HIST+151+Today+MWF+F17


 * In class today: new material**


 * Gettysburg Address**

President Lincoln Delivers Gettysburg Address (Finding Dulcinea, On This Day) http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/November/President-Lincoln-Delivers-Gettysburg-Address.html

Video: Gettysburg Address (start at 6:49) http://abrahamlincolnlives.com/


 * Battle of Atlanta** **(July 1864)**

Union victory.

Ensured Lincoln's reelection in 1864..

Video: Total War: William T. Sherman and Atlanta http://youtu.be/Fi7nNhukn-4

Harper's Week | Elections 1860-1912 []

1864 Election (Harper's Week) http://elections.harpweek.com/1864/Overview-1864-1.htm


 * Sherman's March through Georgia (March to the sea) (November-December 1864)**

Union victory Sherman operated in deep South Across Georgia: Atlanta to Savannah Destroyed everything in a path 50 miles wide, 200 miles long

Video: Sherman's march to the sea (from Atlanta to Savannah) http://youtu.be/bweacw46ZL0

Map http://www.pbs.org/kenburns/civil-war/war/maps/#/detail/shermans-savannah-carolinas-campaign

Sherman's March to the Sea (Eyewitness to History) http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/sherman.htm

Marching through Georgia Lyrics [] Music: Tennessee Ernie Ford []


 * Appomattox** **(9 April 1865)**

Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered to Union General Ulysses S. Grant

Video: Surrender at Appomattox https://youtu.be/PhgluxxURMA

When Johnny comes marching home https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fraDlqoviQU

Lincoln assassination: 14 April 1865 Video: Assassination of Lincoln: A Memestory (Mr. Betts) []


 * Legacy of the Civil War**

Total deaths 620,000===(360,000 North; 260,000 South)

The vacant chair: Kathy Mattea []

Four million slaves in the South were free. What to do about them?


 * Reconstruction (1865-1877)**


 * Place of ex-slaves in southern society**

Four million slaves in the South were free. What to do about them?

The civil rights movement led by Martin Luther King, Jr., has been called the Second Reconstruction.

Consider also the powerful feelings that arise even today over the issue of affirmative action.

Video: Reconstruction https://youtu.be/MxCYrJiKMco


 * Reconstruction Plans:**


 * How to bring the Southern states back into America**

Post World War II comparison: former Nazi leaders

Prodigal son comparison [Luke 15:11-32 NIV] []


 * Presidential Reconstruction Plan**

a. **Lincoln's Reconstruction Plan**

Lincoln was assassinated (April 1865) before he got to do much.

His Vice President was Andrew Johnson. Andrew Johnson took over From Tennessee Former slave owner himself

Video: 60-Second Presidents (PBS) Andrew Johnson https://youtu.be/H11SE9M2oMY

b. **Johnson's Reconstruction Plan**

Northerners hoped he would remove Old South leaders from power Through most of 1865, Johnson alone controlled Reconstruction policy Congress recessed shortly before he became President (April) Congress did not meet again until December 1865 Congress angered at lenient presidential Reconstruction policy

Video: Presidential Reconstruction of the South https://youtu.be/2IO4VDGVf00


 * Congress attempted (unsuccessfully) to impeach Johnson**

Video:Andrew Johnson's "Under Pressure" (Queen Parody) (Mr. Betts Class) https://youtu.be/0VMg9C1zGuY

Impeachment of Andrew Johnson (Harper's Week) []


 * Congressional reconstruction plan**

Congress believed it had constitutional role in Reconstruction Congress controlled by Republican party Congressional Republicans wanted the Southern states that came back into the Union to be Republican

Radical Republicans (former abolitionists) wanted to go farther than most They wanted to transform southern society (sort of like the issue today of "nation building")

They also wanted to keep out Southern states until this transformation.


 * Election of 1876/Compromise of 1877**

On This Day: Rutherford B. Hayes Named Winner Over Samuel Tilden in 1876 Presidential Election []

Video: Compromise of 1877 https://youtu.be/tQgsUtU0THA

This so-called Compromise of 1877 effectively ended Reconstruction


 * In class today: new material**


 * Major Battles of the Civil War**

Map of the Civil War, 1861-1862 []

Map of the Civil War, 1863-1865 []


 * Bull Run (July 1861)**

South won. "Stonewall" Jackson got his nickname.

Stonewall Jackson profile http://www.findingdulcinea.com/features/profiles/j/thomas--stonewall--jackson.html

Video: Battle of Bull Run (Johnny Horton) []


 * Shiloh (April 1862)**

Union barely won. Large casualties revealed the horrible nature of modern warfare.

Video: Battle of Shiloh https://youtu.be/svX2HkI3vh8


 * Antietam (September 1862)**

Battle a draw. First time South invaded North. Antietam and Gettysburg the only major battles outside the South.

Video: Confederates invade western Maryland https://youtu.be/WdZ2CU6wYDk

Video: George McClellan's failure to act at Antietam Tie to McClellan song http://youtu.be/F-e4Qj6tMLc

Marching Along (97th regimental string band) [Use with General McClellan} http://youtu.be/yMboh9eFGIU


 * Fredericksburg** **(December 1862)**

Union lost big.

Made 14 charges against well–entrenched Confederates.

Video: Battle of Fredericksburg https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NmHoenp__bI&feature=youtu.be


 * Chancellorsville** **(May 1863)**

Confederates won battle.

But lost their great general, Stonewall Jackson, who was killed by friendly fire.

Video: Battle of Chancellorsville https://youtu.be/ZiNrKKf-cTg

Stonewall Jackson Shot by His Own Men at Chancellorsville []


 * Vicksburg** **(July 1863)**

Union victory. Union gained complete control of Mississippi River. Western part of Confederacy cut off.

Video: Siege of Vicksburg https://youtu.be/GWPU0erRZuA


 * Gettysburg** **(July 1863)**

Second time South invaded North. Union victory. "High tide" of Confederacy. Pickett's charge Turning point of the war for the South.

Video: Gettysburg: General Lee & General Meade comparison http://youtu.be/TJeCqT7x8VY

Video: Gettysburg: Pickett's charge https://youtu.be/JkOxlXy34As

Video: Canister shot Use with Pickett's charge https://youtu.be/uFxxY28gnLE

Ist day: Union took the high ground; Jeb Stuart's cavalry arrived too late.

2nd day: Rebels tried to take Big and Little Round Tops but Union held.

3rd day: **Pickett's hopeless charge** against the middle of Union lines.

Battle of Gettysburg Begins (Finding Dulcinea, On This Day) http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/July-August-08/On-this-Day--Battle-of-Gettysburg-Begins-.html


 * Gettysburg Address**

President Lincoln Delivers Gettysburg Address (Finding Dulcinea, On This Day) http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/November/President-Lincoln-Delivers-Gettysburg-Address.html

Video: Gettysburg Address http://abrahamlincolnlives.com/


 * Battle of Atlanta** **(July 1864)**

Union victory.

Ensured Lincoln's reelection.in 1864

Harper's Week | Elections 1860-1912 []

1864 Election (Harper's Week) http://elections.harpweek.com/1864/Overview-1864-1.htm

Video: 1864 Lincoln's re-election and General Sherman http://youtu.be/JIRDB6uvH7k

Video: Total War: William T. Sherman and Atlanta http://youtu.be/Fi7nNhukn-4


 * Sherman's March through Georgia (March to the sea) (November-December 1864)**

Union victory Sherman operated in deep South Across Georgia: Atlanta to Savannah Destroyed everything in a path 50 miles wide, 200 miles long

Video: Sherman's march to the sea http://youtu.be/bweacw46ZL0

Map http://www.pbs.org/kenburns/civil-war/war/maps/#/detail/shermans-savannah-carolinas-campaign

Sherman's March to the Sea (Eyewitness to History) http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/sherman.htm

Marching through Georgia Lyrics [] Music: Tennessee Ernie Ford []


 * Appomattox** **(9 April 1865)**

Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered to Union General Ulysses S. Grant

Video: Surrender at Appomattox https://youtu.be/PhgluxxURMA

When Johnny comes marching home Music []


 * Lincoln assassination: 14 April 1865**

Video: Assassination of Lincoln: A Memestory (Mr. Betts) []


