Eyes+Abroad


 * EYES ABROAD MODULE**


 * Learning Objectives**:

What is imperialism? Describe American foreign policy in the 1890s. Why did the U.S. intervene in Cuba and the Philippines? Did the U.S. have the right to issue the Open Door policy? Was the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine necessary? What were some of the leading arguments in favor of overseas expansion? Did the anti-imperialists' argument that the United States could maintain a strong foreign trade without subjugating foreign people offer a viable option?

Topic: Empire, The Gilded and the Gritty: America, 1870-1912 []

Video: American Imperialism: Crash Course US History #28 []

Video: Objective 3.1- Goals of American Imperialism []

Video: Objective 3.2-The Annexation of Hawaii & Alaska []

1887 “Bayonet” Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaii []

Video: Objective 3.3- The Spanish American War []

Video: Objective 3.4- The Expanding American Empire []

Video: Objective 3.5- Progressive Foreign Policy []


 * Worldwide scramble for empire**

1. 1890 census declared the frontier "closed."

2. College professor Frederick Jackson Turner: Frontier thesis (The West) []

[]

Frederick Jackson Turner (NHC) [use this] http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/gilded/empire/text1/turner.pdf

3. Many looked to overseas expansion.

4. Great powers measured their greatness by the colonies they acquired a. Britain, Germany, and France divided up Africa b. Looked to do the same in Asia

5. America will eventually get in on the act.

Let's take a look at several maps.

World Colonial Empires, 1900 []

American Empire, 1900 []

6. Alfred Thayer Mahan President of the Naval War College

Alfred Thayer Mahan obituary (New York Times) http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0927.html . Mahan's The Influence of Sea Power upon History (Historian of the State Department) https://history.state.gov/milestones/1866-1898/mahan

In this important book, Mahan's argument ran as follows:

He argued that national greatness and prosperity depended on naval power. Mahan urged the Navy to shift from wood construction to steel Overproduction: More produced than domestic market could absorb. Overseas markets needed to dispose of surplus Overseas markets implied distant ports Reaching distant ports required large merchant marine Merchant marine needed protection of powerful navy Ships needed coaling stations and repair yards Coaling stations implied secure stops: colonies Canal across Panama needed to link East coast with Pacific Ocean


 * Alaska** (1867)

1. Secretary of State William H. Seward foresaw a large American empire. 2. U.S purchased Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million. [Sarah Palin can see Russia!] 3. Steward criticized: Seward's Folly, Seward's Ice-Box

See also:

Alaska Purchase (Historian of the State Department) https://history.state.gov/milestones/1866-1898/alaska-purchase

Seward's Folly (Today in History, Library of Congress) http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/mar30.html

Alaska Purchase (On This Day, Finding Dulcinea) http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/September-October-08/On-this-Day--The-United-States-Purchases-Alaska.html


 * Dreams of Empire**

The Question of an American Empire (EDSITEment) [|http://edsitement.neh.gov/lesson-plan/question-american-empire#sect-background]

Albert Beveridge, The March of the Flag (Internet History Sourcebook) http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1898beveridge.asp

U.S. Foreign Relations http://projects.vassar.edu/1896/foreignrelations.html Read the portions: "To Annex Hawaii" and "Turkey and Armenia"

Work through this great material from Mapping History website: Toward Empire: Overseas Expansion Introduction http://mappinghistory.uoregon.edu/english/US/US30-00.html The United States in the Pacific: Introduction http://mappinghistory.uoregon.edu/english/US/US30-02.html The United States in the Pacific: 1850-1911 http://mappinghistory.uoregon.edu/english/US/US30-03.html


 * Hawaii**

Hawaii: Footholds in the Pacific (Small Planet) http://www.smplanet.com/imperialism/hawaii.html

Annexation of Hawaii (Historian of the State Department) https://history.state.gov/milestones/1866-1898/hawaii

Jan. 17, 1893 | Hawaiian Monarchy Overthrown by America-Backed Businessmen (New York Times) []

Cook discovers Hawaii (History.com This Day in History | 1/18/1778) []

1. In 1820, the first American missionaries arrived. 2. Their offspring became powerful sugar planters in Hawaii. 3. By 1875, a treaty between the U.S. and Hawaii tightened the links between the two: a. Allowed Hawaiian sugar to enter the U.S. free of customs duties; b. Required Hawaiian monarchy to make no territorial or economic concessions to other countries. 4. In 1890 McKinley Tariff ended special status given to Hawaiian sugar. 5. By this time, Caucasian Americans owned three–quarters of the islands' wealth, though they represented a mere 2.1 percent of the population. 6. In 1891, a strongly nationalistic Queen Liliuokalani ascended to the throne and tried to restore greater power to Hawaiian natives. 7. In 1893, Americans overthrew Queen Liliuokalani, set up a provisional government, and asked to become an American state—so that their sugar would be classified as domestic and would avoid tariffs.

