A+New+Nation


 * A NEW NATION**

Unit 2: Voices across Time: New Nation []
 * MUSIC**

Mix - Carolan's Concerto http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HLna7v3lH6A&list=RDHLna7v3lH6A

American Harpsichord Music in the XVIII Century / The complete album / Olivier Baumont http://youtu.be/4adEpSKLT38

Eric Ferling - Three menuets (1790's) http://youtu.be/MxF1H-nIm5Q

Best 18th Century Orchestral Music http://youtu.be/QqvYqPpsPV8

Popular Books of the First Half of 18th Century America http://youtu.be/SEfoHCa6Zmg


 * Learning Objectives**:

What steps did Washington take to ensure the strength of the new government?

Discuss Hamilton's economic program.

Contrast the approach taken by the Federalists and Democrats (what had each of these "labels" come to mean) to the following:


 * Hamilton's economic program
 * Whiskey Rebellion
 * The formation of Democratic-Republican Societies
 * Alien and Sedition Acts
 * Kentucky and Virginia resolutions
 * Foreign policy issues

What was the impact of Jefferson's decision to purchase the Louisiana territory?

Explain the goals and achievements of the Lewis and Clark expedition.

Discuss the causes, course, and consequences of the War of 1812.

http://millercenter.org/president/washington
 * The Presidency of George Washington**

George Washington Papers http://gwpapers.virginia.edu/

Washington elected unanimously

Vice President John Adams http://millercenter.org/president/adams

Washington acted cautiously Aware of precedents for the future Only used his veto power when he felt a bill was unconstitutional


 * First Congress** (April 1789):

Members were Federalists—generally


 * Congress succeeded at its four immediate tasks**:

a. Revenue Act of 1789.

Congress adopted a 5 percent tariff on certain imports. Raised sufficient revenue to support the new government.

b. Bill of Rights

Bill of Rights (Primary Documents in American History) http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/billofrights.html

Responding to state ratification conventions' call for a bill of rights. James Madison took the lead First ten amendments to the Constitution passed

c. Beginnings of a "Cabinet"

Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson http://millercenter.org/president/jefferson

Thomas Jefferson's day at Monticello http://thelearningprofessor.blogspot.com/2011/10/website-spotlight-thomas-jefferson.html

The duality of Thomas Jefferson http://youtu.be/bzZnqXvRSLE

Secretary of Treasury Alexander Hamilton (Miller Center, University of Virginia) http://millercenter.org/president/essays/hamilton-1789-secretary-of-the-treasury

The Duel Hamilton https://youtu.be/VwFOHnAWZcg

Secretary of War Henry Knox (Miller Center, University of Virginia) http://millercenter.org/president/essays/knox-1789-secretary-of-war

Attorney General Edmund Randolph (Miller Center, University of Virginia) http://millercenter.org/president/essays/randolph-1789-attorney-general

d. Judiciary Act of 1789.

Judiciary Act of 1789 (Primary Documents in American History) http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/judiciary.html

Organized the federal judiciary. Supreme Court (6 members) District courts (13) Circuit courts of appeal (3)


 * First political party system**:

Both groupings gradually divided into two opposing camps, each accusing the other of having sold out the principles of the Revolution.

Diplomacy of the Early Republic (1784-1800) [not sure where to put this] https://history.state.gov/milestones/1784-1800/foreword

http://hamiltonost.com/musical/storyline-hamilton-musical-act-1/
 * Put in Hamilton**

"Cabinet Battle #1" - Hamilton Musical - Fanpage http://hamiltonost.com/musical/cabinet-battle-1/

a. **Federalists**

Supporters of Alexander Hamilton began calling themselves Federalists to link themselves with the federal Constitution.

The Duel (American Experience) http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/duel/index.html

Federalist Party (Ohio History Central) http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=887

Federalist Party (PBS) http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/duel/peopleevents/pande05.html

Washington and Adams were both Federalists.

Supporters:

Those in favor of the Constitution during ratification Concentrated in New England: from mostly Yankee stock Merchants; shippers

Strong national government Central economic planning For a National Bank Internal improvements (roads, harbors)

Commercially-oriented America: For manufacturing Protective tariffs (a tax on imported goods—to protect American industry) Who should hold power: social elite—best interests of the people More order, less liberty: protection of property rights Constitution: broad construction==loose interpretation Foreign policy: closer ties with Great Britain

b. **Democrat-Republicans**

Supporters of Jefferson began calling themselves Republicans, contending that they were the true heirs of the Revolution and that Hamilton was plotting to subvert republican principles.

