-blog/2011/dec/21/jesse-owens-four-gold-medals


 * 1937**


 * 7 July 1937: Japanese invade rest of mainland China: Beginning of World War II in Asia**


 * Remember: Pearl Harbor is not until 7 December 1941**

China then was a U.S. ally. Chiang Kai–Shek, and Chinese communists under Mao Zedung, will both fight against the Japanese invaders.


 * Nanking Massacre** (December 1937)

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7140357.stm


 * Panay incident** (12 December 1937)

Japanese Sympathy over Panay incident (National Archives magazine) http://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2001/summer/two-japans-1.html


 * Civil war in Spain** (**1936-1939**)

General Franco (right-wing) supported by Germany and Italy (fascists)

Francisco Franco obituary (New York Times) http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/1204.html

Foreign involvement in the Spanish Civil War Democratic (left-wing) Spanish government supported by Soviet Union and international mercenaries.

Britain, France, and U.S. looked the other way. U. S. arms embargo. Franco eventually won. Compare to some of the conflicts today: whether we intervene or not; if so, how

Abraham Lincoln brigade from America. http://www.writing.upenn.edu/~afilreis/88/abe-brigade.html

John McCain letter saluting the last survivor of the Abraham Lincoln brigade http://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/25/opinion/john-mccain-salute-to-a-communist.html?_r=0


 * 1938**


 * German annexation of Austria** (Anschluss) (12 March 1938)

Anschluss (BBC) http://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/higher/history/roadwar/anschluss/revision/1/

Expansion in Europe by Germany, 1930s []


 * Munich agreement** (30 September 1938)

British Prime Minister **Neville Chamberlain** and Adolf Hitler (BBC) http://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/higher/history/roadwar/munich/revision/1/


 * Germany gets the Sudetenland portion of Czechoslovakia**

http://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/higher/history/roadwar/appease/revision/1/
 * Appeasement** (BBC)

Chamberlain and appeasement http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/history/mwh/ir1/chamberlainandappeasementrev1.shtml


 * Hitler's Persecution of the Jews within Germany**

We won't do much with this aspect of the war.

http://www.time.com/time/photogallery/0,29307,1857458,00.html
 * Kristallnacht** [9-10 November 1938] Photo essay (TIME magazine)


 * 1939**


 * Germany occupied remainder of Czechoslovakia** (March 1939)

Expansion in Europe by Germany, 1930s []


 * German-Russian Non-Aggression Pact** (23 August 1939)

The odd couple: fascists and communists. Germany and USSR agreed not to attack each other. Hitler wanted to keep USSR off his back while he turned on other countries.

Nazi-Soviet Pact (BBC) http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/history/mwh/ir1/nazisovietpactrev1.shtml


 * 1 September 1939**
 * Germany Invaded Poland: Beginning of World War II in Europe**

Remember: Pearl Harbor is not until 7 December 1941

Invasion of Poland (Alan Taylor photo essays in //Atlantic Wire//) http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2011/06/world-war-ii-the-invasion-of-poland-and-the-winter-war/100094/


 * U.S. declared neutrality** (5 September 1939)

President Roosevelt Declares Neutrality (BBC) http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1999/08/99/world_war_ii/430187.stm

U.S. still trying to stay out of war


 * Phony War**

Sitzkrieg=not much happening

Lasted from invasion of Poland (September 1939) to the invasion of France (May 1940)


 * 1940**


 * German Blitzkrieg**

German blitzkrieg (lightning warfare) [today we call it "shock and awe"]

Germans invaded Denmark (9 April 1940), Netherlands (10 May 1940), Belgium (10 May 1940), France (10 May 1940)

Blitzkrieg: Germany's Lightning War (BBC) []

Axis Invasions and the Fall of France (Alan Taylor photo essays in //Atlantic Wire//) http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2011/07/world-war-ii-axis-invasions-and-the-fall-of-france/100098/


 * Remember: Hitler's attacks and conquests in Europe made French, Dutch, and British colonies in Asia vulnerable to Japanese attack.**


 * Churchill became Prime Minister of Britain**

10 May 1940 **Churchill takes helm** as Germans advance (BBC On This Day) http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/10/newsid_3497000/3497115.stm

Winston Churchill: Defender of Democracy (BBC) [Good] http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/churchill_defender_01.shtml

World War II Conflict Spreads Around the Globe (Alan Taylor photo essays in //Atlantic Wire//) http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2011/07/world-war-ii-conflict-spreads-around-the-globe/100107/

Winston Churchill: America’s enduring love for Winnie and his words (Telegraph) http://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/9451741/Winston-Churchill-Americas-enduring-love-for-Winnie-and-his-words.html


 * Dunkirk** evacuation [Miracle of Dunkirk, Operation Dynamo] 27 May-4 June 1940

British (and French) troops trapped on the beach at Dunkirk. Rescue operation undertaken by British.

