TODAY+HIST+382


 * GILDED AGE**

Gilded Age https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilded_Age

New Spirits: Americans in the Gilded Age http://www.rebeccaedwards.org/newspirits.html

Timeline: Gilded Age []

Gilded Age toolbox NHC http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/gilded/index.htm

H-SHGAPE | H-Net []


 * VIDEOS**

Video: H. W. Brands, "How the Rich Got Rich: The Gilded Age in America," [Use this as the assignment for Thursday, 11 January] []

Video: Illinois in the Gilded Age, 1866-1896: Religion and Culture This is good on Dwight Moody, Social Gospel, 1893 Exposition []

Videos: Unit 2: Gilded Age and Progressive Era List all of them with URL http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLDyAuMyhVKYfxYE05KMPcmzXngLsZtiAU

Gilded Age: Objective 2

2.1 American innovation https://youtu.be/COdwYw39MAI

2.2 The age of big business https://youtu.be/7RmmdZuSOmI

2.3 Workers and labor unions https://youtu.be/l_tE26TUNgc

2.4 The era of immigration https://youtu.be/dlOG6VMLKfM

2.5 Political machines https://youtu.be/QJiJUlIKO-Y

2.6 Urbanization https://youtu.be/LxnlA-yAB7o

2.7 Mass culture in the Gilded Age https://youtu.be/8hIwrklcRhM

Music from the Gilded Age http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLzxddX3RlZftGjx_dGmunxpMt-1hMxYk6

Video: Music during the Gilded Age []

Music from 1866-1899 []

Protest songs https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protest_songs_in_the_United_States


 * Political Machines/Political Bosses**

Urban growth strained city government.

Video: Growth, Cities, and Immigration: Crash Course US History #25 []

Political machines and their bosses filled in the cracks for immigrants Solving problems of everyday life: Son arrested Husband needed a job Family needed coal for furnace Traded such favors for votes

Political bosses made money on: Public contracts (trash collection, for example) Utility or streetcar franchises Distribution of city jobs

The New City []

Boss Tweed (William M. Tweed) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_M._Tweed

13 honest facts about Boss Tweed http://mentalfloss.com/article/72252/13-honest-facts-about-boss-tweed

Tammany Hall https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tammany_Hall

Video: Boss Tweed (Justin Bieber's "Baby" Parody) (Mr. Betts) http://youtu.be/BKRkEKi0Qw0

Thomas Nast brought down Boss Tweed https://www.thoughtco.com/thomas-nast-1773654

Thomas Nast Political Cartoons (Harper's Weekly) []

Thomas Nast's crusade against Boss Tweed: exploring the power of the editorial cartoon https://m.youtube.com/watch?feature=youtu.be&v=Xz6I-Nk3Tas

The Sage of Tammany Hall (New York Times) http://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/28/nyregion/thecity/28plun.html?pagewanted=all

George Washington Plunkitt of Tammany Hall (National Humanities Center) http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/gilded/power/text7/plunkitt.pdf

George Washington Plunkett https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Plunkitt

I seen my opportunities and I took them http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5030/

Boss Tweed Escapes from Prison (On This Day, Finding Dulcinea) http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/December/Boss-Tweed-Escapes-From-Prison.html

The Boss and the Reformer (NHC) []

Images of Big City Politics (NHC) []


 * Social workers: Settlement Houses**

Jane Addams obituary http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0906.html

Key name: Jane Addams

Hull House in Chicago (1889).

Located in center–city, immigrant neighborhoods. Staffers: young; middle–class; college–educated; white women.