 * In class today: new material**


 * Southern Leaders continued:**

http://www.findingdulcinea.com/features/profiles/j/thomas--stonewall--jackson.html
 * 3**. Stonewall Jackson

http://encyclopediavirginia.org/Stuart_J_E_B_1833-1864
 * 4**. J.E.B. Stuart

Video: Jeb Stuart https://youtu.be/YsMSOg9BsW0


 * Civil War: comparisons of the opposing sides**


 * a. Northern advantages:**

1. Larger population

2. Greater industrial production

3. More railroads and canals


 * b. Southern advantages:**


 * 1.** Greater emotion

Great songs, for instance:

Dixie: []

Johnny Reb []

The Southern Soldier []

Bonnie Blue Flag: []


 * 2.** Excellent military commanders


 * 3.** Better cavalry at the beginning of the war

[]
 * Union military strategy**

Anaconda plan:

a. Advance along the Mississippi b. Pressure on Richmond and Virginia c. Union naval blockade

[]
 * Confederate military strategy**

Offensive defensive:

a. Attack when possible b. Mostly play defense c. Use interior lines of transportation d. Concentrate its forces at crucial points of Union attack


 * Union diplomatic strategy:**

Lincoln tried hard to prevent Britain and France from aiding the Confederacy

Video: Threat of foreign intervention in Civil War http://youtu.be/ZKtjpmz3zjA


 * Trent Affair (November 1861)**

A Union ship stopped the British ship Trent at sea The Union navy took off two Confederate diplomats: James Mason and John Slidell.

Britain protested.

Eventually, the North released the two men.

Video: Trent Affair http://youtu.be/w6_WtS_7b6k

Trent Affair (Historian of the State Department) https://history.state.gov/milestones/1861-1865/trent-affair


 * Confederate diplomatic strategy**

"King Cotton" diplomacy

Hoped that Britain and France would aid South to get southern cotton It did not happen Both countries developed other supply sources


 * Military Life**

a. Soldiers had to deal with mass violence, live on little food and sleep, and endure all kinds of weather.

b. Rifle and the minie ball. Straight–ahead charges were stupid in light of the more effective killing range of the rifle and the power of the minie ball.

Civil War camp life http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/04/14/notes-on-civil-war-camp/?_r=0

Song: Just before the battle, mother https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fBHkKsxpduY&feature=youtu.be


 * Women in the Civil War**

Video: Women in the Civil War (Sound Smart) http://youtu.be/BYCF8ALSYZw

Video: Women in the Civil War https://youtu.be/akuhz9uHxqk

Women soldiers in the Civil War (National Archives magazine) http://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/1993/spring/women-in-the-civil-war-3.html


 * Black Union soldiers**

Racism in the Union army was strong. Black soldiers in the Union army (120,000) fought for acceptance from their white comrades

Video: African-Americans in the Union Army http://youtu.be/OCaK8M2Tb2g


 * Religion in the Civil War**

A. Was God on the side of the North? Religion in the North during the Civil War (National Humanities Center) []

1. the special place of America in world history 2. a Northern victory as a prelude to the millennium 3. the issue of slavery.

B. Was God mad at the South because of slavery? Religion in the South during the Civil War (National Humanities Center) []

South believed it was more religious and God-fearing than the North. Role of Stonewall Jackson as a pious example


 * Emancipation of the slaves**

a. Lincoln's approach

Hoped to achieve a peace treaty compromise with the South Tried to balance conflicting parts of his Republican party coalition Radical Republicans wanted immediate emancipation Others (especially border slave states) did not Set his priority to preserve the Union, not end slavery But needed to keep Britain and France from aiding the Confederacy

The Civil War and emancipation (Africans in America) []

b. Jefferson Davis's approach

Preserving Confederate independence was the key Would free the slaves if it preserved Confederate independence An effort was made to emancipate: too little, too late

The Enslaved and the Civil War (NHC lesson plan) []


 * In class today: new material**


 * John Brown at Harper's Ferry** **(1859)**

Video:John Brown"s Raid (Mr. Betts) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SrsIt1dB1dw&feature=youtu.be

John Brown had slain proslavery settlers in Bleeding Kansas Using both whites & blacks, John Brown attacked federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry Brown hoped to arm slaves and trigger a slave rebellion Brown failed: captured, tried, and executed Northern abolitionists saw him as a Jesus figure South bothered by this adulation; thought all northerners endorsed him

Secession Era Editorials Project (Furman): John Brown's Raid (1859) []

The raid on Harpers Ferry []


 * Election of 1860**

Video: Election of Lincoln and Southern Secession http://youtu.be/P-l8FJShCsE

Lincoln got no southern electoral votes but still won the election. []

Lincoln's analysis "You in the south think slavery is right and ought to be expanded. We think it is wrong and ought to be restricted."


 * Secession of the South from the United States**

Map of secession: []

Secession of South Carolina (December 20, 1860)

After South Carolina, came two waves of secession:

a) Deep South: Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas

b) Upper South: Arkansas, Tennessee, North Carolina, Virginia

Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware
 * Several slave states remained committed to the North:**


 * Confederate States of America**

Confederacy was a separate country for these four years.

It had problems similar to those of the Articles of Confederation government we studied earlier.


 * Jefferson Davis** chosen as President of the Confederate States of America.

Video: Jefferson Davis mini bio https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bFxxXKH8VbY


 * Capital of the Confederacy**

Initially in Montgomery, Alabama.

Then moved for remainder of war to Richmond, Virginia.


 * Fort Sumter (South Carolina) (April 1861)**

Lincoln decided to resupply the federal fort in Charleston harbor.

Confederates fired on the fort and thereby began the Civil War.

Video: Fort Sumter (Sound Smart) https://youtu.be/c3IwgtrMKKM

Crisis at Fort Sumter []


 * War aims**

North: Preserve the Union. Not free the slaves

South: Preserve slavery==the southern way of life


 * Names used to describe each side**:

North=Federals=Yankees=Union=Billy Yank=Blue

South=Confederates=Rebels=Secessionists=Johnny Reb=Gray


 * Key Leader/Generals for the North**:


 * 1**. Abraham Lincoln

Video: Abraham Lincoln bio https://youtu.be/L80_q2tPveo

http://encyclopediavirginia.org/Grant_Ulysses_S_1822-1885
 * 2**. Ulysses Grant

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman
 * 3**.William Tecumseh Sherman

http://encyclopediavirginia.org/Meade_George_Gordon_1815-1872
 * 4**. George Meade

http://encyclopediavirginia.org/McClellan_George_B_1826-1885
 * 5**. George McClellan


 * Key Leaders/Generals for the South**: **Confederate States of America (CSA)**

1. Jefferson Davis http://encyclopediavirginia.org/Davis_Jefferson_1808-1889

Video: Jefferson Davis mini bio http://youtu.be/bFxxXKH8VbY

http://encyclopediavirginia.org/Lee_Robert_Edward_1807-1870
 * 2**. Robert E. Lee

Video: Robert E. Lee - Mini Bio http://youtu.be/4AVMoo_PT40

Video: God Bless Robert E. Lee (Johnny Cash) []

http://www.findingdulcinea.com/features/profiles/j/thomas--stonewall--jackson.html
 * 3**. Stonewall Jackson

Video: Stonewall Jackson (Johnny Horton) http://youtu.be/6aQWurpQ-0Y

http://encyclopediavirginia.org/Stuart_J_E_B_1833-1864
 * 4**. J.E.B. Stuart

Video: Jeb Stuart https://youtu.be/YsMSOg9BsW0


 * In class today: new material**


 * Missouri Compromise (1820)**

Video: Missouri Compromise Tom Richey ("Gin and Juice" Parody) https://youtu.be/sd5F6EnH6I0

Video: Missouri Compromise https://youtu.be/_yjx_b5MsFA

Map of Missouri Compromise provisions http://wps.ablongman.com/wps/media/objects/1483/1518969/DIVI181.jpg

(1) Missouri was admitted as a slave state and Maine (formerly part of Massachusetts) as free

(2) except for Missouri, slavery was to be excluded from the Louisiana Purchase lands north of latitude 36°30?.


 * Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)**

Video: Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 (Sound Smart) https://youtu.be/QYP854GAPAU

Secession Era Editorials Project (Furman): Kansas-Nebraska Bill (1854) []

Provisions of Kansas-Nebraska Act []

Kansas-Nebraska Act undid the Missouri Compromise which set the 36°30' line of latitude to be the separation of free and slave states

Senator Stephen Douglas Introduced a bill to establish the Kansas and Nebraska territories. Wanted Chicago to be the terminus of a transcontinental railroad; No railroad would build through unorganized land. He needed southern votes The bill used the popular sovereignty formula Effectively implied repeal of the Missouri Compromise.