Democrat-Republican Party (Ohio History Central) http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=881&nm=Democratic-Republican-Party

Republican Party (PBS) http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/duel/peopleevents/pande09.html

Key person: Thomas Jefferson. James Madison his principal associate.

Supporters:

Anti-federalists during ratification process Southern planters Small farmers south of New England Non–English ethnic groups—Irish, Scots, and Germans Artisans

Limited national government; favored States rights Against a National Bank Against Internal improvements (roads, harbors) Against manufacturing—it would cause slums in cities Against protective tariffs America based more on farming than on factories Who should hold power: the people More liberty, less order Constitution: limited construction==tight interpretation Foreign policy: closer ties with France


 * Hamilton's economic program**

From the musical: Cabinet Battle #1 Cabinet Battle #2

a. **Report on Public Credit** (1790)

Approved by Congress Consolidate debts at national level==power to national level Debt holders will want national government to Fund foreign and domestic debt at full face value Speculators who paid 10% of face value would get rich Assume remaining debts owed by states Those who had paid off already were mad Deal made to move U.S. capitol to Washington, D.C.

Compromise of 1790 Hamilton and Jefferson/Madison Washington, DC as capital https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compromise_of_1790

b. **Defense of the Constitutionality of the Bank** (1790)

Congress approved it Hamilton liked the British system: Bank of England Said U.S. need a central bank to facilitate money movements Hamilton: a bank is permitted: loose construction view Can make laws necessary for commerce, taxation, war, etc. Implied powers argument Jefferson: a bank not permitted: strict constitutional view

c. **Report on Manufactures** (Dec 1791)

Congress did not approve it Reverse reliance on Europe for manufactured goods Encourage infant U.S. industries (shoes and textiles) with govt subsidies Tariffs to protect infant industries Promote immigration of technicians and laborer.


 * Whiskey rebellion** (1794)

Whiskey Rebellion (PBS) http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/duel/peopleevents/pande22.html

Washington and the Whiskey Rebellion (EDSITEment) http://edsitement.neh.gov/lesson-plan/washington-and-whiskey-rebellion

Friendship Hill National Historic Site (National Park Service) http://www.nps.gov/frhi/historyculture/whiskeyrebellion.htm

Hamilton's economic program required tax on whiskey to fund debt Farmers turned grain into whiskey (easier to ship) Farmers (mostly Democrat-Republicans) in western Pa. refused to pay Challenge to national authority had to be confronted Army sent to disperse the "rebellion" which "faded away like a vapor" Washington believed rebellion politically motivated by Jeffersonians Jeffersonians believed military response unnecessary

The Whiskey Rebellion Explained in One Minute http://youtu.be/TqtB1yde-RU


 * French Revolution**

French Revolution (Historian of the State Department) https://history.state.gov/milestones/1784-1800/french-rev

The French Revolution []

Meanwhile, developments in foreign affairs magnified the domestic disagreements. Disagreements over the American response to the French revolution led to partisan disagreements. U.S. initially welcomed the French revolution but was bothered by its excesses. (Remember: U.S. was first independent country without a king.)


 * Citizen Genet** (April 1793)

Edmond-Charles Genêt Citizen Genêt https://history.state.gov/milestones/1784-1800/citizen-genet

Haitian Revolution https://history.state.gov/milestones/1784-1800/haitian-rev

Washington Receives Citizen Genet (Miller Center, University of Virginia) http://millercenter.org/president/events/05_18

Citizen Genet (Historian of the State Department) http://history.state.gov/milestones/1784-1800/CitizenGenet

Citizen Genet (History Fact of the Week) http://teachingamericanhistory.org/hfotw/120513.html


 * American neutrality** (April 1793)

Proclamation issued by George Washington. U.S. a small nation; caught in world war between Britain and France U.S. wanted to remain neutral; continue trade with everyone U.S. would act "friendly and impartial" toward the warring powers


 * Democratic–Republican societies**:

A republic==consensus==no factions or disagreements Composed chiefly of artisans and craftsmen Members: Jefferson followers; sympathetic to French Revolution Some 40 such societies organized (1793-1800) Saw themselves as heirs of the Sons of Liberty First grassroots political organizations Opposed to Washington's administration; first formal political dissent http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Societies


 * Jay Treaty** (1794)

Jay's Treaty (Historian of State Department) https://history.state.gov/milestones/1784-1800/jay-treaty

Uproar over Senate Approval of Jay Treaty (US Senate) http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/minute/Uproar_Over_Senate_Treaty_Approval.htm

John Jay sent to Britain to negotiate No agreement on major issues between U.S. and Britain Neutral rights: Free ships make free goods Impressments of American seamen British withdrawal from military posts Jay Treaty—and Jay himself—unpopular in America Many thought we should stand up more firmly to British Added to already developing partisanship in Congress But treaty did postpone another war with Britain until 1812


 * Pinckney's Treaty** (1795)

Pickney's Treaty (Historian of the State Department) https://history.state.gov/milestones/1784-1800/pickney-treaty

With Spain. Spain promised to hold back Indians Gave up land claim above 31 degrees latitude Opened the Mississippi River to American commerce Americans allowed to deposit goods at New Orleans w/out paying taxes


 * Washington's Farewell Address**

Washington's Farewell Address (Historian of the State Department) https://history.state.gov/milestones/1784-1800/washington-farewell

"The great rule of our conduct in regard to foreign nations is to have with them as little political connection as possible." "It is our true policy to steer clear of permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign world."


 * The Presidency of John Adams**:

Election of 1796 won by John Adams, but a quirk in Electoral College made Jefferson (opposite political grouping) vice president.

John Adams bio material [insert here]

Abigail Adams (Finding Dulcinea) http://www.findingdulcinea.com/features/profiles/a/abigail-adams.html

[]
 * John & Abigail Adams (American Experience)**

Adams and Jefferson []

The Vice Presidency []

The Presidency []

James Callender Nasty Politics!! []

Teacher's Guide: Government [] Question #1

Teacher's Guide: Politics [] Question #1 Question #2


 * XYZ affair (1798)**

XYZ Affair (Monticello) http://www.monticello.org/site/research-and-collections/xyz-affair

XYZ Affair and Quasi War (Historian of the State Department) https://history.state.gov/milestones/1784-1800/xyz

XYZ Affair (Miller Center, University of Virginia) http://millercenter.org/president/adams/essays/biography/5

Jay's treaty (between Britain and America) made France jealous France began capturing American ships carrying British goods President Adams sent three commissioners to ask France to stop French demanded a bribe of $250,000 prior to any discussions Americans took this as evidence of French disrespect Anti–French sentiment—even cries for war—swept the country Remember: partisanship between Federalists and Democrat-Republicans Adams held off demand for war


 * Quasi–War with France**:

An undeclared naval war began in the Caribbean between warships of the U.S. navy and French privateers seeking to capture American merchant vessels.


 * French–American Convention** (1800):

French-American Convention (Historian of the State Department) http://history.state.gov/milestones/1784-1800/XYZ

Ended the Quasi–War Freed America from French Treaty of Alliance Peaceful settlement cost Adams re–election Laid foundation for Louisiana Purchase (1803)


 * Alien and Sedition Acts** (1798):

Sedition Act (EDSITEment) http://edsitement.neh.gov/curriculum-unit/sedition-act-certain-crimes-against-united-states

Federalist attempt to muzzle Jeffersonian-Republicans Political criticism defined as treasonous No concept of loyal opposition First major crisis over civil liberties

See also:

Alien and Sedition Acts https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/treasures_of_congress/page_5.html

The Alien and Sedition Acts (Colonial Williamsburg) http://www.history.org/Foundation/journal/Winter07/alien.cfm

Sedition Act of 1798 Becomes Law (On This Day, Finding Dulcinea) http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/July-August-08/On-this-Day--Sedition-Act-of-1798-Becomes-Law.html

United States v. Thomas Cooper (violation of 1798 Sedition Act) (National Archives) http://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/sedition-case/

The Alien and Sedition Acts []

Primary Sources: Alien Act []

Primary Sources: Sedition Act []