Dunkirk (BBC) http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/ff2_dunkirk.shtml

Animated Map: The Fall of France (Dunkirk) Six maps: Fall of France; Germany Attacks; Allies Retreat; Allied Forces Trapped; Evacuation from Dunkirk; Paris Captured []

The miracle of Dunkirk (Telegraph) []


 * France conquered by Germans** (10 May-25 June 1940)

The Fall of France (BBC) http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/fall_france_01.shtml


 * Battle of Britain**

Now Hitler turns on Britain

Battle of Britain http://www.historyanimated.com/wwiianimated.com/BritainAnimation.html

Battle of Britain (Alan Taylor photo essay in //Atlantic Wire//) http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2011/07/world-war-ii-the-battle-of-britain/100102/

The Battle of Britain (text) (BBC) http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/ff3_battlebritain.shtml


 * The Blitz**

7 September-31 October 1940

One Day of the Blitz at Liverpool (This is good!) []

The Blitz (BBC) http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/ff3_blitz.shtml

Colour pictures of London blitz (Mail Online) http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2016667/Colour-pictures-revealed-London-blitz-Nazi-bombers-World-War-II.html


 * Kennedy Book CHAPTER 15: To the Brink**, 465-515

465 "But for all the apparent inevitability of Anglo-American cooperation against the Nazi threat, in actual practice the transatlantic partnership was devilishly difficult to forge." Let's analyze how this partnership evolved.

468-469 "Arsenal of Democracy" issue. Evaluate the domestic and international implications of America's new role as "the arsenal of democracy."

467-475 Lend-Lease

Lend Lease debated for weeks in Congress. Explain what the Lend-Lease program did and which countries it aided. Analyze the way President Roosevelt presented the program to the public, the political spin surrounding the passage of the Lend-Lease Act.

469-470 Four Freedoms

471 To get involved or not to get involved

Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies (Wikipedia) [] America First Committee (Wikipedia) []

479 Pay particular attention to the questions at the top of the page. Check out footnote #30 at bottom of the page for a glimpse of FDR at work.

480 Admiral Stark's plan is important.

482-483 Complication for the Allies: Germany invaded the USSR (6/22/40) Should we ally ourselves with the "devil" (the Soviets)?

484 Hopkins to Moscow. What might be a comparable trip in 2009?

486-487 Let's look at the Wedemeyer plan.

488-500 Battle of the Atlantic (good map on page 48) Battle of Britain and Blitz gave way to the Battle of the Atlantic How did FDR zig/zag?

491 Analyze this page carefully.

492 Greenland and Iceland. What do we know about each one today?

496 Atlantic Charter Famous meeting in Newfoundland between FDR and Churchill.

497-500 Look closely at this analysis of the escort policy. 497 Greer Incident 499 USS Kearny 499 USS Reuben James

500-515 Follow the ins-and-outs of US/Japan geopolitical moves leading to the outbreak of war. Particular importance of China and the Stimson Doctrine

Was the US too unyielding to Japan?

What will future historians say about current US policy toward Iran and North Korea?


 * Will United States be Neutral or Not?**

From Kennedy book 471 To get involved or not to get involved

We have debates today (but at a different level of intensity) about whether to get into a war: Libya, Syria


 * Yes, Get Into the War**

Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies

Henry Luce and 20th-Century U.S. Internationalism https://history.state.gov/milestones/1937-1945/internationalism

Henry Luce obituary (New York Times) http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0403.html

Great Debate between internationalists and isolationists (EDSITEment) http://edsitement.neh.gov/lesson-plan/great-debate-internationalists-vs-isolationists#sect-background


 * No, Don't Get Into the War**

America First Committee

American Isolationism in the 1930s https://history.state.gov/milestones/1937-1945/american-isolationism


 * United States moves to help Britain**

Let's analyze how this partnership evolved.


 * Lend Lease** (11 March 1941)

From Kennedy Book 467-475 Lend-Lease

Lend Lease debated for weeks in Congress. Explain what the Lend-Lease program did and which countries it aided. Analyze the way FDR presented the program to the public, the political spin surrounding the passage of the Lend-Lease Act.

Lend Lease https://history.state.gov/milestones/1937-1945/lend-lease

U.S. became the "arsenal of democracy" by lending and leasing American military goods to those fighting against the Axis powers.

468-469 "Arsenal of Democracy" issue (December 1940) Evaluate the domestic and international implications of America's new role as "the arsenal of democracy."

American unemployment dropped as our industries geared up to produce war material.


 * German Invasion of the Soviet Union** (22 June 1941)

[Remember: Pearl Harbor is not until 7 December 1941]

From Kennedy Book 482-483 Complication for the Allies: Germany invaded the USSR (22 June 1941)

Reversed the Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact

Problem for the United States: Should we ally ourselves with the "devil" (the Soviets)? The enemy of our enemy is our friend (at least for the time being).

German invasion of Soviet Union (Alan Taylor photo essay in //Atlantic Wire//) http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2011/07/world-war-ii-operation-barbarossa/100112/

Hitler and 'Lebensraum' in the East (BBC) http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/hitler_lebensraum_01.shtml

Hitler's Invasion of Russia in World War Two (BBC) http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/hitler_russia_invasion_01.shtml


 * Battle of the Atlanti**c

How can the United States move supplies across the Atlantic ocean to Britain in spite of German submarines.