Shifting Political Landscape Three great maps: Missouri Compromise, Compromise of 1850, Kansas-Nebraska Act http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/general-article/lincolns-political-landscape/

[]
 * Bleeding Kansas**

Popular sovereignty feature of the Kansas–Nebraska Act Civil war erupted in Kansas between Those who wanted to bring slavery to Kansas Those who wanted to prevent slavery there.

Bleeding Kansas http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p2952.html

Video: Bleeding Kansas (Sound Smart) https://youtu.be/TqZJc7B8xsc

Video: John Brown and Bleeding Kansas (2:13) http://youtu.be/7tJ0ZjRxKhs

Anthony Burns (1854)

Anthony Burns captured (1854) [use this] He hired himself out []


 * Republican party** (1854)

New party—not connected to the earlier Jeffersonian Republican party. Formed in reaction to the Kansas–Nebraska Act. A purely sectional third party based in the North. Dedicated to keeping slavery out of the territories.

Video: Origin of the Republican Party http://youtu.be/nvbygAr_aTA


 * Nativism: American Party=Know Nothings**

Video: Know Nothings and nativism http://youtu.be/uHXXfG5f81Y

Know-Nothing Party http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Know-Nothing_Party


 * Sumner–Brooks incident** **(1856)**

Sen. Charles Sumner (Mass.) an abolitionist His antislavery remarks an insult to Rep. Preston Brooks (S.C.) Brooks beat Sumner with a cane—in Senate chamber

South seemed to condone violence to have its way South sent Brooks more canes Northerners shocked at this southern assault on free speech

Video: Caning of Charles Sumner http://youtu.be/ESAszDhxiKk

Secession Era Editorials Project (Furman): The Caning of Sumner (May 1856) []

The Caning of Senator Charles Sumner (US Senate) http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/minute/The_Caning_of_Senator_Charles_Sumner.htm


 * Dred Scott decision (1857)**

Supreme Court attempted to decide issue of slavery in the territories Five of the nine Supreme Court justices were southerners

Dred Scott case (Sound Smart) http://youtu.be/J0OW18pIo8c

The case ruled as follows:
 * Blacks could not be U.S. citizens
 * Congress could not prohibit slavery in a territory
 * This implied a repeal of the Missouri Compromise
 * South delighted; North outraged

Compare to Supreme Court involvement in 2000 presidential election

Secession Era Editorials Project (Furman): Dred Scott (1857) []

Supreme Court Rules Against Dred Scott (Finding Dulcinea, On This Day) http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/March/Supreme-Court-Rules-Against-Dred-Scott.html

http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/aug24.html
 * Panic of 1857** (Today in History, Library of Congress)


 * Lincoln-Douglas debates of 1858**

Video: Lincoln-Douglas debates (Sound Smart) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LljCzkPasuk&feature=youtu.be

Lincoln-Douglass Debates Who: Abraham Lincoln, challenger, Republican Free Soil, slavery should not be permitted in territories Slavery a moral evil

Who: Stephen Douglass, incumbent US Senator from Illinois, Democrat Popular sovereignty should decide Did not declare slavery a moral evil

What: 7 debates within Illinois When: 1858 US Senatorial election Where: Illinois Why: How to deal with the possible spread of slavery How: First speaker one hour; rebuttal hour and a half; first speaker half hour Result: Douglass was re-elected to the US Senate

The Lincoln-Douglas Debates Begin (Finding Dulcinea, On This Day) http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/July-August-08/On-this-Day--The-Lincoln-Douglas-Debates-Begin.html


 * In class today: new material**


 * THE 1850S**


 * Crucial interplay of several factors**

Acquisition of new territories turned slavery into a major constitutional standoff between 1848-1861.

Slavery's existence and territorial expansion []

Should new states be slave or free?

"If slavery was the sore spot in the body politic, territorial disputes were salt rubbed into the wound."


 * Frames of reference** of North and South toward each other:

Northerners: feared an evil Southern Slave Power wanting to take over U.S.

Southerners: felt that northerners were all abolitionists--wanting to oppress the South

A North–South division was deepening

Slavery in the territories colored every other national issue

The first sectional battle of the decade involved California

California's request to enter Union as free state caused political conflict

Compromise of 1850 became a temporary armistice in the slavery issue


 * Compromise of 1850**

Video: Compromise of 1850 (Sound Smart) http://youtu.be/j_Bra5yBh6M

Video: Compromise of 1850 ("Shake It Off" Parody) - @MrBettsClass []

Major provisions of the Compromise of 1850:


 * a**. **California entered the Union as a free state**

California becomes the 31st state in record time (History.com This Day in History | 9/9/1850) http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/california-becomes-the-31st-state-in-record-time

Slavery and the Admission of California into the Union []

[]
 * b. Popular sovereignty** allowed in Utah & New Mexico Territories

Let the people in each state decide on whether they would permit slavery.

Popular Sovereignty (US History.org) http://www.ushistory.org/us/30b.asp


 * c. Trading and auction of slaves abolished in Washington, D.C**

Slavery itself was still permitted


 * d. Fugitive Slave Act**

Stronger than past ones Citizens must help capture and return runaway slaves Suspected runaways denied trial by jury

Video: Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 (Sound Smart) []

Video: Fugitive Slave Act and Uncle Tom's Cabin http://youtu.be/RnWokuQ6kcA

The Compromise of 1850 and the Fugitive Slave Act (Africans in America) []


 * Harriet Beecher Stowe**

Video: Who is Harriet Beecher Stowe? http://youtu.be/ijFy4RjYGbQ

Famous as the author of Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852).

Her book a reaction to Fugitive Slave Act

Harriet Beecher Stowe's portrait of slave suffering made southerners mad.

Harriet Beecher Stowe (God in America) []


 * Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852)**

Uncle Tom's Cabin https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncle_Tom's_Cabin

Slave narratives and Uncle Tom's Cabin []

Uncle Tom's Cabin and American Culture website http://utc.iath.virginia.edu/sitemap.html

Children's Hymns []


 * Southern defense of slavery: George Fitzhugh**

Southern slaves better off than northern workers

Northern workers were "wage" slaves

Worked harder than Southern slaves

Were laid off if they got sick or too old

A Pro-Slavery Argument, 1857 (NHC lesson plan) []


 * In class today: new material**


 * SLAVERY MODULE**

Video: Slavery: All Night Forever (Ken Burns Civil War video) []


 * North American slave trade**

Slavery and sugar shifted focus of world economy from Asia and the Mediterranean to the Atlantic. Being black did not initially mean being a slave. By the 1670s, mainland colonists imported large numbers of Africans Only a few Quakers had any moral problem with using slaves. Slave trade made many merchants wealthy.

Check out this map on where slaves came from and to where they were sold: []


 * Middle Passage**

The middle passage: voyage from Africa to America.


 * Amazing Grace**

John Newton was a slave trader who converted to Christianity and wrote the hymn entitled "Amazing Grace."

Put in a Video on song and lyrics


 * Slavery in the South**

By 1720, Africans were 20% of overall population.

Relationship between the large number of slaves in South Carolina and the survival of African culture.

Gospel According to Gullah (Los Angeles Times) http://articles.latimes.com/2005/dec/29/nation/na-gullah29

New Testament Translated into the Gullah language. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5283230


 * Slavery in the north**

North had fewer slaves (personal servants; dock workers) In some cities, slaves 10 % of population. Low northern slave population accentuated differences with South


 * Description of the South**

Old South or Antebellum South (before the Civil War) (1800-1860)

North grew and changed

South just grew
 * Remained a rural, agrarian society
 * Thin population distribution
 * Few cities
 * Small number of factories


 * Rise of the Cotton South**

Several factors increased the growth of slave–supplied cotton plantations:

1. Cotton gin [before gin:10 hours for 1 pound; after: 1000 pounds/day]

Eli Whitney's Cotton Gin (Africans in America) http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part3/3h1522.html

Eli Whitney http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/theymadeamerica/whomade/whitney_hi.html

Video: Cotton Gin http://youtu.be/KlISIvrFbLs

2. Short–staple cotton

3. English and northern U.S. textile factories need for cotton


 * Southern society**

Remember: Some 75% of white southern families owned NO slaves at all.