 * Kentucky and Virginia resolutions**:

Kentucky Resolution (Avalon Project) http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/kenres.asp

Virginia Resolution (Avalon Project) http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/virres.asp

How could Democrat-Republicans combat Alien and Sedition Acts National-level institutions (President, Congress, Court) controlled by Federalists They therefore turned to only other forum available for protest: state legislatures We the People or We the States Claimed Constitution a compact among states (and not individual citizens) How far could states go in opposing the national government? How could a conflict between the two be resolved? This line of reasoning background to Nullification controversy and Civil War


 * Presidency of Thomas Jefferson**:

From 1801–1824, all three American presidents were Republicans and Virginians: Thomas Jefferson (8 yrs.); James Madison (8 yrs.); James Monroe (8 yrs).


 * Empire of liberty**:

Jefferson shared with other Americans the belief that the U.S. was destined to expand its "empire of liberty." Most past empires had been run by dictators.


 * Four obstacles to America's empire of liberty** would have to be confronted:

a. French in New Orleans and the Louisiana Territory b. Spanish in Florida and Mexico c. British in Canada d. Native Americans throughout the continent.

I am not sure where exactly to put this:

A New Eden (Religious Freedom) []

God and the Constitution []

Virginia Experience []

Wall of Separation []

Jefferson's Letter to the Danbury Baptists []

Thomas Jefferson []

Thomas Jefferson and his "Bible" []

James Madison []

Deism: One Nation Under a Clockwork God? (James Breig) (Colonial Williamsburg) http://www.history.org/foundation/journal/spring09/deism.cfm

Thomas Jefferson and John Adams die (History.com This Day in History | 7/4/1826) []


 * Election of 1800**:

Republicans Jefferson and Burr tied for the election

Jefferson selected by Federalist–controlled House of Representatives

Jefferson won election of 1800 (Today in History, Library of Congress) http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/feb17.html

Peaceful transition of power between political parties New Congress controlled by Jefferson's Democrat-Republicans


 * Louisiana Purchase** (1803):

The obstacle to the "empire of liberty" posed by the French was the first to be overcome.

U.S. paid $15 million to France. Doubled the size of America.

Jefferson compromised his strict constructionist views

Great Maps:



America the Newcomer: Claiming the Louisiana Purchase (Elliott West) (Gilder Lehrman) http://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/age-jefferson-and-madison/essays/america-newcomer-claiming-louisiana-purchase

Louisiana Purchase (Historian of the State Department) https://history.state.gov/milestones/1801-1829/louisiana-purchase

Louisiana Purchase (Today in History, Library of Congress) http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/oct20.html

The Louisiana Purchase (Monticello) []


 * Lewis and Clark Expedition** (May 1804-Sept 1806):

Here is a terrific map of the total route:

4,000 Miles. Explored extent of Louisiana Purchase: rivers that drain into Mississippi. Began in St. Louis; up the Missouri River to its source Across the Rocky Mountains (Continental Divide) Rivers running east go to Mississippi, those to West to Pacific Ocean Winter camp in Astoria, Oregon

Journals of Lewis and Clark online [] [] []

Lewis and Clark. Interactive Trail Map | PBS http://www.pbs.org/lewisandclark/trailmap/index.html

Meriwether Lewis (The West) http://www.pbs.org/weta/thewest/people/i_r/lewis.htm

Meriwether Lewis (Today in History, Library of Congress) http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/aug18.html

Meriwether Lewis (Finding Dulcinea) http://www.findingdulcinea.com/features/profiles/l/meriwether-lewis.html

William Clark (The West) http://www.pbs.org/weta/thewest/people/a_c/clark.htm

Sacagawea (The West) http://www.pbs.org/weta/thewest/people/s_z/sacagawea.htm

The Lewis and Clark Expedition (Monticello) []

Lewis and Clark Interactive (National Geographic) http://www.nationalgeographic.com/lewisandclark/

Lewis and Clark Xpeditions (National Geographic) http://www.nationalgeographic.com/xpeditions/activities/01/lewis.html

Lewis and Clark (PBS) (Ken Burns) http://www.pbs.org/lewisandclark/ My Website Spotlight blog post http://thelearningprofessor.blogspot.com/2011/11/website-spotlight-lewis-and-clark.html