Emphasis placed on:. English language classes Courses in cooking, sewing, and household skills Infant welfare clinics Bathhouses

Video: Jane Addams []

Jane Addams | National Women's History Museum []

Jane Addams & The Hull House []

Hull House Urban Experience In Chicago: Historical Narrative Contents []


 * IMMIGRATION**

Roman Catholics and Immigration in Nineteenth-Century America (National Humanities Center) []

Video Ellis Island https://youtu.be/8X4CypTaOQs

Antwerp to Ellis Island: Journey of a Lifetime []

Lewis W. Hine, photographs of immigrants, Ellis Island []

Immigration http://projects.vassar.edu/1896/immigration.html

Interactive Map Showing Immigration Data Since 1880 []

Free Technology for Teachers: Interactive Immigration Map []

H-Migration | H-Net []

Immigrant and Ethnic America at HarpWeek.com []

Syllabus HIST 270: Immigration and ethnicity in American history, 1815 to the present []

Family Stories as Secret Text for Immigrants []

Many Immigrants No Longer Change Their Names to Fit In Fewer Immigrants to U.S. Change Their Surnames []

Ellis Island Interactive Tour []

The Best Sites For Learning About Immigration In The United States | Larry Ferlazzo’s Websites of the Day… []

Leaving Home for the "Promised Land", 1894 []

Exploring U.S. History | alien menace []

Tenement Museum | Urban Log Cabin []

Lewis Hine: photos of immigrants (NHC) []

Jacob Riis, How the Other Half Lives (NHC) []

Two Wives (NHC) []

Americanization Movement []


 * Learning Objectives**:

What were the similarities and differences between the immigrants of the period 1880-1920 and previous immigrants?

How did immigrants adjust to and reshape their adopted homeland?

What push (why they left their native country)/pull (why they came to America) factors might have influenced the migration of different immigrant groups: German, Italian, Polish, Jewish, etc.

What influence did the immigrant cultures have on America? What influence did America have on them?

Angel Island http://www.kqed.org/w/pacificlink/history/angelisland/


 * IMMIGRATION: CHINESE IN CALIFORNIA**

Chinese Immigration and the Chinese Exclusion Acts https://history.state.gov/milestones/1866-1898/chinese-immigration

Chinese Exclusion Act (Harvard University) http://ocp.hul.harvard.edu/immigration/exclusion.html

Biography of a Chinaman (NHC) []

Chinese Resist West Coast Discrimination (NHC lesson plan) []

Immigration Act of 1924 (Historian of the State Department) https://history.state.gov/milestones/1921-1936/immigration-act

1. Chinese Immigration to the United States (Library of Congress American Memory Timeline) http://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationsandactivities/presentations/timeline/riseind/chinimms/

Each of the documents are contained on the above page

Mark Twain's Observations About Chinese Immigrants in California http://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationsandactivities/presentations/timeline/riseind/chinimms/twain.html

A Memorial from Representative Chinamen in America to President U.S. Grant http://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationsandactivities/presentations/timeline/riseind/chinimms/briggs.html

Mary Cone Describes the Chinaman in California http://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationsandactivities/presentations/timeline/riseind/chinimms/mcone.html

David Phillips Discusses the "Chinese Question" http://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationsandactivities/presentations/timeline/riseind/chinimms/phillips.html

Hinton Rowan Helper on Chinese Immigration http://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationsandactivities/presentations/timeline/riseind/chinimms/helper.html

"Enactments So Utterly Un-American" http://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationsandactivities/presentations/timeline/riseind/chinimms/cummings.html

Edward Holton's Observations About Denis Kearney, a Leading Advocate of Chinese Exclusion http://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationsandactivities/presentations/timeline/riseind/chinimms/holton.html

Denis Kearney https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Kearney

William C. Pond's Ministry Among Chinese Immigrants in San Francisco http://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationsandactivities/presentations/timeline/riseind/chinimms/pond.html

2. A Chinese Immigrant Makes his Home in Turn-of-the-Century America http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/41/

A Chinese Immigrant Makes his Home in Turn-of-the-Century America []

Don’t think Trump will ever pass a Muslim Exclusion Act? Just ask Sen. James G. Blaine. https://www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2015/12/08/the-gop-front-runner-wants-to-ban-a-whole-group-of-people-this-isnt-the-first-time-thats-happened/