But the slave society influenced all aspects of southern culture.

Planters: Most planters owned fewer than 10 slaves. Big planters set the tone for southern society.


 * Planter paternalism**

Men treated both women and slaves in a domineering manner Racism in the master–slave relationship Sexism in the male–female relationship

Women raised to be wife, mother, and subordinate companion to men Wives helped oversee the plantation household

Wives had to tolerate husbands' sexual infidelities with female slaves

Controversy Over Mascots at Ole Miss (New York Times) http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/15/us/15mascot.html


 * Black codes**

Slaveholders saw free blacks as potential instigators of rebellion Southern states wanted free blacks to move away to the North

Black codes regulated free blacks who remained in the South

Black codes required
 * Black skilled laborers to be licensed
 * Banned blacks form specific jobs (such as river boat captains)
 * Forbade blacks to assemble in public
 * Prohibited teaching blacks to read and write


 * Slave life**

Food generally adequate, but plain and monotonous Slaves owned few clothes and lived in small, one–room cabins

Slaves worth more healthy than sick Women as child bearers were particularly valuable to owner

Slaves treated as property: Pledged for a debt Gambled away in a card game

White crimes against slaves went unpunished Slaves could not testify against whites

Slave quarters on St. Georges Island []


 * Slave work routine**

1. House slaves

2. Field slaves

Most field slaves worked in the **gang system** White overseer: compensated on how much he produced Black slave drivers: foremen to keep down dissension

3. Some slaves worked the **task system**

In urban settings and on some rice plantations Assigned daily tasks to complete at their own pace Remainder of the time was their own

4. Slave **hire system**

Some skilled slaves were able to hire themselves out They could keep most of their wages Often used proceeds to purchase their freedom

The Varieties of Slave Labor (National Humanities Center) http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/tserve/freedom/1609-1865/essays/slavelabor.htm


 * Slave religion**

Most white southerners were religious Most believed they should help slaves become Christians [I wonder how prevalent Islam was among slaves.]

But they did so on their own terms Whites used religion as a form of control: God commanded slaves to serve and obey their masters

Slaves felt there must be a real Bible somewhere One not written by their white owners

Many whites unwilling to accept slaves as brothers and sisters in Christ.

Christianity helped slaves cope with bondage Slaves used religion as a refuge Inner sense of personal worth and dignity Slaves hoped for deliverance from bondage Surely in heaven but hopefully in this lifetime

Slave religion []


 * Slave family life**

Slaves tried to be monogamous Slave marriages had no legal basis Slaves still had marriage ceremonies Vows were changed to "till death or distance do us part"

Family was central to slave life Worst fear was family separation by sale At any moment, the master could a. Sell a slave husband or wife b. Die in debt, forcing a division of his property c. Give a slave child away as a wedding present

Husbands tried to provide for their wife and children Could not protect the females from sexual exploitation by the master

The Family Life of the Enslaved (NHC lesson plan) []

How Slavery Affected African American Families (National Humanities Center) http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/tserve/freedom/1609-1865/essays/aafamilies.htm


 * Slave attitudes toward whites**

Most slaves suspicious of white motives Slaves hated their oppression Whites stereotyped slaves as docile Sambos

To keep from being whipped Slaves learned to act subservient Slaves spoke respectfully to their masters


 * Slave resistance**

Few violent rebellions Whites had firepower, slave patrols, militia, and federal troops

Slave Resistance (National Humanities Center) http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/tserve/freedom/1609-1865/essays/slaveresist.htm

Slaves tried to preserve mental independence and self–respect

Coping mechanisms
 * Trickster tales
 * Nonviolent forms of resistance
 * Stealing food
 * Temporarily running away
 * Slacking off at work

The Trickster in African American Literature (National Humanities Center) http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/tserve/freedom/1865-1917/essays/trickster.htm


 * Nat Turner slave rebellion in Virginia** (1831)

Turner an educated black lay preacher Key slave rebellion—a violent one Caused an intense white reaction in the south

Video: Nat Turner bio (3:35) http://youtu.be/BBH3Xzz3Y3E

Nat Turner []


 * Virginia legislature slavery debate** (1832)

White advocates of gradual abolition of slavery forced a debate Arguing that slavery was injurious to Virginia's modernization Motion favoring abolition lost Last public debate on slavery in the antebellum South


 * In class today: new material**


 * Antislavery**
 * Abolitionism**

The Religious Roots of Abolition (NHC lesson plan) []

Abolition - The African-American Mosaic Exhibition | Exhibitions (Library of Congress) []

//**We should all ask ourselves the question: Would I have been an abolitionist?**//

Compare to feelings about immigration these days.

Antislavery was not a unified movement at first

Its adherents differed over several issues:
 * a. How hard to push the issue
 * b. The rights of women
 * c. The place of free blacks in American society

The issue of slavery eventually became so compelling that it consumed all the other reforms we have discussed.


 * Gradual emancipation**:

1. **American Colonization Society** (founded in 1816) http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part3/3p1521.html http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/American_Colonization_Society

American Colonization Society []

2. Advocated gradual emancipation of former slaves

3. Suggested resettlement in Africa

4. Liberia was set up for this purpose

Map of Africa showing location of Liberia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberia

Its capital, Monrovia, named for President James Monroe


 * Immediate emancipation**

Immediatism surpassed gradualism as dominant anti-slavery approach
 * a. Immediate—right now
 * b. Complete—no other labor contract
 * c. Uncompensated—owners not paid a thing

Contrast between: "old" abolitionism: American Colonization Society "new" abolitionism: Garrison and American Anti–Slavery society

American Anti-Slavery Society (Ohio History online) http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=832

[]
 * William Lloyd Garrison**

William Lloyd Garrison []

Videos: William Lloyd Garrison https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s8GT2yNPJQ8&feature=youtu.be https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=glOAGZqIKbQ&feature=youtu.be

Garrison was a white abolitionist

He argued for immediate emancipation

His newspaper, //The Liberator//, began publication in 1831 []


 * Women abolitionists**
 * Women more prominent in abolition than other movements
 * Women could not vote
 * Women expected to "keep their place" in the background

Angelina and Sarah Grimke []

White daughters of a South Carolina slave owner Moved to the North Became involved in anti-slavery and women's rights Attacked the concept of subordination of women to me


 * Free blacks**

Almost 250,000 in south by 1860

Highly discriminated against by whites Legal status somewhere between slave and free Whites feared free blacks would lead slave uprisings States enacted "Black codes" to control movement of free blacks


 * Black abolitionists**

Much of abolitionism was run by free blacks

By 1830, blacks had organized some 50 abolitionist societies


 * Notable free blacks**:


 * 1. Frederick Douglass**

Frederick Douglas Noted escaped slave Famous for his Autobiography

Video: Frederick Douglass bio https://youtu.be/Su-4JBEIhXY

Frederick Douglass []

Secession Era Editorials Project (Furman): John Brown's Raid (1859) []


 * 2. Harriet Tubman: "the Moses of her people"**

Harriet Tubman []

Harriet Tubman | National Women's History Museum http://www.nwhm.org/education-resources/biographies/harriet-tubman

Harriet Tubman http://www.christianitytoday.com/history/people/activists/harriet-tubman.html

Video: Harriet Tubman bio http://youtu.be/CCkuph8zHsU


 * 3. Sojourner Truth: "Ain't I a woman"**

Sojourner Truth []

Sojourner Truth | National Women's History Museum http://www.nwhm.org/education-resources/biographies/sojourner-truth

Sojourner Truth http://www.christianitytoday.com/history/people/activists/sojourner-truth.html

Kerry Washington reads Sojourner Truth (thanks to Myia for this link) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yq3AYiRT4no

Video: Sojourner Truth bio https://youtu.be/q-HfiryNoXY


 * Underground Railroad:**

Map http://www.harriet-tubman.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/What-was-the-Underground-Railroad.jpg

Underground Railroad (Africans in America) http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p2944.html

Video: Underground Railroad (Mr. Betts) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cDjB7uCL464&feature=youtu.be

Levi Coffin House - Underground Railroad's "Grand Central Station" []

The Underground Railroad (NHC lesson plan) []


 * Opposition to abolitionists:**


 * Murder of Elijah Lovejoy**

Many white Americans violently opposed abolitionism They did not want to compete with freed blacks Hostile whites threatened abolitionist editors and speakers An example of this opposition was the murder of Elijah Lovejoy He was a white abolitionist newspaper editor Murdered by a mob in Alton, Illinois (1837).