Discovering Lewis and Clark http://www.lewis-clark.org/ My Website Spotlight blog post http://thelearningprofessor.blogspot.com/2012/06/website-spotlight-discovering-lewis.html

Rivers, Edens, Empires: Lewis and Clark and the Revealing of America (Library of Congress) http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/lewisandclark/lewis-landc.html My Website Spotlight blog post http://thelearningprofessor.blogspot.com/2012/06/website-spotlight-lewis-clark-loc.html


 * Preserving American trading rights and neutral status in a world at war**

Context. World War b/n England and France started up again in 1803. U.S. was the chief supplier of food to both sides for a while. By 1805, France and Britain began blockading each other's ports. As a trading partner of both countries, the U.S. paid a high price.


 * War with Barbary pirates** (1801-1815)

Libya, Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia. []

Barbary Wars (Historian of the State Department) https://history.state.gov/milestones/1801-1829/barbary-wars

How the U.S. Built a Navy, Sent in the Marines, and Faced Down the Barbary Pirates (Christopher Miller) http://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/age-jefferson-and-madison/essays/avast-how-us-built-navy-sent-marines-and-faced-down-

Pirates attacked U.S. ships in the Mediterranean U.S. got tired of paying protection money U.S. built up its naval and marine capacity Pirates defeated by 1815; no more protection money "To the shores of Tripoli"

From the Halls of Montezuma To the Shores of Tripoli; We fight our country's battles In the air, on land and sea; First to fight for right and freedom And to keep our honor clean; We are proud to claim the title of United States Marine.
 * Marine Corps Hymn**:


 * See also**:

Barbary Pirates (History Now, Gilder Lehrman) []

Barbary Wars [] My Website Spotlight blog post http://thelearningprofessor.blogspot.com/2011/11/website-spotlight-barbary-wars.html

America and the Barbary Pirates (Thomas Jefferson Papers, Library of Congress) http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/collections/jefferson_papers/mtjprece.html


 * WAR OF 1812**

Crash Course #11: War of 1812 https://youtu.be/qMXqg2PKJZU


 * Chesapeake affair** (1807)

British warship Leopard; American warship Chesapeake British attacked, boarded, (and killed 3 Americans) in American waters. Exposed American military weakness

Impressment: Intensified American objections to impressment.

Britain's navy suffered a severe shortage of sailors. Britain stopped American ships Forcible draft of American sailors.

Sparked American demands to go to war Jefferson—with Congress not in session—able to resist war demands.

USS Ironsides (On This Day, Finding Dulcinea) http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/July-August-08/On-this-Day--USS-Constitution-Earns-Nickname--Old-Ironsides--in-War-of-1812.html


 * Embargo**

Jefferson did not want a military fight with British He was generally pacifistic; war cost big bucks for a small nation He fought with "peaceable economic coercion."

Embargo Act of 1807 prohibited all exports from the U.S.

Policy was well–intentioned, but unpopular and unsuccessful. Mocked as "OGRABME"

American economy collapsed British not hurt at all Only bright spot: U. S. manufactures—textile mills—received a boost Domestic market became exclusively American.


 * WAR OF 1812**

Remember: Britain and France locked in a world war

Napoleon invaded Russia in 1812. http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/napoleon-enters-moscow

["1812 Overture" written to commemorate Russian defense of Moscow against Napoleon.] http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/July-August-08/On-this-Day--Tchaikovsky-s--1812-Overture--Debuts-in-Moscow.html

The War of 1812: Setting the Course for a Superpower (TIME) http://nation.time.com/2012/12/13/the-war-of-1812-setting-the-course-for-a-superpower/

War of 1812 (Historian of the State Department) https://history.state.gov/milestones/1801-1829/war-of-1812

War of 1812 (Today in History, Library of Congress) http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/jun18.html

The War of 1812 - PBS Documentary http://youtu.be/IMfimBOY6Rw


 * American grievances with British**:

Impressment Interference with neutral commerce British alliances with the western tribes Desire to defend American independence and honor


 * The vote for war**

Congress deeply divided over whether to go to war with Britain. Federalists in New England did not want to go to war. Many Federalist considered conflict to be "Mr. Madison's War." Raising troops in New England was difficult. People in west wanted to go to war.


