HIST+152+Exam+2+F17

Video: The Century: America's TIme - 1929-1936: Stormy Weather (45:00_ []

Business did well in the 1920s

1. Presidents.

All three were Republicans: Warren Harding, Calvin Coolidge, and Herbert Hoover.

Warren Harding (60-second Presidents) []

Calvin Coolidge (60-second Presidents) []

Herbert Hoover (60-second Presidents) []

All three were pro–business ("The business of America is business").

2. Supreme Court.

Protected business and private property as it had in the Gilded Age. Sheltered business from government regulation Hindered organized labor from striking.

3. Congress. Responsive to corporate lobbying.

4. Welfare capitalism.

Corporations countered the appeal of unions by offering pensions, profit–sharing, picnics, and company-sponsored sports teams.

5. Consumerism

[We will see a replay of this consumerism when we look later at the 1950s.]

Consumer society.

Number of consumers increased by advertising (increased sophistication plus increased expenditures), credit, and higher wages

6. Automobile

Ford Model T

a. The car altered American life as much as the railroad had 75 years earlier. b. Car registrations went from 8 to 23 million in the 1920s. c. Car prices more affordable: mass production and competition d. Automobile industry fostered growth of other industries


 * Items to make cars: steel, glass, rubber, textiles.
 * Roads: "good roads" movement.
 * Motels and diners
 * Oil drilling
 * Gas stations.


 * 1928 Presidential Election**

Hoover won the 1928 election against Al Smith

Not too successful. Remedies relied upon self–help, not government assistance. Traditional: tried to balance the budget Vetoed several relief measures.
 * Hoover's administration**

Hooverville (Wikipedia) []


 * Bonus Army March** (1932)

Video: Veterans March on Washington []

Bonus Expeditionary Force

World War I veterans (15,000) camped in Washington

Demanded payment immediately of promised (1945) cash bonuses

President Hoover ordered the army to evict the veterans

Army, commanded by Douglas MacArthur, operated harshly

"Cheered in 1917, Jeered in 1932"

(Today in History, Library of Congress) []
 * 1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles**


 * GREAT DEPRESSION**


 * Stock Market Crash** (1929)

Stock Market Crash (Mr. Betts) []

Stock Market Crash (Decades TV) []

Most of the 1920s saw an upbeat business climate. Then things went south.

Business context

1. Increasing flow of consumer goods: autos, radios, and household appliances

2. Installment credit increased sales

3. Optimism in the air Unlimited prosperity would never end

Irving Kaufman - Blue Skies Smiling on Me hit song (1927) This song epitomized the upbeat mood during the 1920s. []

4. But the consumer–goods revolution contained seeds of its own collapse.


 * Factories produced more than country could consume.
 * Workers had insufficient purchasing power.
 * Farmers were particularly suffering.

5. Stock market crash in October 1929 burst the bubble.

Black Tuesday, Stock Market Crash Ushers in Great Depression (On This Day, Finding Dulcinea) []


 * Beginning of the depression.**

1. Between 1929 and 1932, industrial production declined by almost 45% Decline of production led to plant closings and unemployment.

2. Unemployment rose quickly:
 * 1930—5 million (15% unemployment)
 * 1931—9 million (25%)
 * 1932—12 million (40%)

3. Bank failures rose steadily.

4. Protectionism

Smoot–Hawley tariff raised U.S. import duties to an all–time high. Difficult for other countries to sell their products in U.S. Difficult for them to earn dollars to buy American products. Other countries raised their tariffs in retaliation.

The legacy of the Smoot-Hawley Tariff []

5. Depression dominated American life for 10 years (1929–1939).

a. People postponed marriage; married couples postponed having children. b. Malnutrition and deteriorating diets made people susceptible to disease. c. Out–of–work fathers felt ashamed of their diminished roles.


 * 1932 Presidential Election**

Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) defeated Herbert Hoover

Video: Promise of change in 1932 election (FDR Library) []

Happy Days are Here Again FDR's 1932 campaign song []


 * President Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) (1933-1945)**

Paralyzed nation strengthened by physically–handicapped President

Video: Franklin Roosevelt bio []


 * First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt**

Details on her life. []

Video: Eleanor Roosevelt []

Great advocate of social justice; admired by African-Americans.

[|http://xroads.virginia.edu/~MA04/hess/Slang/kids.html#Joe]
 * Depression Slang**


 * NEW DEAL**


 * First 100 Days**

Congress was in session for one hundred days before it adjourned. During this period, FDR went fifteen for fifteen in major legislation. Subsequent presidents are measured by this impossible standard.