From Kennedy Book 488-500 Battle of the Atlantic (good map on page 48) 565-572 +Pages 588-590. Battle of the Atlantic.

Analyze it.

The Battle of the Atlantic (BBC) http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/battle_atlantic_01.shtml

Battle of Britain and Blitz gave way to the Battle of the Atlantic How did FDR zig/zag?

491 Analyze this page carefully.

492 Greenland and Iceland. What do we know about each one today?


 * Atlantic Charter**

From Kennedy Book 496 Famous meeting in Newfoundland between FDR and Churchill.

The Atlantic Conference and Charter, 1941 https://history.state.gov/milestones/1937-1945/atlantic-conf

Issue--even today--of the special relationship between the U.S. and Great Britain.


 * U.S. Navy convoy escort policy**

From Kennedy Book 497-500 Look closely at this analysis of the escort policy.

Navy report of all three ships http://www.navy.mil/navydata/nav_legacy.asp?id=142

497 **Greer** Incident (4 September 1941)

499 USS **Kearny** (17 October 1941) http://www.uboat.net/allies/merchants/1160.html

499 USS **Reuben James** (31 October 1941) (National Archives)

Sinking of the Reuben James (Woody Guthrie) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DrZjJsIA1EI&feature=youtu.be


 * CHAPTER 16: War in the Pacific**, 516-564

516-526 Analyze the events up to/including/following Pearl Harbor.

526-531 Philippines. MacArthur. Bataan Memorial Death March - White Sands New Mexico - March 27, 2011 http://www.bataanmarch.com/

532-543 War plans of US/Japan.


 * Doolittle Raid** on Tokyo (4/18/1942)


 * Battle of Midway** (6/6). U.S. wins. Turning point in Pacific war.

544-561 **Guadalcanal**

554 Great writing on this page.

559 Death calculation.

560 Sullivan brothers.

561 Racial animosity. Japanese like animals. Is that a fair assessment?

563 PT-109 of John F. Kennedy fame.

564 US island-hopping strategy.


 * Road to war with Japan**

From Kennedy Book 500-515 Follow the ins-and-outs of US/Japan geopolitical moves leading to the outbreak of war.

Particular importance of China and the Stimson Doctrine

Was the US too unyielding to Japan?

What will future historians say about current US policy toward Iran and North Korea?

Japan, China, the United States and the road to Pearl Harbor https://history.state.gov/milestones/1937-1945/pearl-harbor


 * Pearl Harbor**

From Kennedy Book Ch. 16: War in the Pacific, 516-564

516-526 Analyze the events up to/including/following Pearl Harbor.

Pearl Harbor animated map http://www.nationalgeographic.com/pearlharbor/ax/frameset.html

Pearl Harbor (Alan Taylor photo essay in //Atlantic Wire//) http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2011/07/world-war-ii-pearl-harbor/100117/

Pearl Harbor photos (Boston Globe Photo Blog) http://www.boston.com/bigpicture/2010/12/pearl_harbor_69_years_ago_toda.html


 * German and Italy declare war on United States**


 * Japanese initial victories** (December): Philippines, Malaya, Thailand, Hong Kong.

War between China and Japan going on simultaneously.


 * Japan on a Roll**

15 Feb 1942 **Singapore** forced to surrender to the Japanese (BBC On This Day) http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/15/newsid_3529000/3529447.stm

Daring Raids and Brutal Reprisals (Alan Taylor photo essay in //Atlantic Wire//) Doolittle Raid; Bataan Death March; Surrender of Singapore http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2011/08/world-war-ii-daring-raids-and-brutal-reprisals/100127/

526-531 **Philippines**. MacArthur. Bataan.


 * Douglas MacArthur**

MacArthur bio sketch http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/macarthur/peopleevents/pandeAMEX96.html

Daring Raids and Brutal Reprisals (Alan Taylor photo essay in //Atlantic Wire//) Doolittle Raid; Bataan Death March http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2011/08/world-war-ii-daring-raids-and-brutal-reprisals/100127/


 * Bataan Death March**

Bataan Memorial Death March - White Sands New Mexico - March 27, 2011 http://www.bataanmarch.com/


 * Doolittle Raid** on Tokyo (18 April 1942)

Doolittle Raid: Animated Map [] http://www.pacificwaranimated.com/Doolittle.html Do all six parts: Prelude, Preparations, Deployment, Approach, The Raid, Aftermath

Daring Raids and Brutal Reprisals (Alan Taylor photo essay in //Atlantic Wire//) Doolittle Raid; Bataan Death March http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2011/08/world-war-ii-daring-raids-and-brutal-reprisals/100127/


 * Battle of Midway** (7 June 1942)

U.S. wins. Turning point in Pacific war.