Donald Trump meet Wong Kim Ark, the Chinese American cook who is the father of ‘birthright citizenship’ https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2015/08/31/donald-trump-meet-wong-kim-ark-the-chinese-american-cook-who-is-the-father-of-birthright-citizenship/

Chinese Immigration http://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationsandactivities/presentations/immigration/chinese.html

Angel Island: Chinese immigration http://www.kqed.org/w/pacificlink/history/angelisland/china.html

The Chinese Laundryman: A Study in Social Isolation http://www.amazon.com/The-Chinese-Laundryman-Isolation-Chinatown/dp/0814778747

Confucius [Kong-foo-tsze] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius

Affidavit and Flyers from the Chinese Boycott Case | National Archives []

An "Un-American Bill": A Congressman Denounces Immigration Quotas []

"We Are Not the Degraded Race You Would Make Us": Norman Asing Challenges Chinese Immigration Restrictions []

Locke and Walnut Grove: Havens for Early Asian Immigrants in California []

"We Chinese Are Viewed Like Thieves and Enemies": Pun Chi Appeals to Congress to Protect the Rights of Chinese, ca. 1860 []


 * JAPANESE IMMIGRATION**

A | More | Perfect | Union Japanese immigration []

Japanese immigration http://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationsandactivities/presentations/immigration/japanese.html

"The Senate's Declaration of War": Japan Responds to Japanese Exclusion []

Angel Island: Japanese immigration http://www.kqed.org/w/pacificlink/history/angelisland/japan.html

German Immigration to the United States []

Read these subtopic links at the bottom of the page: Introduction | The Call of Tolerance | Building a New Nation | A New Surge of Growth | Filling the Nation's Breadbasket | Urban Germans | Building Institutions, Shaping Tastes | Shadows of War

"A German Beer Garden on Sunday Evening." []

Whatever happened to German America? [we will go over this in class] http://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/23/opinion/whatever-happened-to-german-america.html?_r=0

Italian Immigration to the United States []

Click through the subtopic links at the bottom of the page:

Introduction | Early Arrivals | The Great Arrival | L’Isola dell Lagrime | A City of Villages | Tenements and Toil | Working Across the Country | Under Attack | A Century in the Spotlight

Irish Immigration to the United States []

Read these subtopic links at the bottom of the page: Colonial Immigration | Irish-Catholic Immigration to America | Adaptation and Assimilation | Joining the Workforce | Religious Conflict and Discrimination | Racial Tensions | Irish Identity, Influence and Opportunity


 * Push factors**:

Wars Unemployment Food shortages Anti–Semitism (Poland and Russia). German Jews versus Polish/Russian Jews


 * Pull factors**:

America as a land of opportunity Patterns of settlement and adaptation. Role of chain migration. Role of return migration.


 * The "new" immigration.**

Change in origin: Scotch-Irish and German earlier Irish during famine time (1848)

Irish and German Immigration [from our online textbook] http://www.ushistory.org/us/25f.asp This connects to the Nativism articles we read for today

The new immigrants (1880-1920) Catholic and Jewish http://www.ushistory.org/us/38c.asp

U.S. has always had immigration: Asylum of liberty.

Source of immigration changed. Prior immigrants: northern and western Europe and the British Isles. New immigrants: eastern and southern Europe.


 * Characteristics of newer immigrants (1890-1900)**

Generally poor Often illiterate Jewish or Catholic Catholicism became largest American religion Had very different customs. Most settled in eastern cities Few settled in South.

Great material from Mapping History website: Immigration and Population Introduction http://mappinghistory.uoregon.edu/english/US/US27-00.html Population Maps http://mappinghistory.uoregon.edu/english/US/US27-01.html Foreign-Born Population http://mappinghistory.uoregon.edu/english/US/US27-02.html Graph of Immigration http://mappinghistory.uoregon.edu/english/US/US27-03.html Summary http://mappinghistory.uoregon.edu/english/US/US27-04.html


 * Immigrant cultures**

Role of ethnic enclaves: preserve culture

Ethnic associations Newspapers Schools (tied to religion: parochial and rabbinical) Churches Restaurants Stores

How to strike a balance between **assimilation and ethnic identity** Melting pot or salad bowl as appropriate metaphor?