Video: The First 100 Days (FDR Library) []


 * Saving the Banks**

Context: prior bank failures FDR issued a decree closing all banks in America This approach called a "banking holiday"

Video: Worsening crisis of bank failures (FDR Library) []

Video: FDR goes to church, then makes plans for Bank Holiday []


 * Emergency Banking Relief Act.**

Provided for government supervision and assistance to banks Strong ones would be reopened with federal support Weak ones would be closed Deposit insurance ($5,000) would be available

Video: Emergency Legislation: Banking Holiday (FDR Library) []

Banking Crisis (University of Virginia) [|http://xroads.virginia.edu/~MA02/volpe/newdeal/banking.html]


 * Fireside chats**

FDR made great use of radio to reach public.

Video: FDR's first Fireside Chat (Gwyn Ifell) []

First Fireside Chat: The Banking Crisis [|http://xroads.virginia.edu/~MA02/volpe/newdeal/banking_fireside_text.html]


 * Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)**

Video: Rural Reforms (FDR Library) []

Three million people left farms in the 1930s. Agricultural Adjustment Act was designed to help farm problems:

Overproduction Low prices paid for crops Low income of farmers Difficulty of paying mortgages Rise in farm foreclosures

The act provided for the following: Government paid subsidies to farmers who a) Restricted crop acreage: wheat, cotton, corn, rice, or tobacco b) Reduced number of livestock, particularly pigs.


 * Dust Bowl**

Drought and poor farming techniques led to dust storms. Many from Oklahoma (Okies) and Arkansas (Arkies) fled to California.

Video: Dust Bowl (FDR Library) []

Woody Guthrie I ain't got no home Woody Guthrie one of the most note singers of the Dust Bowl era. []

Dust Bowl (Finding Dulcinea) []

[]
 * Route 66**

People's Highway Ran from Chicago to LA John Steinbeck dubbed it the Mother Road.

Map []

Time lapse video of trip along Route 66 (3:00) []


 * John Steinbeck, Grapes of Wrath**

Grapes of Wrath []

Novel about Dust Bowl migrants to California. They used Route 66.

Grapes of Wrath "Two for a Penny" Movie Clip []


 * Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)**

Job corps for young men, aged 18–25. Supervised by U.S. army. Workers paid $30 per month, of which $25 had to be sent to family. Pumped $2 billion into economy (equivalent to $200 billion today). Work planned by National Park Service: Tree planting (North Dakota to Texas), flood control, road construction.


 * Opposition to the New Deal**

a) Conservative critics.

Republicans did not like government control of the economy.

b) Liberal critics:

1) Father Charles Coughlin

Catholic priest from Detroit Weekly radio sermons (30 million audience) Criticized the New Deal Proposed a National Union for Social Justice to counter the New Deal. Anti-Semite: depression caused by international Jewish bankers. Expressed support for Hitler's approach to running Germany.

2) Dr. Francis E. Townsend []

Physician from Long Beach, California Proposed an Old Age Revolving Pensions plan Every person over age 60 would get a $200 per month pension. His plan would cost 50% of national income to help 7% of population.

3) Huey Long.

Former Governor of and Democratic Senator from Louisiana. Proposed a Share Our Wealth Society Tax rich people heavily Furnish each family an annual income of $2,500

Assassinated in 1935


 * Social Security Act**

Video: Social Security (FDR Library) []

FICA deduction today. Designed to prevent more radical alternatives (Townsend and Long) Workers required to pay into it Answer to critics of "relief" Worker's payment matched by employer

Social Security Act (Finding Dulcinea) []

Frances Perkins First female Cabinet member in US history [|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Perkin]


 * Works Progress Administration (WPA)**

Video: Jobs and Relief (FDR Library) []

WPA (Today in History, Library of Congress) []

Emphasized under-consumption. Massive public works programs for the jobless Home relief (the dole) versus work relief.

Employed 3 million men as manual laborers: roads, hospitals, bridges.

Criticized by conservatives as make-work

[]
 * Presidential Election of 1936**

FDR won a second term easily


 * FDR attempt at "Court Packing**" (Supreme Court)

Video clip: FDR Court Packing Reshaping the Supreme Court []

Video: New Deal setbacks (FDR Library) []

Court Packing (Finding Dulcinea) []

Court declared AAA and NIRA unconstitutional on 5-4 votes. FDR wanted to appoint pro–New Deal justices Proposed six new ones (one for every member over age 70). Congress (both parties) opposed the plan Felt he was overreaching and looking like a dictator.