Northerners outraged: Not because they supported abolition But because they wanted to preserve free speech

In the South, mobs blocked distribution of antislavery pamphlets


 * Gag rule**

Many Northern church women signed anti-slavery petitions

Sent these petitions to Congress

From 1836 to 1844, Congress refused even to open or read the petitions Southerners were happy

Northerners felt their free speech was violated.


 * Mood music:**


 * Charles Wesley hymns:**

Christ the Lord is Risen Today [| https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X5KZlOKqb-o&feature=youtu.be]

And Can It Be That I Should Gain [| https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=29myH7xXI4M&feature=youtu.be]

Love Divine, All Loves Excelling [| https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vwso5lke6Fk&feature=youtu.be]

Oh, For a Thousand Tongues to Sing [| https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4O9kw3cILpg&feature=youtu.be]


 * In class today: new materal>>>Second Great Awakening**


 * Second Great Awakening**

Began around 1800 Democratized American religion—as voting was being democratized Rejected doctrine of predestination

Video: Second Great Awakening (2:30) Professor Christine Leigh-Heyrman https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=Sjt392m36yo


 * A. On the frontier: West and South**

Focus on individual salvation; no impulse to reform society

Baptist lay preachers and Methodist circuit riders


 * 1. Camp meetings**

Attended by thousands

Most notable one: Cane Ridge (1801): 10,000 participants

Religion and the New Republic (Library of Congress) http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/religion/rel07.html

Camp Meetings https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_meeting

Video: Cane Ridge, Kentucky (700 Club) (1:32) http://youtu.be/i5gUY6Eoh_A

Video: Cane Ridge: Leaders and legends (10:440 http://youtu.be/tAQyZvF0BZo


 * 2. Circuit riders**

Methodist Circuit Riders (Google Images) []

Nothing but Crows and Methodist Preachers http://www.forgottenword.org/crows.html

Video: Circuit Riders (3:07) http://youtu.be/Jv9Hi-pN_nA

A modern-day circuit rider http://articles.latimes.com/1992-04-20/news/mn-443_1_circuit-rider


 * B. In the north**

Congregationalists and Presbyterians Small to medium-sized towns Northern revivals led to an impulse to reform society


 * Charles G. Finney**

Key name in Second Great Awakening

Charles Finney (God in America, PBS) http://www.pbs.org/godinamerica/people/charles-finney.html

Charles Finney (Christianity Today) http://www.christianitytoday.com/history/people/evangelistsandapologists/charles-finney.html

New York lawyer Converted (1821) Finney became a full–time evangelist "I have a retainer from Jesus to plead his case" Focused initially on the small towns in western New York.

A more democratic version of Christianity than predestination. Any person who wanted to be saved could be saved.
 * Arminianism**==Free will

Finney's evangelistic approach: New Measures


 * New Measures**: controversial for its time

a. Protracted meetings. Revivals continued nightly for a week or more.

b. Anxious bench

"Almost saved" would sit up front Made an object of special prayer.

c. Women allowed to speak aloud and pray for male relatives


 * Converts organized into voluntary associations**


 * a. 1810—Foreign Missions Board**

Students at Williams College: Haystack Prayer Meeting https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haystack_Prayer_Meeting

Note to me: show both of these videos

Video: Haystack prayer meeting (2:56) http://youtu.be/8SCsQYueXN4

Video: Haystack prayer meeting (3:52) http://youtu.be/OtA2QizrMgQ

b. 1816—**American Bible Society**—distributed Bibles in the West

2016 was the 200th anniversary of the founding of the American Bible Society.

c. 1825—**American Tract Society**—to seamen and urban poor


 * Cult of Domesticity**

The Cult of Domesticity (NHC lesson plan) []

Women, Temperance, and Domesticity (NHC lesson plan) []


 * In class today: new material**

http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Wilmot_Proviso?rec=1400
 * Wilmot Proviso** (1846)

a. Many northerners opposed the war with Mexico b. They saw in a war an evil design by slave owners to increase possible slave territory c. Democrat Congressman David Wilmot of Pennsylvania proposed a bill that would outlaw slavery in any territory won from Mexico. d. His proposal did not pass Congress. e. But the Wilmot Proviso became a rallying cry for abolitionists & those against spread of slavery. f. Most white northerners were racists, not abolitionists. g. Whites wanted to protect themselves—not southern blacks—from the Slave power. h. They wanted to keep this new land only for free white peopl**e**


 * Free–Soil Party**

Formed in 1848 to prevent slavery in the territories won from Mexico.

Free Soilers did not necessarily want to abolish slavery.

They simply wanted to prevent its spread into the Western territories.

Party slogan was Free Soil, Free Speech, Free Labor, and Free Men.

Free Soil party was made up of 1. Northern Democrats committed to the Wilmot proviso 2. Antislavery ("Conscience" as opposed to "Cotton") Whigs


 * U.S.-MEXICAN WAR**

Mexican-American War Video (129:00) http://youtu.be/_JjjaMBoSQE

US-Mexican War: A Concise History []

Mexican War Regular Map: []

1. Mexico felt annexation of Texas cause for war

American sent forces into disputed region to provoke a Mexican attack Mexicans did attack America declared war

Some in U.S. opposed war:

Many northerners opposed the war with Mexico They saw in a war an evil design by slave owners to increase possible slave territory

Two of those who opposed the war: Henry Clay; Abraham Lincoln

2. American interest in California--then a part of Mexico:

Bartered manufactured goods for cowhides Boston companies set up resident agents in California Agents' reports back East sparked interest in California

a. Richard Henry Dana's //Two Year Before the Mast//: a best seller (1840)

Richard Henry Dana http://www.winthrop.dk/rhdana.html

His ship was named the Pilgrim https://www.ocean-institute.org/general-information/about-pilgrim

b. Sutter's Fort. Sacramento. At end of Overland Trail.


 * 3. Bear Flag Revolt** (June 14, 1846)

When war with Mexico seemed likely, U.S. claimed California

Key names: William B. Ide; John Fremont; Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo

Separate country for less than a month

Bear Flag Republic https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Republic


 * U.S. Forces in Mexico**

Army Life: U.S. Army http://www.pbs.org/kera/usmexicanwar/war/army_life_us.html

Army Life: Mexican Army http://www.pbs.org/kera/usmexicanwar/war/army_life_mexican.html

a) **General Zachary Taylor**: invaded Mexico from north

Battle of Buena Vista

b) **General Winfield Scott:** invaded Mexico from seacoast

Battle of Cerro Gordo Battle of Chapultepec

Halls of Montezuma Marines raised U.S. flag over National Palace in Mexico City


 * Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo**

U.S. paid Mexico $15 million Present states: California, Utah, New Mexico, Nevada, Arizona U.S. territory enlarged by 20%

Territorial Acquisitions Map 


 * Legacy of the Mexican-American War**

$100 million in military costs 13,000 Americans died Training ground for military officers later famous in Civil War Gold discovered in California (1848): a few months before treaty signed Continuing controversy over extension of slavery in land won from Mexico


 * Mood Music:**

Marty Robbins: Ballad of the Alamo https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=Eyu3OIn5A00

Alamo: Deguello https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=p5RjjRe4dd4

Mexican Army drums https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=U49MRuiVe-E

Green Leaves of Summer https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=njKLdjloQ9k


 * In class today: new material**


 * TEXAS REVOLUTION AND THE LONE-STAR REPUBLIC**


 * Tejas**

Video: American settlers move into Texas http://youtu.be/JskHY3KFRgI

Americans moved into Spanish, then Mexican Tejas Panic of 1819 pushed some Americans westward Mexico gained its independence from Spain (1821)

Empresarios: Spain gave land grants to Moses Austin Mexico continued the same deal with his son, Stephen Austin (1824)

Americans not happy with three aspects of life in Mexico:

1. Catholicism: Settlers either converted superficially or ignored requirement

2. Slavery

In 1829, Mexico freed its slaves Colonists freed their slaves but signed them to lifelong indentured servant contract

3. Self government

Texas part of Mexican Coahuila (Texas outnumbered 3 to 1) Americans demanded a Mexican state of their own