Queen Liliuokalani Deposed from Throne 1893 (New York Times) http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0117.html#article

8. Annexation took place in 1898 during the Spanish–American War.

See also:

The 1897 Petition Against the Annexation of Hawaii (National Archives) http://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/hawaii-petition/

Protesting the Annexation of Hawaii (National Archives) http://www.archives.gov/historical-docs/todays-doc/index.html?dod-date=1219 http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=54


 * Nelly Bly (1889)**

Nellie Bly (Today in History, Library of Congress) http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/jan25.html

Nellie Bly obituary (New York Times) http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0505.html

Nellie Bly (On This Day, Finding Dulcinea) http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/November/Nellie-Bly-Starts-Her-Around-the-World-Journey.html

Nellie Bly (New York Times Learning Network) http://learning.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/11/14/nov-14-1889-nellie-bly-begins-trip-around-the-world/

See also:

Globe Trotting (Today in History, Library of Congress) http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/jan25.html


 * Newsies Strike**

Time machine 29 August 1899 (08/29/1899) []

People then were just living their lives as we are in our time. 100 years from now, APU students will read about our time period (Hurricane Harvey, Afghanistan War)

APU founded on 3 March 1899 []

Here is a brief context for the Newsboy strike in the summer of 1899. That is right after APU was founded.

Crucible of Empire: Spanish-American War []

Yellow Journalism []

Article covering details of the strike (summer 1899) [|https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsboys'_strike_of_1899]

The Newsies Fan film (Play first few minutes) []

Spanish-American War is on a separate wiki page under Emergence of Modern America


 * Open Door in China**

Background to happenings in China

Beginnings of US-China relations Letters from the Middle Kingdom | National Archives []

Video: Opium wars http://youtu.be/kd2CYPdYwcY

Videos: John Hay: http://youtu.be/OAveoaAeM0M http://youtu.be/0-ex5_0TubQ

Video: Open Door http://youtu.be/9wFjjdMHv2A

Open Door Notes (Historian of the State Department) https://history.state.gov/milestones/1899-1913/hay-and-china

As a trading nation, the U.S. opposed barriers to international commerce and demanded equal access to markets. Secretary of State John Hay
 * 1st Open Door Note (1899): all nations guarantee free trade in China.
 * Boxer Rebellion (1900). U.S. and others rescue foreigners in Peking.
 * 2nd Open Door Note (1900): all nations protect China's territorial integrity

Imperialism and the Open Door (EDSITEment) [|http://edsitement.neh.gov/lesson-plan/lesson-4-imperialism-and-open-door#sect-background]

Maps: Spheres of Influence

a. Colonial Powers Carve up China Get a good map

b. Spheres of Influence and Treaty Ports Get a good map


 * Boxer Rebellion (1900)**

Boxer Rebellion (EDSITEment) http://edsitement.neh.gov/lesson-plan/lesson-4-imperialism-and-open-door#sect-background

Boxer Rebellion (Sound Smart video) http://youtu.be/AcwbMmUWHGw

Video: Boxer Rebellion https://youtu.be/0l4C3vZudZI

Boxer Rebellion, Spheres of Influence, Fists of Righteous Harmony (Small Planet) http://www.smplanet.com/imperialism/fists.html

On This Day: June 9, 1900 Boxer's Rebellion (New York Times) []

U.S. Marines in the Boxer Rebellion (National Archives magazine) []

Foreign Troops in the Forbidden City 1900 (National Archives) http://www.archives.gov/historical-docs/todays-doc/index.html?dod-date=1128#2010

Future President Hoover caught in Boxer Rebellion (History.com This Day in History | 6/1/1900) []

The Eagle and the Dragon: Boxer Rebellion (Herbert Hoover Presidential Library exhibition) []

Protestant missions in China http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_missions_in_China_1807%E2%80%931953

"There is hard sledding ahead for the missionaries." http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/6647

China Journal 1889-1900: An American Missionary Family During the Boxer Rebellion : With the Letters and Diaries of Eva Jane Price and Her Family []

A Prisoner of the Boxer Rebellion, 1900 []

Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Christianity http://www.bdcconline.net/en/

Chinese Revolution of 1911 https://history.state.gov/milestones/1899-1913/chinese-rev


 * Roosevelt Corollary (1904)**

Roosevelt Corollary (Historian of the State Department) https://history.state.gov/milestones/1899-1913/roosevelt-and-monroe-doctrine

U.S. Intervention in Latin America [read "Teddy's Legacy" and "End of an era"] http://www.smplanet.com/teaching/imperialism/#intervention

1. What was the Monroe Doctrine https://history.state.gov/milestones/1801-1829/monroe

2. What was the Roosevelt Corollary [to the Monroe Doctrine]

Speak softly but carry a big stick President Roosevelt warned Latin American nations to keep their affairs in order or face American intervention.