Issue became moot: a swing justice changed his voting pattern.

[]
 * Presidential Election of 1940**

War had started in Europe on 1 September 1939 when Hitler invaded Poland.

FDR won historic third term.

[]
 * New Deal coalition**

Democratic Party then consisted of the following:

Farmers Urban immigrants Organized labor

White southerners

Northern blacks Ever since the Civil War, blacks had usually voted Republican. Big shift occurred during the New Deal: blacks began voting for Democrats

This New Deal coalition held together until the 1960s, when the civil rights movement created internal tension in the Democratic Party.


 * New Deal assessed**

New Deal failed in its fundamental purpose: to put people back to work and end the depression.

Depression only ended due to World War II.

But New Deal gave Americans back their psychological will to overcome.

In the past, federal government had served as an economic regulator. During New Deal, it became an economic guarantor and stimulator as well.

Congressional Republicans are currently trying to limit the size of government, much of which began with the New Deal.


 * BEGIN WORLD WAR II**


 * World War Two: the material is arranged by year**


 * 1931**

Japan became a major threat to U.S. goals in Asia:

Standard Map: Pacific Theater []

(1) Japan's "New Order" in Asia

Wanted a sphere of influence in Asia Similar to United States in Latin America

U.S. unwilling to permit such Japanese influence.

United States had major interests at stake in Asia: Philippines and various Pacific islands Religious missions Trade and investments Open Door in China.

(2) Japanese seized Manchuria (1931)

Video: Japanese invasion of Manchuria and mainland China http://youtu.be/t_aZWY2Pm3g

American response: Stimson Doctrine of nonrecognition Mere moral lecture U.S. had neither the means nor the will to use military force to kick out the Japanese from Manchuria.


 * 1933**

Adolf Hitler became Chancellor of Germany (1/30)

Video: Adolf Hitler http://youtu.be/0rZ4xwuAWFE

Franklin Roosevelt became President of the United States (3/4)


 * U.S. recognized Soviet Union**. To increase trade. To halt Japanese expansion.


 * 1935**


 * U.S. Neutrality Acts**. Neutrality Acts an expression of isolationist sentiment.

Congress sought to protect the nation by outlawing the contacts that had compromised U.S. neutrality during World War I.


 * 1936**

Expansion in Europe by Germany, 1930s http://sturgiswesthistory.weebly.com/uploads/9/5/2/5/9525566/912648586_orig.jpg


 * First step in German expansion:**
 * Germany reoccupied the Rhineland** (3/7)

Video: Rhineland re-occupation http://youtu.be/SpxdYTNkbe4

Jesse Owens wins 4 Gold medals
 * 1936 Summer Olympics** held in Berlin (August)


 * Civil war in Spain**. (**1936-1939**)

Video: Francisco Franco and the Spanish Civil War (Khan Academy) http://youtu.be/TYke_R9_ar8

Lineup:

Democratically-elected (left-wing) Spanish government: supported by Soviet Union and international mercenaries (Abraham Lincoln brigade from America)

Challenger: General Francisco Franco (right-wing) supported by Germany and Italy (fascists).

Franco eventually won.

Britain, France, and U.S. looked the other way.


 * 1937**


 * Beginning of World War II in Asia.**


 * Japanese invasion of mainland China (7 July 1937)**

China then was a U.S. ally.


 * 1938**

Map: Expansion in Europe by Germany, 1930s http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/images/Map_1_english_for_bh-edit.jpg

1. Second step in German expansion: German invasion and annexation of **Austria** (12 March 1938)

2. **Munich agreement (Chamberlain/Hitler**) (15 September 1938)

Third step in German expansion: Czechoslovakia **Sudetenland** to Germany.

Munich Agreement Signed - 1938 | Today in History | 30 Sept http://youtu.be/ZWU2cFxhlxQ


 * Appeasement** issue: not stopping a dictator early on

Appeasement (Ariana Grande "One Last Time" Parody) []


 * 1939**

1. Fourth step in German expansion: Germany occupied remainder of Czechoslovakia (March)

2. **German-Russian Non-Aggression Pact** (8/23).

Video: German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact http://youtu.be/hOuh7hCV9_o

The odd couple: fascists and communists. Agreed not to attack each other.

3. **German invasion of Poland** (1 September 1939).