Animated Maps of the Battle of Midway: http://historyanimated.com/Midway.html http://pacificwaranimated.com/Midway.html Work your way through each of the parts of this animation: Early 1942, Battle of the Coral Sea, Midway Island, Japanese Deployment, American Deployment, Fleet Movements, Action June 3, Action June 4-7

Battle of Midway (Alan Taylor photo essay in //Atlantic Wire//) http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2011/08/world-war-ii-battle-of-midway-and-the-aleutian-campaign/100137/

The Battle of Midway (BBC) http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/battle_midway_01.shtml


 * Cryptography (Code Breaking)**


 * U.S. Codebreaking: MAGIC**


 * British Codebreaking: Enigma**

How Poles cracked Nazi Enigma secret (BBC News) []


 * Other neat spy material**:

Double Cross - MI5 in World War Two (Double Agents) (BBC) http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/mi5_ww2_01.shtml

British Special Operations Executive (SOE): Tools and Gadgets Gallery (BBC) http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/soe_gallery.shtml

Training SOE Saboteurs in World War Two (BBC) http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/soe_training_01.shtml


 * Guadalcanal**

From Kennedy Book 544-561 Guadalcanal

Naval strategy comparisons between US/Japan

History Animated interactive map of the Guadalcanal campaign: http://www.pacificwaranimated.com/Guadalcanal.html

Japanese Soldier Describes Horrors of Guadalcanal (History Now) []

559 Death calculation.

560 **Sullivan brothers**. http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq72-4.htm http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/sullivan-brothers.htm

561 **Racial animosity**

Japanese like animals. Is that a fair assessment?

From Kennedy Book 563 **PT-109** of **John F. Kennedy** fame.

John F. Kennedy and PT-109 (John F. Kennedy Presidential Library) http://www.jfklibrary.org/JFK/JFK-in-History/John-F-Kennedy-and-PT109.aspx

Sixty Years Later, the Story of PT-109 Still Captivates (National Archives magazine) http://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2003/summer/pt109.html

From Kennedy Book 564 **US island-hopping strategy** in Pacific

Army versus Navy

MacArthur versus Nimitz


 * CHAPTER 18: The War of Machines**, 615-668

615 Keep in mind the three fundamentals of the war's outcome—time, men, materiel—and their complex interaction.

617 Interesting observation: unused capacity from the Depression made the transition to war more efficient.

618-619 U.S. safe from enemy action. What an important advantage.

620-630 How did FDR gear up the US for war. Think about the issues of inefficiencies/profit potential/waste as compared to US in Iraq war.

630-631 **Battle of Stalingrad.** Understand it on its own merit. Then consider how the Soviet victory convinced US that USSR would stay in the war. US capped its military at 90 divisions. How many divisions do we have today?

631-637 US needed men, but who?

637-644 What do you think of the strikers? Would you have wanted to shoot them?

644-647 Rationing versus consumer's paradise. How can we assess this observation?

647-653 Synthetic rubber—shows what US can do if we have to.

Liberty Ships. Kaiser shipyards in Richmond and Fontana. Kaiser Health Care.

653-655 Henry Ford. Willow Run. B-24 production compared to Liberty Ships.

655-668 Manhattan Project.


 * CHAPTER 21: The Cauldron of the Home Front**, 746-797

748-760 **Japanese-American internment**

762-776 **Racial issues**

Gunnar Myrdal's American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy.
 * African Americans**

Blacks move north/white opposition in factories. Racial clashes in cities and on military bases.

770 Zoot Suit Riots
 * Mexican-Americans**

777 Bracero Program (Wikipedia)


 * Tuskegee Airmen** (page 773)

776-781 Women worker issues.

780 Latchkey children

782-788 Elections during wartime: Congressional ones in 1942; Presidential in 1944.

787 **GI Bill.** Note that only the universities were against it!!

789 Thomas Dewey, 1944 Republican presidential candidate; what about him.

790-793 Harry S. Truman, FDR's choice for VP running mate. What about Truman.

793-794 Issue of showing picture of dead GIs. Compare to today: should we show flag-draped coffins of Iraq and Afghanistan war dead.

794-797 Are you ok with the US approach to concentration camps?


 * American Home Front**

Getting the Message Out: Poster Boys of WWII http://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2005/summer/posters-2.html


 * The War (Ken Burns)**


 * A. At Home**

http://www.pbs.org/thewar/at_home_war_production.htm Also read the sidebar on "Buying War Bonds"
 * 1. War Production**


 * 2. Communication**

a. News and Censorship http://www.pbs.org/thewar/at_home_communication_news_censorship.htm

Fireside Chats

b. Letters and Diaries http://www.pbs.org/thewar/at_home_communication_letters_diaries.htm

Good material about V-Mail

c. Propaganda http://www.pbs.org/thewar/at_home_communication_propaganda.htm

Powers of Persuasion: Posters from WWII (U.S. National Archives) http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/powers_of_persuasion/powers_of_persuasion_home.html http://thelearningprofessor.blogspot.com/2012/06/website-spotlight-posters-from-world.html

http://www.pbs.org/thewar/at_home_family.htm
 * 3. Family**

Women at War (Alan Taylor photo essay in //Atlantic Wire//) http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2011/09/world-war-ii-women-at-war/100145/