Dictator Santa Anna abolished separate Mexican states (1834)


 * Texas revolution** (1836)

By 1835, Texas population: 30,000 Americans; 3,000 Mexicans "War party" declared Texas independent in1836 Guests who rebelled against their hosts

Video: Texans revolt against Mexico http://youtu.be/xFgZZeX_hcw

Video: Texas and Mexican War (Mr. Betts) https://youtu.be/7O0jF2QrzIQ


 * Main battles of the Texas Revolution:**

Map: []


 * a. Alamo**:

187 all died (including some famous persons: Davy Crockett, Jim Bowie, William Travis)

Video: Alamo (2:25) http://youtu.be/4_dIs1xYj_U

Video: Alamo and Goliad (1:06) http://youtu.be/HZDtQfAVQEo

Video: Johnny Cash: Remember the Alamo (2:52) http://youtu.be/l4FOgKC-g9U

The Alamo Came Under Attack (Finding Dulcinea, On This Day) http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/Feb/On-this-Day--The-Alamo-Came-Under-Attack.html

Key people who died at the Alamo

1. Davy Crockett []

Ballad of Davy Crockett (Fess Parker) (2:14) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=txcRQedoEyY&feature=youtube_gdata_player

2. Jim Bowie

3. William Travis


 * b. Goliad**: 350 captured Americans were massacred


 * c. San Jacinto**: (today's Houston, Texas

Video: San Jacinto (0:53) http://youtu.be/uAfUl2yQE8g

Sam Houston attacked Mexicans during a siesta 630 Mexicans killed Santa Anna captured


 * Texas: the Lone Star Republic** **(1836–1845)**

Texas a separate country during the period 1836-1845

Sam Houston the first president.

Video: Sam Houston (1:44) https://youtu.be/gYRkgA2R4HU

Population increased from 30,000 to 142,000

Annexation delayed until 1845: volatility of the slavery issue

Territorial Acquisitions Map 


 * In class today: new material**


 * Oregon Trail (1843)**

"Oregon fever" began after the Panic of 1837 Fremont mapped the trail (1842) 1843—major increase in migration over the Trail

Map and pictures of landmarks http://www.historyglobe.com/ot/otmap1.htm

Independence, Missouri to Oregon/California Trip was 2,000 miles; took 6 months

Video: Oregon Fever (10:44) http://youtu.be/iquQUhja7ec

Oregon Trail:

a. Introduction http://oregontrail101.com/introduction.html b. Route West http://oregontrail101.com/routewest.html c. "Jumping off" http://oregontrail101.com/jumping.html d. Power http://oregontrail101.com/power.html e. Hardships http://oregontrail101.com/hardships.html f. Buffalo http://oregontrail101.com/buffallo.html Buffalo chip lady https://lisawallerrogers.files.wordpress.com/2009/03/gathering-buffalo-chips1.jpg?w=500 g. Native Americans Read only the section entitled "Relationships" http://oregontrail101.com/native.html


 * Manifest destiny**

Term first used by editor John L. O'Sullivan (1845)

Manifest Destiny Famous painting analysis (John Gast) https://2012english120.wordpress.com/2012/11/30/stabbing-westward-an-analysis-of-john-gasts-american-progress/

American expansion westward and southward was

a. Inevitable b. Just c. Divinely ordained

In accordance with this view:

a. Native Americans: savages, best eliminated

b. Hispanics: inferior peoples, best controlled or conquered


 * Oregon Country**

Northwest boundary dispute

U. S. negotiated for Oregon Country (1846). U.S. went to brink of war with Britain over Oregon boundary. President James K. Polk's campaign slogan: Fifty-Four Forty or Fight U.S. could not fight Mexico and Britain at same time

Boundary dispute map: http://wps.ablongman.com/wps/media/objects/1483/1518969/DIVI236.jpg

Territorial Acquisitions Map: Oregon Country 


 * California Gold Rush (1849)**

Video: Gold Rush (8:47) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QxekRM5-uMU&feature=youtu.be

1. Discovery of gold (1848) (2 months before Mexican-American war treaty)

California Gold Rush (1849) Overland trail plus passage around South America 100,000 arrived in one year

2. California statehood (1850)

Gold discovered at Sutter's Mill []

President Polk sparks the California Gold Rush []


 * Mood music:**

Video: Hail to the Chief medley [] Video: 50 Patriotic Songs medley []


 * In class today: new material**


 * War Hawk's desire to take British Canada**

A "mere matter of marching" [Harvard Law School student story] Americans were unsuccessful.

Let's watch the following video clip (6:38): []


 * British Blockade.**

British navy blockaded American ports American trade declined nearly 90 percent. Loss of customs revenue threatened to bankrupt federal government.

[]
 * Key battles of the War of 1812**:


 * 1. Washington, D.C.**

British captured the city.

Video: British burn Washington, 1814 http://youtu.be/47I4CtYI2Tc

British Troops Burn White House and Capitol (Finding Dulcinea, On This Day) http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/July-August-08/On-this-Day--British-Troops-Burn-White-House-and-Capital.html


 * 2. Baltimore**

British bombarded; Americans held out.

Francis Scott Key Writes “The Star-Spangled Banner” (Finding Dulcinea, On This Day) http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/September-October-08/On-this-Day--Francis-Scott-Key-Writes--The-Star-Spangled-Banner-.html

"Oh, say can you see by the dawn's early light What so proudly we hailed at the twilight's last gleaming? Whose broad stripes and bright stars thru the perilous fight, O'er the ramparts we watched were so gallantly streaming? And the rocket's red glare, the bombs bursting in air, Gave proof through the night that our flag was still there. Oh, say does that star-spangled banner yet wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave?"


 * 3. Horseshoe Bend** (in today's Alabama)

Andrew Jackson (future American president) defeated the Creek Indians.

He forced them to sign away most of their land.

Andrew Jackson's Victory in Creek War (Today in History, Library of Congress) http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/aug09.html


 * 4. New Orleans** (8 Jan 1815)

Andrew Jackson's troops defeated the British.

British: 300 killed, 1300 wounded, 500 captured Americans: 30 killed, 40 wounded

Video: Battle of New Orleans (6:58) http://youtu.be/y9f3D3Y88pc

Battle of New Orleans video: Johnny Horton (2:38) []

Battle of New Orleans http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/On-this-Day--U-S--Forces-Defeat-the-British-in-the-Battle-of-New-Orleans.html


 * Hartford Convention** (15 Dec 1814—5 Jan 1815)

Federalist delegates from New England Unhappy with the war's stoppage of New England trade Seemed treasonous during wartime. Led to demise of Federalist Party News arrived in Washington at same time as that of New Orleans


 * Treaty of Ghent** (24 December 1814)

Did not specifically address any of the issues for which America went to war. Merely restored the prewar status quo.


 * Consequences of War of 1812**

1. Affirmed the freedom won in the Revolutionary war 2. Strengthened America's resolve to avoid European politics 3. Dealt a serious blow to Indian resistance to American expansion 4. Increased nationalism—renewed feeling of confidence and assertiveness 5. Stimulated economy (capitalists began to invest in home manufactures) 6. Sealed the fate of the Federalists


 * Election of 1824.**

Video: Corrupt Bargain of 1824 https://youtu.be/SatZaED_LJw

John Quincy Adams versus Andrew Jackson Jackson won plurality (not majority) of electoral votes and popular vote House of Representatives chose the president It chose Adams. Adams accused of having made a "corrupt bargain" with Henry Clay. Jackson immediately began to run for election of 1828.

John Quincy Adams. Compared to Bush family. George, Sr., apparently refers to George, Jr. as Quincy. Father and son presidents.


 * Election of 1828.**

1829 inauguration of Andrew Jackson https://youtu.be/Appjtpezyks

Andrew Jackson won the election over John Quincy Adams. Adams can write; Jackson can fight. Jackson's party: Democrats After the demise of Federalists and the one-party Era of Good Feelings Democrats became the first well–organized national political party.


 * ANDREW JACKSON.** Details of his life and career.

Andrew Jackson biography http://youtu.be/Z-Nzn40b_n8

The Hermitage (Jackson's plantation in Nashville) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P4R4S7zZoGg&feature=youtu.be

Andrew Jackson's Heritage []

The Expansion of Democracy during the Jacksonian Era (NHC lesson plan) []


 * Spoils system**. To the victors belong the spoils. Rotation in office.