3. U.S. would assume the role of an international police power, a 911 number—whether requested or not.

Theodore Roosevelt (Miller Center, University of Virginia) Reread the "Roosevelt Corollary" paragraph http://millercenter.org/president/roosevelt/essays/biography/5

Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine (National Archives) http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=false&doc=56


 * Japanese rivalry with U.S.**

Japanese-American Relations, 1900-1922 (Historian of the State Department) https://history.state.gov/milestones/1899-1913/japanese-relations

Matthew C. Perry https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_C._Perry

Beginnings of a Japanese empire

http://sinojapanesewar.com/
 * First Sino–Japanese War** (1894-1895)

Japan beat China: gained Taiwan


 * Russo-Japanese war (1905)**

Japan beat Russia: gained Korea TR helped negotiate treaty. Won Nobel Peace Prize.

Japan became dominant power in Asia Japan wanted to include China in its sphere of influence. U.S. resisted.

Portsmouth Treaty and the Russo-Japanese War (Historian of the State Department) https://history.state.gov/milestones/1899-1913/portsmouth-treaty

Portsmouth Treaty []

Admiral Yamamoto: A Reluctant Enemy (New York Times) Note his participation in the Battle of Tsushima [] http://portsmouthpeacetreaty.org/process/war/war5.html

Note (a) the American observers to the Japanese Imperial Army and (b) the war correspondents--including Richard Harding Davis-- in this listing: []

In connection with Douglas MacArthur's participation, see the following: Japanese landing at Inchon http://portsmouthpeacetreaty.org/process/war/index.html

See also:

Japan-in-America: Russo-Japanese War [|http://www.indiana.edu/~jia1915/war.html]

MIT Visualizing Cultures http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/21f/21f.027/asia_rising/ar_essay01.html

Anti–Japanese bias in California (school board segregation; Japanese prohibited from land purchase) made relations chilly.
 * U.S.–Japanese relations in America** were touchy.


 * San Francisco school segregation of Asian students (1906)**

Segregation of Japanese students in S.F 1906 (Stanford History Education Group) http://sheg.stanford.edu/upload/Lessons/Unit%208_Progressivism/Japanese%20Segregation%20in%20San%20Francisco%20Lesson%20Plan.pdf

Segregation of Japanese students in S.F 1906 On This Day, 10 November 1906 (New York Times) http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/harp/1110.html

Gentlemen's Agreement reduces Japanese immigration http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentlemen's_Agreement_of_1907

San Francisco earthquake (New York Times) http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0418.html#article

S.F. Earthquake (Today in History, Library of Congress) http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/apr18.html

April 18, 1906 | Earthquake Destroys Much of San Francisco (New York Times) []


 * Great White Fleet** (1907)

U.S. navy made world tour to impress the Japanese. Japanese increased their military budget as a result.

The Great White Fleet (Mapping US History) http://mappinghistory.uoregon.edu/english/US/US30-04.html

Great White Fleet [read "Background and Purpose] https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_White_Fleet


 * Panama Canal (1904-1914)**

Spanish–American War demonstrated need for a Panama Canal Shift naval forces quickly from Atlantic to Pacific. Panama originally a province of Columbia. Columbia rejected proposed canal route treaty with the U.S. in 1903 Wanted more money Treaty infringed on their sovereignty. Almost immediately, Panama declared its independence from Columbia With the help and approval of TR). U.S. signed a treaty with Panama (1903). Canal completed in 1914.

Building the Panama Canal https://history.state.gov/milestones/1899-1913/panama-canal

Panama Canal Opens (On This Day, Finding Dulcinea) http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/July-August-08/On-this-Day--Panama-Canal-Opens-for-Business.html

Map of Panama http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/americas/panama_relief.jpg

The Panama Canal (Small Planet) http://www.smplanet.com/imperialism/joining.html


 * U.S. Troops invade Mexico (1914)**

“Avoid the Use of the Word Intervention”: Wilson and Lansing on the U.S. Invasion of Mexico (History Matters) http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/4947

Woodrow Wilson (Miller Center, University of Virginia) Life Before the Presidency http://millercenter.org/president/wilson/essays/biography/2 Foreign Affairs [read down through Moral Diplomacy] http://millercenter.org/president/biography/wilson-foreign-affairs

John J. Pershing https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._Pershing

General Pershing [stop reading when you get to WWI: "Named head of AEF"] http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0913.html

The United States Armed Forces and the Mexican Punitive Expedition http://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/1997/fall/mexican-punitive-expedition-1.html http://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/1997/winter/mexican-punitive-expedition-2.html