 * 4. Civil Rights**

http://www.pbs.org/thewar/at_home_civil_rights_japanese_american.htm
 * a. Japanese Americans**

Japanese-Americans http://www.pbs.org/thewar/at_war_democracy_japanese_american.htm

Internment of Japanese-Americans (Alan Taylor photo essay in //Atlantic Wire//) http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2011/08/world-war-ii-internment-of-japanese-americans/100132/

Japanese-American Internment (Smithsonian) http://americanhistory.si.edu/perfectunion/non-flash/index.html http://thelearningprofessor.blogspot.com/2012/06/website-spotlight-japanese-american.html

http://www.pbs.org/thewar/at_home_civil_rights_minorities.htm
 * b. African-Americans and Mexican-Americans**

African-Americans http://www.pbs.org/thewar/at_war_democracy_japanese_american.htm

Latinos and Native Americans http://www.pbs.org/thewar/at_war_democracy_latino.htm

Zoot Suit Riots (American Experience) http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/zoot/ http://thelearningprofessor.blogspot.com/2011/12/website-spotlight-zoot-suit-riots.html


 * How American men were trained for combat**


 * The War (Ken Burns)**


 * B. AT WAR**

1. Life in the Infantry http://www.pbs.org/thewar/at_war_infantry.htm

Click through the personal recollections on the right-hand sidebar

2. Face of Battle

a. Training http://www.pbs.org/thewar/at_war_battle_training.htm

b. Combat http://www.pbs.org/thewar/at_war_battle_combat.htm

Sidebar: Role of Medics

Dissect the chapter title. Issues between FDR/Churchill/Stalin over war strategy
 * CHAPTER 17: Unready Ally, Uneasy Alliance**, 565-614

Quebec Conference, 1943

565-572 +Pages 588-590. Battle of the Atlantic. Analyze it.

572-573 American way of war. Does it make sense?

573 Bolero plan. Main thrust from Britain. USSR wanted a second front in France sooner than the Brits would permit. Brits got their way (North Africa and Italy) initially until the US became the senior partner.

575 Soviet foreign minister Molotov []

Yes, no, second front. Equivalent to Joe Biden's rap on Rudy Giuliani: noun+verb+9/11

576-577 Churchill argued for a "periphery" strategy.

577-584 +Page 590. Operation Torch. North African landings. What were the military/political/diplomatic tradeoffs/challenges for the US? Tradeoff with Bolero (invasion of Western Europe)

Philippe Pétain [] Vichy France (Wikipedia) []

578 Read this page carefully

579 U.S. election cycle. This election cycle issue constantly arose in our approach to the war in Iraq.

584-588 Casablanca Conference Analyze it. What about the idea of "unconditional surrender?" Was it the right approach in retrospect?

Casablanca (1942) []

589-590 Battle of Atlantic: power shift; Germany on the decline

590-601 Various issues in these specific pages:

~Trace the discontent of Stalin over the war strategy.

~**US General George S. Patton** He probably rode his horse right by APU campus.

Issue of battle fatigue and slapping incident (p. 594)

~Allied invasion of **Sicily**

~Allied invasion of **Italy** (Wikipedia)

Monte Cassino and Anzio

601-608 Analyze the tradeoffs in the Allied bombing offensive (area bombing at night by Brits; "precision"—was it precise?—bombing in day by US). What problems in planes and men. What targets (hard v. people).

609 Analyze the allocation of resources to war effort in Europe/Pacific (now 30%). Compare today to Iraq/Afghanistan.

Battle of Tarawa.

611-613 Stalin still mad. He may well take most of Europe his way if US doesn't get into the game via France.


 * CHAPTER 19: The Struggle for a Second Front**, 669-708

669-674 Stop at Cairo on the way to Teheran. Look at interrelationships between FDR/Churchill and Chiang Kai-Shek.

674-686 **Teheran (capital of Iran) conference**

Dispute b/n Britain & U.S: when/where Europe invaded. Soviets demanded a second front. Soviets bore brunt of land war until mid–1944. Decision was finally made on a cross-channel invasion against Europe mainland Eisenhower was named to be Supreme Commander of Allied Forces

Important. Major meeting of Allied leaders. FDR stayed at Soviet compound (it was bugged). Personal dynamics of FDR/Churchill/Stalin. Geopolitical issues: Second front, Poland, Eastern Europe, USSR help in war with Japan (would diminish China's importance to US strategy), etc.

679 Note the quote from FDR "if the Japanese had not attacked."

683 Who is now the dominant partner in the U.S.-Great Britain alliance?

686-698 **Operation Overlord (D-Day, Normandy)** What determined when it would go?

Dwight D. Eisenhower (Ike) to command; what about him. Why not George Marshall?

Rommel to defend; what about him.

What determined where Allies would land (Pas de Calais or Normandy) and how Germans would defend?

699 Invasion of Southern France competed with Normandy for men/materiel resources.

Big picture issues: Move away from "periphery" to main thrust at Berlin.

702-706 Allied air war. Details of bomber offensive.