"**Kitchen Cabinet.**" Jackson relied on political friends, not Cabinet, for advice.


 * Native American Resistance and Removal**

Most whites wanted land Most whites were racist: had little respect for Indians' rights and culture Indians always seemed to be in the way of whites' land hunger Some whites: physically separate Indians and white settlers Other whites: "civilize" Indians and assimilate them into American culture


 * Removal Act of 1830**

Video: Andrew Jackson and the Indian Removal Act http://youtu.be/3E4f_oekpzI

The government forced the Five Civilized Tribes to move west of the Mississippi River.

Map http://wps.ablongman.com/wps/media/objects/1483/1518969/DIVI199.jpg

Five Civilized tribes: Choctaw, Chickasaw, Creek, Cherokee, Seminole

Indian Removal http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p2959.html


 * Cherokees**

Cherokees. If civilizing Indians was the American goal, no tribe met that test better than the Cherokees

Sequoyah http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequoyah

Video: Sequoya and the Cherokees http://youtu.be/BIDM1V_flSE

Bilingual tribal newspaper Formal government complete with legislature and court system Written constitution modeled after that of the U.S. Ownership of black slaves Almost total conversion to Christianity.


 * Cherokee Trail of Tears**

One part, a sad one, of the overall Indian removal.

Some 4,000 of the 13,000 Cherokees died along the way.

Billy Ray Cyrus - Trail Of Tears http://youtu.be/oT7B6m8fKKA

Google image search: Trail of Tears motorcycle ride

Trail of Tears yearly memorial ride home page http://www.trailoftearsmemorialassoc.com/

Picture: Indian Removal http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p2959.html


 * In class today: new material**


 * Louisiana Purchase** (1803)

Great Map:

The obstacle to the "empire of liberty" posed by the French was the first to be overcome.

Louisiana Purchase (Today in History, Library of Congress) http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/oct20.html

Jefferson and the Louisiana Purchase (NHC lesson plan) []

U.S. paid $15 million to France. Doubled the size of America.

Jefferson compromised his strict constructionist views


 * Lewis and Clark Expedition** (May 1804-Sept 1806)

Here is a terrific map of the total route:

4,000 Miles. Explored extent of Louisiana Purchase: rivers that drain into Mississippi. Began in St. Louis; up the Missouri River to its source Across the Rocky Mountains (Continental Divide) Rivers running east go to Mississippi, those to West to Pacific Ocean Winter camp in Astoria, Oregon

Video: The Corps of Discovery http://youtu.be/jrdo7i9LOXM

Meriwether Lewis (The West) http://www.pbs.org/weta/thewest/people/i_r/lewis.htm

Sacagawea (The West) http://www.pbs.org/weta/thewest/people/s_z/sacagawea.htm


 * War with Barbary pirates** (1801-1815)

Barbary States: Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Tripoli (today's Libya). []

Video: Thomas Jefferson, Barbary Coast, Louisiana Purchase https://youtu.be/6MzpkSqF7dU

Pirates attacked U.S. ships in the Mediterranean U.S. got tired of paying protection money U.S. built up its naval and marine capacity Pirates defeated by 1815; no more protection money

Marine Corps Hymn: "To the shores of Tripoli": From the Halls of Montezuma to the Shores of Tripoli; We fight our country's battles in the air, on land and sea; First to fight for right and freedom and to keep our honor clean; We are proud to claim the title of United States Marine.


 * Presidency of James Madison**

Video: James Madison bio https://youtu.be/EivTHLKaa9s

Video: James Madison as President http://youtu.be/0KeASXBGh1E


 * Preserving American trading rights and neutral status in a world at war**

Context.

World War b/n England and France started up again in 1803. U.S. was the chief supplier of food to both sides for a while. By 1805, France and Britain began blockading each other's ports. As a trading partner of both countries, the U.S. paid a high price.


 * Chesapeake Affair (1807)**

British warship Leonard; American warship Chesapeake British attacked, boarded, (and killed 3 Americans) in American waters. Exposed American military weakness Intensified American objections to impressment. Sparked American demands to go to war Jefferson—with Congress not in session—able to resist war demands.


 * Embargo**

Jefferson did not want a military fight with British He was generally pacifistic; war cost big bucks for a small nation He fought with "peaceable economic coercion." Embargo Act of 1807 prohibited all exports from the U.S. Policy was well–intentioned, but unpopular and unsuccessful. Mocked as "OGRABME" American economy collapsed British not hurt at all Only bright spot: U. S. manufactures—textile mills—received a boost Domestic market became exclusively American.


 * WAR OF 1812**

Video: War of 1812 (Crash Course) []

Remember: Britain and France locked in a world war

Napoleon invaded Russia in 1812.


 * "1812 Overture"**

Written to commemorate Russian defense of Moscow against Napoleon. []

Here is the finale of the 1812 Overture! []


 * American grievances with British**:

1. Impressment

Britain's navy suffered a severe shortage of sailors. Britain stopped American ships Forcible draft of American sailors.

2. Desire to defend American independence and honor


 * The vote for war**

Congress deeply divided over whether to go to war with Britain. Federalists in New England did not want to go to war. Many Federalist considered conflict to be "Mr. Madison's War." Raising troops in New England was difficult. People in west wanted to go to war.


 * War Hawks**

Their fathers had fought in the Revolution. They themselves wanted to prove themselves in war

Key names:

a. John C. Calhoun of South Carolina

b. Henry Clay of Kentucky


 * In class today: new material**


 * The Presidency of John Adams**:

Election of 1796 won by John Adams, but a quirk in Electoral College made Jefferson (opposite political grouping) vice president.

Video: 1796 Election of John Adams http://youtu.be/soM4IeeD9qg


 * XYZ affair (1798)**

Video: XYZ Affair/Alien and Sedition Acts http://youtu.be/N88PyMoMW6g

Jay's treaty (between Britain and America) made France jealous France began capturing American ships carrying British goods President Adams sent three commissioners to ask France to stop French demanded a bribe of $250,000 prior to any discussions Americans took this as evidence of French disrespect Anti–French sentiment—even cries for war—swept the country Remember: partisanship between Federalists and Democrat-Republicans Adams held off demand for war

Video: The XYZ Affair ("Careless Whisper" parody) (Mr. Betts) http://youtu.be/sXdBP8Nol8U


 * Quasi–War with France**:

An undeclared naval war began in the Caribbean between warships of the U.S. navy and French privateers seeking to capture American merchant vessels.


 * French–American Convention** (1800):

Ended the Quasi–War Freed America from French Treaty of Alliance Peaceful settlement cost Adams re–election Laid foundation for Louisiana Purchase (1803)


 * Alien and Sedition Acts** (1798):

Video: XYZ Affair/Alien and Sedition Acts http://youtu.be/N88PyMoMW6g

Federalist attempt to muzzle Jeffersonian-Republicans Political criticism defined as treasonous No concept of loyal opposition First major crisis over civil liberties

Sedition Act of 1798 Becomes Law (On This Day, Finding Dulcinea) http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/July-August-08/On-this-Day--Sedition-Act-of-1798-Becomes-Law.html


 * Kentucky and Virginia resolutions**:

Video: Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions http://youtu.be/8P-fTC_OyqQ

How could Democrat-Republicans combat Alien and Sedition Acts National-level institutions (President, Congress, Court) controlled by Federalists They therefore turned to only other forum available for protest: state legislatures We the People or We the States Claimed Constitution a compact among states (and not individual citizens) How far could states go in opposing the national government? How could a conflict between the two be resolved? This line of reasoning background to Nullification controversy and Civil War


 * Presidency of Thomas Jefferson**

From 1801–1824, all three American presidents were Republicans and Virginians:

Thomas Jefferson (8 yrs.) James Madison (8 yrs.) James Monroe (8 yrs).

Video: Thomas Jefferson []


 * Jefferson the person**

Virtual Field Trip to Monticello: Thomas Jefferson's day []

[]
 * Jefferson and music**

Musical side of Thomas Jefferson Text [] Video: Colonial Violins [] Video: Jefferson's favorite music [] Video: Music and the Revolution []


 * Jefferson's Empire of liberty**

Jefferson shared with other Americans the belief that the U.S. was destined to expand its "empire of liberty." Most past empires had been run by dictators.