 * Beginning of World War II in Europe**

Nazi Germany Invades Poland, Starting World War II (On This Day, Finding Dulcinea) []

Polish allies France and Britain Declare War http://youtu.be/s8dW3zSd4EA

4. U.S. declared neutrality (5 September 1939). U.S. still trying to stay out of war

The Neutrality Acts, 1930s https://history.state.gov/milestones/1921-1936/neutrality-acts

Neutrality Act signed (:29) http://youtu.be/UukhOSH-kAI
 * Cash-and-Carry**

https://history.state.gov/milestones/1937-1945/american-isolationism
 * American Isolationism** in the 1930s


 * 1940**

1. German blitzkrieg (lightning warfare) [today we call it "shock and awe"]

Dive bombers, tanks, mechanized infantry all combined

Blitzkrieg: Germany's Lightning War (BBC) []

2. Germans invade Denmark, Norway, Netherlands, Belgium

3. Dunkirk: over 300,000 British and French evacuated from beach

Dunkirk: animated history http://youtu.be/HzYi8VjZKvI

4. France conquered (6/5-6/25)

14 June 1940 German troops enter Paris (BBC On This Day) []


 * [Keep in mind:]**


 * Hitler's conquests and attacks in Europe made French, Dutch, and British colonies in Asia vulnerable to Japanese attack.**

Japan had been at war in China since 1937.

Japan will not attack Pearl Harbor until December 1941.


 * [Return to chronology]**


 * Blitz** and **Battle of Britain**: Britain attacked by air (June-December 1940).

"Blitz." Prelude to expected German invasion.

7September 1940 London Blitzed by German Bombers (BBC On This Day) []

The Blitz cartoon, 1940-1941 (World War II ) http://youtu.be/6vWiJBlwcT4

Video: RAF Fighters scramble http://youtu.be/KFWwunGb8Lk

Why this was important?

US needs to help Britain hang on against possible Nazi invasion.

US is still neutral (or at least not involved in any fighting) at this point.


 * World War II lineup leaders:**


 * A. The Allies**

1. United States: Franklin D.Roosevelt

2. Great Britain: Winston Churchill

The World Wars: Winston Churchill https://youtu.be/YuYGkcgzf_o

3. Soviet Union: Josef Stalin

Video: Joseph Stalin http://youtu.be/e_2of8pmHYU

U.S.-Soviet Alliance, 1941–1945 https://history.state.gov/milestones/1937-1945/us-soviet

4. France: Charles DeGaulle

5. China: Chang Kai–Shek

Chiang Kai-shek (Wikipedia) []


 * B. The other side:**

1. Germany: Adolf Hitler

Adolf Hitler http://youtu.be/0rZ4xwuAWFE

2. Italy: Benito Mussolini

3. Japan: General Hideki Tojo; Emperor Hirohito


 * 1941**


 * Lend–Lease Act**

U.S. became the "arsenal of democracy" by lending and leasing American military goods to those fighting against the Axis powers.

American unemployment dropped as our industries geared up to produce war material.

Lend-Lease and Military Aid to the Allies in the Early Years of World War II https://history.state.gov/milestones/1937-1945/lend-lease

FDR and the Lend Lease Act http://youtu.be/FTk_v7L4wro


 * Germany invaded Soviet Union (June 22)**

Major mistake.

22 Jun 1941: Hitler invades the Soviet Union (BBC News On This Day) []

Video: Hitler Turns On Stalin http://youtu.be/tkfGHFWGrag


 * Japan attacked Pearl Harbor (December 7)**

Japan, China, the United States and the Road to Pearl Harbor, 1937–41 https://history.state.gov/milestones/1937-1945/pearl-harbor

Video: Why did the Japanese bomb Pearl Harbor Mr. Betts http://youtu.be/HlF_TQeccRw


 * Internment of Japanese-Americans**

Manzanar Historic site virtual museum http://www.nps.gov/museum/exhibits/manz/index.html

Photo essay: Japanese-American internment []

FDR Executive Order #9066 Photographer Ansel Adams


 * Japanese initial victories**:

Philippines, Malaya, Thailand, Hong Kong.

Remember: the war between China and Japan going on simultaneously.