707-708 Who will run France. FDR's views. Will effect eventually US view of French reentry to Indochina after the war.


 * Continuing issues between FDR/Churchill/Stalin over war strategy**

From Kennedy Book Ch. 17: Unready Ally, Uneasy Alliance, 565-614

USSR wanted a second front in France sooner than the Brits would permit. Brits got their way (North Africa and Italy) initially--until the US became the senior partner.

From Kennedy Book 575 Soviet foreign minister Molotov

Yes, no, second front. Equivalent to Joe Biden's rap on Rudy Giuliani: "noun+verb+9/11"

576-577 Churchill argued for a "periphery" strategy.


 * North Africa Theater**

Ongoing battles between British and Germans (Rommel)

German General Erwin Rommel http://www.history.com/topics/erwin-rommel-erwin

British General Bernard Montgomery http://www.history.com/topics/bernard-law-montgomery http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/montgomery_bernard.shtml

Animated Map: The North African Campaign (BBC) http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/launch_ani_north_africa_campaign.shtml

North African Campaign (Alan Taylor photo essay in //Atlantic Wire//) http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2011/09/world-war-ii-the-north-african-campaign/100140/


 * Americans Invade North Africa**

577-584 +Page 590. Operation Torch.

North African landings. What were the military/political/diplomatic tradeoffs/challenges for the US? Tradeoff with Bolero (invasion of Western Europe)

Operation Torch (Google Images) http://bit.ly/PZG0Zl

Operation Torch (8-10 November 1942) http://www.combinedops.com/Torch.htm

Operation Torch: Great map http://www.homeofheroes.com/wings/part2/04_map_torch.jpg


 * U.S. General George S. Patton**

He and Montgomery will be great rivals throughout the rest of the war.

From Kennedy book 594 Issue of battle fatigue and slapping incident

Patton Museum http://www.generalpatton.org/

George S. Patton obituary (New York Times) http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/1111.html


 * Casablanca Conference**

From Kennedy Book 584-588 Casablanca Conference (14-24 January 1943)

Casablanca Conference, 1943 https://history.state.gov/milestones/1937-1945/casablanca

What about the idea of "unconditional surrender?" Was it the right approach in retrospect?


 * Italian Campaign**

Allies used North Africa as a springboard to invasion the island of Sicily, then the Italian boot.

Animated Map: The Italian Campaign http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/launch_ani_italy_campaign.shtml

~Allied invasion of **Sicily**

~Allied invasion of **Italy**

~**Anzio** 22 January 1944

~**Monte Cassino** 18 May 1944

World War Two: The Battle of Monte Cassino (BBC) http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/battle_cassino_01.shtml

~**Northern Italy**

http://www.americanveteranscenter.org/events/conference/awards/audie-murphy-award/senator-robert-dole/?doing_wp_cron=1344448195
 * Bob Dole** gravely wounded on 14 April 1945

http://www.doleinstitute.org/programs-Dole-lecture.shtml

From Kennedy Book 609 Analyze the allocation of resources to war effort in Europe/Pacific (now 30%). Compare today to Iraq/Afghanistan.

611-613 Stalin still mad. He may well take most of Europe his way if US doesn't get into the game via France.


 * Air War**

From Kennedy Book (early in the war) 601-608 Analyze the tradeoffs in the Allied bombing offensive (area bombing at night by Brits; "precision"—was it precise?—bombing in day by US).

What problems in planes and men.

What targets (hard v. people).

From Kennedy Book (Later in the war) 742-744 **Air war**.

Bombings of Berlin, Hamburg, Dresden

~Bombing of Dresden in World War II

Remembering the Dresden Bombing (BBC) http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/4257253.stm


 * Eastern Front**

Eastern Front (from the perspective of the Germans)

The Eastern Front (Alan Taylor photo essay in //Atlantic Wire//) http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2011/09/world-war-ii-the-eastern-front/100150/

From Kennedy Book 630-631 **Battle of Stalingrad.**

Understand the battle on its own merits. Then consider how the Soviet victory convinced US that USSR would stay in the war. US capped its military at 90 divisions. How many divisions do we have today?


 * A Second Front in Western Europe**

From Kennedy Book Ch. 19: The Struggle for a Second Front, 669-686

669-674 Cairo Conference Stop at Cairo on the way to Teheran Conference Look at interrelationships between FDR/Churchill and Chiang Kai-Shek.

Wartime Conferences https://history.state.gov/milestones/1937-1945/war-time-conferences


 * China's situation**:

We are not going to do much with China during this semester.

History Animated interactive map of the Burma Campaign http://www.pacificwaranimated.com/the-burma-campaign-burma-campaign-43

674-686 **Teheran (capital of Iran) Conference**

Important. Major meeting of Allied leaders. FDR stayed at Soviet compound (it was bugged). Personal dynamics of FDR/Churchill/Stalin. Geopolitical issues: Second front, Poland, Eastern Europe, USSR help in war with Japan (would diminish China's importance to US strategy), etc.