 * Four obstacles to America's empire of liberty** would have to be confronted:

a. French in New Orleans and the Louisiana Territory b. Spanish in Florida and Mexico c. British in Canada d. Native Americans throughout the continent.


 * Presidential Election of 1800**

Hamilton Musical: The Election of 1800 [] Lyrics []

Video: 1800 Election of Thomas Jefferson http://youtu.be/3fgMu3tZUh0 Video: Election of 1800 []

Republicans Jefferson and Burr tied for the election Jefferson selected by Federalist–controlled House of Representatives Peaceful transition of power between political parties New Congress controlled by Democrat-Republicans

Jefferson won election of 1800 (Today in History, Library of Congress) http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/feb17.html

The Revolution of 1800 (NHC lesson plan) []


 * Mood Music:**

Video: George Washington: playlist of music for the first President http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLzOb1pem5nKNZe56DeWLHa0aOK5ZQPoLM


 * In class today: new material**


 * First political party system**:

Both groupings gradually divided into two opposing camps, each accusing the other of having sold out the principles of the Revolution.

I. **Federalists**

Key person: Alexander Hamilton

Hamilton project []

Hamilton bio []

They began calling themselves Federalists to link themselves with the federal Constitution.

(Washington and Adams were both Federalists.)

Federalist Party (Ohio History Central) http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=887

Supporters: Those in favor of the Constitution during ratification Concentrated in New England

Federalists believed in the following:

a. For a strong national government b. For Central economic planning c. For a National Bank d. For Internal improvements (roads, harbors) e. Wanted a commercially-oriented America: for manufacturing f. In favor of protective tariffs (a tax on imported goods—to protect American industry) g. Who should hold power?: social elite—best interests of the people h. Wanted more order, less liberty: protection of property rights i. For a broad construction==loose interpretation of the Constitution j. Foreign policy: wanted closer ties with Great Britain


 * II. Democrat-Republicans**

Key person: Thomas Jefferson. James Madison his principal associate.

Democrat-Republican Party (Ohio History Central) http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=881&nm=Democratic-Republican-Party

They began calling themselves Republicans, contending that they were the true heirs of the Revolution and that Hamilton was plotting to subvert republican principles.

Supporters:

Anti-federalists during ratification process Southern planters Small farmers south of New England Non–English ethnic groups—Irish, Scots, and Germans Artisans

Their policies were generally the opposite of the Federalists on almost every domestic and foreign policy issue

a. Wanted a limited national government; favored States rights b. Against a National Bank c. Against Internal improvements (roads, harbors) d. Against manufacturing—it would cause slums in cities e. Against protective tariffs f. Wanted an America based more on farming than on factories g. Who should hold power?: the people h. Wanted more liberty, less order i. For a limited construction==tight interpretation of the Constitution j. Foreign policy: wanted closer ties with France


 * Hamilton's economic program**

a. **Report on Public Credit** (1790)

Approved by Congress Consolidate debts at national level==power to national level Debt holders will want national government to Fund foreign and domestic debt at full face value Speculators who paid 10% of face value would get rich Assume remaining debts owed by states Those who had paid off already were mad Deal made to move U.S. capitol to Washington, D.C.

Video: 22 "Hamilton" lyrics explained http://mentalfloss.com/article/69731/22-hamilton-lyrics-explained

Hamilton Musical: Cabinet Battle #1 [] Lyrics []

b. **Defense of the Constitutionality of the Bank** (1790)

Congress approved it Hamilton liked the British system: Bank of England Said U.S. need a central bank to facilitate money movements Hamilton: a bank is permitted: loose construction view Can make laws necessary for commerce, taxation, war, etc. Implied powers argument Jefferson: a bank not permitted: strict constitutional view

c. **Report on Manufactures** (Dec 1791)

Congress did not approve it Reverse reliance on Europe for manufactured goods Encourage infant U.S. industries (shoes and textiles) with govt subsidies Tariffs to protect infant industries Promote immigration of technicians and laborer.


 * Whiskey rebellion** (1794)

Video: Whiskey Rebellion http://youtu.be/cCxRzecULXA

Whiskey Rebellion []

Hamilton's economic program required tax on whiskey to fund debt Farmers turned grain into whiskey (easier to ship) Farmers (mostly Democrat-Republicans) in western Pa. refused to pay Challenge to national authority had to be confronted Army sent to disperse the "rebellion" which "faded away like a vapor" Washington believed rebellion politically motivated by Jeffersonians Jeffersonians believed military response unnecessary

Whiskey Rebellion Illustrated - @MrBettsClass https://youtu.be/-x20Hwy_UrY


 * French Revolution**

Meanwhile, developments in foreign affairs magnified the domestic disagreements. Disagreements over the American response to the French revolution led to partisan disagreements. U.S. initially welcomed the French revolution but was bothered by its excesses. (Remember: U.S. was first independent country without a king.)

Hamilton Musical: Cabinet Battle #2 [] Lyrics []

French Revolution (Historian of the State Department) []


 * Genet Affair (1793)**

Video: Genet Affair https://youtu.be/eamzJwHTQd4

Genet Affair (1793) https://history.state.gov/milestones/1784-1800/citizen-genet


 * Proclamation of Neutrality** (April 1793)

Video: Proclamation of Neutrality http://youtu.be/mvv51TJvDe0

Proclamation of Neutrality issued by George Washington. U.S. a small nation; caught in world war between Britain and France U.S. wanted to remain neutral; continue trade with everyone U.S. would act "friendly and impartial" toward the warring powers


 * Democratic–Republican societies**:

A republic==consensus==no factions or disagreements Composed chiefly of artisans and craftsmen Members: Jefferson followers; sympathetic to French Revolution Some 40 such societies organized (1793-1800) Saw themselves as heirs of the Sons of Liberty First grassroots political organizations Opposed to Washington's administration; first formal political dissent http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Societies


 * Washington's Farewell Address**

"The great rule of our conduct in regard to foreign nations is to have with them as little political connection as possible."

"It is our true policy to steer clear of permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign world."

Hamilton Musical: One Last Time (Washington's Farewell Address) [] Lyrics []


 * The Presidency of George Washington**

Video: George Washington: election, precedents, cabinet https://youtu.be/dIM1c3Sp-FE

Hail Columbia! with Lyrics; First American National Anthem http://youtu.be/JPlQS1pzHdA Hail, Columbia https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hail,_Columbia

Columbia: origin of name [|https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_(name])


 * Note**: country of Colombia is spelled differently

Adidas apologizes for spelling error! []

"Royals" Parody by George Washington - @MrBettsClass http://youtu.be/TSzroxUZSyw

George Washington http://millercenter.org/president/washington

Video: George Washington bio https://youtu.be/hvE9fb--Dig

Mount Vernon virtual tour http://www.mountvernon.org/the-estate-gardens/the-mansion/mansion-virtual-tour/ http://www.mountvernon.org/site/virtual-tour/

Mount Vernon aerial view http://www.watsonadventures.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Mt-Vernon-aerial-e1337690935701.png

Washington elected unanimously

Vice President John Adams

Washington acted cautiously Aware of precedents for the future Only used his veto power when he felt a bill was unconstitutional


 * First Congress** (April 1789):

Members were Federalists—generally


 * Congress succeeded at its four immediate tasks**:

a. Revenue Act of 1789.

Congress adopted a 5 percent tariff on certain imports. Raised sufficient revenue to support the new government.

b. Bill of Rights

Responding to state ratification conventions' call for a bill of rights. James Madison took the lead. First ten amendments to the Constitution passed.

c. Beginnings of a "Cabinet"

Video: The First Cabinet http://youtu.be/2xDrXK9_oyA

1. Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson http://millercenter.org/president/jefferson

2. Secretary of Treasury Alexander Hamilton http://millercenter.org/president/essays/hamilton-1789-secretary-of-the-treasury

Video: Alexander Hamilton http://youtu.be/wlX-Z109UsU

‘Hamilton’ Is Known For Its Music, but What Did Alexander Hamilton Listen To? https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/11/arts/music/hamilton-music-lin-manuel-miranda-los-angeles.html

3. Secretary of War Henry Knox http://millercenter.org/president/essays/knox-1789-secretary-of-war

4. Attorney General Edmund Randolph http://millercenter.org/president/essays/randolph-1789-attorney-general

d. Judiciary Act of 1789.

Organized the federal judiciary. Supreme Court (6 members) District courts (13) Circuit courts of appeal (3)