 * War Hawks**

Their fathers had fought in the Revolution. They themselves wanted to prove themselves in war

Key War Hawks:

John C. Calhoun of South Carolina https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Calhoun http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/VP_John_Calhoun.htm

House Speaker Henry Clay of Kentucky http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/VP_John_Calhoun.htm


 * War Hawk's desire to take British Canada**

A "mere matter of marching" [Harvard Law School student story] Americans were unsuccessful.

Let's watch the following video clip: []

The War of 1812: When the U.S. Invaded Canada—and Failed (TIME) []

Why the War of 1812 still matters (BBC News) []


 * British Blockade**

British navy blockaded American ports American trade declined nearly 90 percent. Loss of customs revenue threatened to bankrupt federal government.

[]
 * Key battles of the War of 1812**:

1. **Washington, D.C.**

Animated Map: Washington http://www.revolutionarywaranimated.com/index.php/bladensburg-the-burning-of-washington

British captured the city

Respective roles of President Madison and his wife, Dolley.

Dolley Madison saves portrait from British (History.com This Day in History | 8/23/1814) http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/dolley-madison-saves-portrait-from-british

See also:

D.C.’s darkest day, a war that no one remembers http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/2014/08/23/abf407ae-24bd-11e4-86ca-6f03cbd15c1a_story.html

Burning of Washington, 1814 (Today in History, Library of Congress) http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/aug19.html

The War of 1812: The Capitol in Flames https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/treasures_of_congress/page_8.html

British Troops Burn White House and Capitol (Finding Dulcinea, On This Day) http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/July-August-08/On-this-Day--British-Troops-Burn-White-House-and-Capital.html

2. **Baltimore**

The Battle for Baltimore (Alan Taylor) (Gilder Lehrman) http://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/age-jefferson-and-madison/essays/battle-for-baltimore

Americans held out

Francis Scott Key and our national anthem.

"Oh, say can you see by the dawn's early light What so proudly we hailed at the twilight's last gleaming? Whose broad stripes and bright stars thru the perilous fight, O'er the ramparts we watched were so gallantly streaming? And the rocket's red glare, the bombs bursting in air, Gave proof through the night that our flag was still there. Oh, say does that star-spangled banner yet wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave?"

See also:

Francis Scott Key (Today in History, Library of Congress) http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/sep13.html

Francis Scott Key (Finding Dulcinea) http://www.findingdulcinea.com/features/profiles/k/francis-scott-key.html

Francis Scott Key Writes “The Star-Spangled Banner” (Finding Dulcinea, On This Day) http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/September-October-08/On-this-Day--Francis-Scott-Key-Writes--The-Star-Spangled-Banner-.html

3. **Horseshoe Bend** (in today's Alabama)

Andrew Jackson (future American president) defeated the Creek Indians He forced them to sign away most of their land

Andrew Jackson's Victory in Creek War (Today in History, Library of Congress) http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/aug09.html

4. **New Orleans** (8 Jan 1815)

Animated Map: New Orleans http://www.revolutionarywaranimated.com/index.php/the-battle-of-new-orleans

Andrew Jackson's troops defeated the British British: 300 killed, 1300 wounded, 500 captured Americans: 30 killed, 40 wounded

Battle of New Orleans http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/On-this-Day--U-S--Forces-Defeat-the-British-in-the-Battle-of-New-Orleans.html

Battle of New Orleans (Today in History, Library of Congress) http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/jan08.html

Battle of New Orleans song on YouTube []


 * Hartford Convention** (15 Dec 1814—5 Jan 1815)

Federalist delegates from New England Unhappy with the war's stoppage of New England trade Seemed treasonous during wartime. Led to demise of Federalist Party News arrived in Washington at same time as that of New Orleans


 * Treaty of Ghent** (24 December 1814)

Did not specifically address any of the issues for which America went to war. Merely restored the prewar status quo.


 * Consequences of War of 1812**

1. Affirmed the freedom won in the Revolutionary war 2. Strengthened America's resolve to avoid European politics 3. Dealt a serious blow to Indian resistance to American expansion 4. Increased nationalism—renewed feeling of confidence and assertiveness 5. Stimulated economy (capitalists began to invest in home manufactures) 6. Sealed the fate of the Federalists