Dispute b/n Britain & U.S: when/where Europe invaded. Soviets demanded a second front. Soviets bore brunt of land war until mid–1944. Decision was finally made on a cross-channel invasion against Europe mainland Eisenhower was named to be Supreme Commander of Allied Forces

Tehran Conference, 1943 https://history.state.gov/milestones/1937-1945/tehran-conf

679 Note the quote from FDR: "if the Japanese had not attacked."

683 Who is now the dominant partner in the U.S.-Great Britain alliance?


 * CHAPTER 20: The Battle for Northwest Europe**, 709-745


 * Second Front: Invasion of France**

From Kennedy Book 686-698 **Operation Overlord (D-Day, Normandy)**

What determined when it would go?

Dwight D. Eisenhower (Ike) to command; what about him. Why not George Marshall?

Rommel to defend. German "Desert Fox"

What determined where Allies would land (Pas de Calais or Normandy) and how Germans would defend?

707-708 Who will run France after the war

FDR's views.

Charles de Gaulle obituary (New York Times) []

The Allies at War [With Each Other over the role of De Gaulle] (BBC) http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/allies_at_war_01.shtml

Americans poured into England. Aircraft carrier metaphor . 709-715 The American military buildup characterized.

GI Joe: US Soldiers of World War Two (BBC) http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/us_soldiers_01.shtml

716-725 Preparation for and execution of the Normandy landings.

Biggest invasion armada in world history (5,000 ships, 150,000 men).
 * Normandy invasion=D-Day=Operation Overlord**. (June 6, 1944).

Allied Invasion of Europe (Alan Taylor photo essay in //Atlantic Wire//) http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2011/10/world-war-ii-the-allied-invasion-of-europe/100160/

D-Day: Beachhead (BBC) http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/dday_beachhead_01.shtml

Animated Map: The D-Day Landings (BBC) Four sections: The Atlantic Wall, Concentration of Forces, The Landings, Securing the Beachheads http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/launch_ani_d_day.shtml

Fantastic story of U.S. Paratrooper Joseph Beyrle who fought for both U.S. and Soviets. []


 * Breakout from Normandy**

Animated Map: Operation Overlord (BBC) Seven maps: Operation Overlord, D-Day, The Slog for Normandy, A Slow Advance, The Breakout, The Falaise/Argentan Gap, The Liberation of Paris http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/launch_ani_overlord_campaign.shtml

Operation Overlord: D-Day to Paris (BBC) http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/overlord_d_day_paris_01.shtml

From Kennedy Book 724 **Bocage** as terrain obstacle: hedgerows

Bocage (Google Images) http://bit.ly/fgAG2M

726-728 **Cobra I**

Breakout from the Normandy pocket. Cobra I (compare to Iraq Cobra II).

US Sherman tanks versus German Tiger tanks.

From Kennedy Book 728 **Attempted assassination of Hitler**

20 July 1944 Hitler Survives Assassination Attempt (BBC On This Day) http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/20/newsid_3505000/3505014.stm

From Kennedy Book 732 **Paris liberated**

Great read: //Is Paris Burning?//

25 Aug 1944 Paris is liberated (BBC On This Day) http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/25/newsid_3520000/3520894.stm

From Kennedy Book

733 **Logistics** of US armored thrust into Europe.

Red Ball Express (Google Images) http://bit.ly/OaDcIW

734 Implications for Allied strategy of the trade-off decisions between the "this" of Montgomery and the "that" of Patton.

Montgomery was insistent that he get all resources

From Kennedy Book 735-736 **Operation** **Market Garden**

Movie: A Bridge Too Far http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0075784/

The Battle of Arnhem (Operation Market Garden) (BBC) http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/battle_arnhem_01.shtml

Animated Map: The Battle of Arnhem (BBC) http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/launch_ani_arnhem.shtml

From Kennedy Book 739-742 **Battle of the Bulge**.

Analyze it from each side. A major setback for Allies but the last gasp of Germans on the Western front.

The Battle of the Bulge (BBC) http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/battle_bulge_01.shtml

Battle of the Bulge (American Experience) http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/bulge/ http://thelearningprofessor.blogspot.com/2011/07/website-spotlight-battle-of-bulge.html

V-Weapons Attack Britain (BBC) [I'm not sure where to put this] http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/ff7_vweapons.shtml


 * America and the Holocaust**

From Kennedy Book 794-797 Are you ok with the US approach to concentration camps?

SS St. Louis: The ship of Jewish refugees that nobody wanted http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-27373131

From Kennedy book 806 Check out that first paragraph relating to Jewish immigration to Palestine.

American and the Holocaust (American Experience) http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/holocaust/ http://thelearningprofessor.blogspot.com/2011/12/website-spotlight-america-and-holocaust.html

The Holocaust (Alan Taylor photo essay in //Atlantic Wire//) http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2011/10/world-war-ii-the-holocaust/100170/


 * Yalta Conference**

798-808 Yalta conference. Analyze the personalities and issues. 806-807 Did the United States get a raw deal at Yalta?