 * 1942**

US raiders dropped bombs on Tokyo
 * Doolittle raid on Tokyo** (4/18)

Animated Map []

Great video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zxa7MOqwj-g&feature=youtu.be


 * Battle of Midway**


 * U.S. wins**. **Turning point in Pacific war**

7 Jun 1942 Japanese beaten in Battle of Midway (BBC On This Day) []

Video: The Battle of Midway http://youtu.be/N-au50GxIXw


 * 1943**


 * Stalingrad**


 * Turning point of the war in Europe.**

2 Feb 1943 Germans surrender at Stalingrad (BBC On This Day) []

Soviets can now go on the offensive.


 * Tehran Conference (1943)**

Video: World leaders meet in Iran (1943) https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=JIC6Qo78P4A

Big Three leaders: Roosevelt, Stalin, and Churchill

Dispute between Britain & U.S: when/where Europe invaded.

Soviets demanded a second front.

Soviets bore brunt of land war until mid–1944.

Decision was finally made on a cross-channel invasion against Europe mainland

Eisenhower was named to be Supreme Commander of Allied Forces

The Tehran Conference, 1943 https://history.state.gov/milestones/1937-1945/tehran-conf

1 Dec 1943 Allies united after Tehran conference (BBC On This Day) []


 * 1944**


 * D-Day==Normandy invasion==Operation Overlord==6 June 1944**

Biggest invasion armada in world history (5,000 ships, 150,000 men).

Video: D-Day 6 June 1944 http://youtu.be/4cGuB-OWR0g


 * Battle of the Bulge (December 1944) in Belgium**

Map showing the "bulge" ( https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/564x/c0/a1/a6/c0a1a6a19bbd0648a99184bfa388988b.jpg

German aim was to split the British and American armies, and then capture the vital Allied supply port of Antwerp

17 Dec 1944 Germany attacks in Ardennes (BBC On This Day) []

Video: Battle of the Bulge http://youtu.be/8a8fqGpHgsk


 * Malmedy**: Germans massacred US prisoners

Video: Malmedy Massacre during Battle of the Bulge) http://youtu.be/EBHCIEhommQ http://youtu.be/rH-fSPajAEc


 * 1945**

Located in the Crimea
 * Yalta Conference** (February)

Video: The Big Three at Yalta (1945) Big Three: Roosevelt, Stalin, and Churchill https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=_U1PDRIXp20

Soviets would control most of Eastern Europe. Germany would be divided. Soviets would fight Japan three months after German surrender

The Yalta Conference, 1945 https://history.state.gov/milestones/1937-1945/yalta-conf

Yalta Conference (BBC On This Day) []


 * Iwo Jima** (February-March)

Video: The story behind the Iwo Jima flag-raising photo https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=DVJVPj-yx-k

Video: Ballad of Ira Hayes (Johnny Cash) http://youtu.be/DjTHxf8l7Qc

23 Feb 1945: US flag raised over Iwo Jima (BBC On This Day) [| http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/23/newsid_3564000/3564547.stm]


 * Okinawa** (April)

Attacks by 3,000 kamikaze planes on U.S. fleet. []

Kamikaze means "divine wind"

Footage of Kamikaze Attack on US Ships http://youtu.be/ypLuXx6SKgU


 * Victory in Europe**

FDR died (12 April 1945)

Hitler killed himself (30 April 1945)

Germany surrendered (7 May)


 * Victory against Japan**

Factors involved in the decision to drop the atomic bombs on Japan:

1. Fear that the Soviet Union would soon enter the war against Japan 2. Concern that a land war in Japan would result in massive American casualties

Chronology:

1. First atomic bomb: Hiroshima (6 August 1945)

Dropped from an American B-29 known as th Enola Gay.

6 Aug 1945: US drops atomic bomb on Hiroshima (BBC On This Day) []

2. Soviets entered war in Pacific with 1.5 million troops (8 August 1945)

3. Second atomic bomb: Nagasaki (9 August 1945)

9 August 1945 U.S. drops atomic bomb on Nagasaki (BBC On This Day) []

4. Japanese surrendered (2 September 1945)

Emperor allowed to keep his throne Allied Supreme Commander Douglas MacArthur would rule Japan.

Japanese Surrender Signing On USS Missouri (1945) http://youtu.be/vYB2cZIv2Fw


 * American and the Holocaust**

SS St. Louis: The ship of Jewish refugees that nobody wanted []

What did America know as the Holocaust unfolded. Quite a lot, as it turns out. []


 * Death Toll of World War II**

World–wide: 55 million United States: 405,000 Soviet Union: 21 million (one–ninth of Soviet population).


 * Postwar position of the U.S.**

We suffered little damage to our own land. We emerged as the world leader