Soviets would control most of Eastern Europe. Germany would be divided. Soviets would fight Japan three months after German surrender

Yalta Conference, 1945 https://history.state.gov/milestones/1937-1945/yalta-conf


 * President Roosevelt Died**

From Kennedy Book 808 Effect of FDR's death on the country and world.

~FDR died (12 April 1945)

~**Hitler died (30 April 1945)**

~808-809 **End of WWII—in Europe. BUT Japan is still in play.**

The Battle for Berlin in World War Two (BBC) http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/berlin_01.shtml

The Fall of Nazi Germany (Alan Taylor photo essay in //Atlantic Wire//) http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2011/10/world-war-ii-the-fall-of-nazi-germany/100166/

808-809 **Even through end of WWII in Europe, Japan is still in play.**

The Pacific Islands (Alan Taylor photo essay in //Atlantic Wire//) http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2011/09/world-war-ii-the-pacific-islands/100155/

816-818 **Battle of Saipan**

15 June 1944

Civilians leaped to their death.

Death before Capture (American Experience) http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/biography/pacific-koyu-shiroma/

822-829 **Battle of Leyte Gulf** (Philippines)

History Animated interactive map of the Battle of Leyte Gulf http://www.pacificwaranimated.com/battle-of-leyte-gulf-islandhoppingcampaign-36


 * Bataan Rescue**

Daring Raids and Brutal Reprisals (Alan Taylor photo essay in //Atlantic Wire//) Doolittle Raid; Bataan Death March http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2011/08/world-war-ii-daring-raids-and-brutal-reprisals/100127/

Bataan Rescue (American Experience) http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/bataan/ http://thelearningprofessor.blogspot.com/2011/07/website-spotlight-bataan-rescue.html

American POWs on Japanese Ships (National Archives magazine) http://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2003/winter/hell-ships-1.html http://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2003/winter/hell-ships-2.html

829-831 **Battle of Iwo Jima**

Iwo Jima animated map http://www.pacificwaranimated.com/Iwo.html


 * Code talkers (on Iwo Jima particularly)**

Code Talkers (National Archives magazine) http://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2001/winter/navajo-code-talkers.html

Code Talkers virtual exhibit (National Museum of the American Indian) http://www.nmai.si.edu/education/codetalkers/ http://thelearningprofessor.blogspot.com/2012/06/website-spotlight-codetalkers.html

831-835 **Battle of Okinawa**.

Okinawa animated map http://www.pacificwaranimated.com/Okinawa.html

Ernie Pyle obituary (New York Times) http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0803.html


 * Kamikaze** Attacks

Kamikaze attack at Okinawa as experienced by an American (American Experience) []

Kamikaze attack at Okinawa as experienced by a Japanese (American Experience) []

From Kennedy book 837-845 **Potsdam Conference**

Analyze the issues and personalities. "Unconditional surrender" approach: helpful or not.

Potsdam Conference,1945 https://history.state.gov/milestones/1937-1945/potsdam-conf

Why Churchill Lost in 1945 (BBC) http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/election_01.shtml


 * Victory against Japan**

From Kennedy book 845-851 Bombing of Japanese cities

Fall of Imperial Japan (Alan Taylor photo essay in //Atlantic Wire//) http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2011/10/world-war-ii-the-fall-of-imperial-japan/100175/

From Kennedy book 835-837 **Japan's internal deliberations**.

What might be going on within the secret meetings of some of our enemies today?

~Role of **Manhattan Project** in building atomic bomb.

From Kennedy book 655-668 Manhattan Project.

Race for the Super Bomb (American Experience) []

J. Robert Oppenheimer obituary (New York Times) http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0422.html

~**Factors involved in the decision to drop the atomic bombs on Japan**: []

We had two ready--just barely

Fear that the Soviet Union would soon enter the war against Japan

Concern that a land war in Japan would result in massive American casualties

Shoichi Yokoi, the Japanese soldier who held out in Guam for 28 years after WWII ended (BBC News) []

~**First atomic bomb**: U.S. drops atomic bomb on Hiroshima (6 August 1945)

Hiroshima (Boston Globe Photo Blog) http://www.boston.com/bigpicture/2009/08/hiroshima_64_years_ago.html

~**Soviets entered war in Pacific** with 1.5 million troops (8 August 1945)

Soviets declare war on Japan; invade Manchuria (History.com This Day in History | 8/8/1945) http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/soviets-declare-war-on-japan-invade-manchuria

~**Second atomic bomb**: U.S. drops atomic bomb on Nagasaki (9 August 1945)

[] []
 * Japanese man who survived both bombs**

~**Victory-Japan (VJ) Day**

~**Japanese surrendered** (2 September 1945)

Japanese surrender; "bitter-enders" almost kept Emperor's message off the air waves.

~**Emperor allowed to keep his throne**

~**Allied Supreme Commander Douglas MacArthur would rule Japan**

Douglas MacArthur obituary (New York Times) http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0126.html


 * Afterwards**


 * Death Toll of World War II**

World–wide: 55 million United States: 405,000 Soviet Union: 21 million (one–ninth of Soviet population).


 * Postwar position of the U.S.**

We suffered little damage to our own land. We emerged as the world leader