 * Generational divide**

First generation: not speak English Second generation: not speak native tongue Third generation: aware of heritage


 * Nativism response**

Distrust of foreigners by "natives" a consistent theme in U.S. history.

New immigrants were particularly seen as utterly alien Threaten "American" values based on their language, religion, and culture.

Immigrant Exclusion (NHC) []

1896: McKinley and the American Protective Association []

Protestant Paranoia: The American Protective Association Oath []

Donald Trump Isn’t The First Know Nothing to Capture American Hearts | The New Republic []

Know Nothings [They came earlier!! []

Immigration and the Rise & Fall of the Know-Nothing Party | RealClearPolitics []


 * GROWTH OF BIG BUSINESS**

Industrial Supremacy []

U.S. had extensive natural resources


 * Coal, iron, timber, petroleum, and waterpower.

U.S. had abundant labor


 * Ex–farm families
 * Immigrants.

U.S. became the largest free trade market in the world.


 * Role of the railroad in knitting the country together.
 * A nationwide transportation network.

Investors liked the profit outlook.

Government at all levels helped business:


 * Money
 * Land
 * Stability
 * Upheld private property
 * Laissez–faire approach.

Accelerated technological innovation: new inventions


 * U.S. had capable business leadership**


 * Called captains of industry by their admirers
 * Called robber barons by their critic


 * ROBBER BARONS or CAPTAINS OF INDUSTRY**

Video: Robber Barons Sing Pharrell's "Happy" - @MrBettsClass https://youtu.be/kc-zU9WHVO0

Robber Barons https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robber_baron_(industrialist)

Video: Robber barons and the industrial age https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=st3_8LEQvck


 * SOCIAL DARWINISM**

Social Darwinism https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Darwinism

Social Darwinism in the Gilded Age (Khan Academy)

Social Darwinism versus Social Gospel (NHC) []

The Social Gospel and the Progressive Era []


 * WILLIAM GRAHAM SUMNER**

William Graham Sumner https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Graham_Sumner


 * THOSE WHO BUILT AMERICA**

The Men who built America https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Men_Who_Built_America

YouTube Playlist http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLB7KQfNocgIjjiVB27lyZ2EGfW8Erg5zi


 * HORATIO ALGER**

Rags to Riches stories

Horatio Alger https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio_Alger

Horatio Alger (NHC) []

Horatio Alger http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/gilded/people/text3/alger.pdf

Horatio Alger https://web.stanford.edu/dept/SUL/library/prod/depts/dp/pennies/1860_alger.html

Video: Horatio Alger http://youtu.be/1WvGG2K_km4


 * JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER=oil**

John D. Rockefeller https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_D._Rockefeller

Video: John D. Rockefeller bio http://youtu.be/O2BKPeHNkxU

Video: Business Legends: Rockefeller https://youtu.be/SQzA7OWddWs

John D. Rockefeller obituary (New York Times) http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0708.html

John D. Rockefeller (Finding Dulcinea) http://www.findingdulcinea.com/features/profiles/r/john-d-rockefeller.html

First Oil Well in U.S. Strikes Oil (On This Day, Finding Dulcinea) http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/July-August-08/On-this-Day--First-Oil-Well-in-U-S--Strikes-Oil.html

Standard Oil Ordered to Dissolve (On This Day, Finding Dulcinea) http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/May-June-08/On-this-Day--Standard-Oil-Ordered-to-Dissolve.html


 * ANDREW CARNEGIE=steel**

Andrew Carnegie https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Carnegie https://www.biography.com/people/andrew-carnegie-9238756

Andrew Carnegie (NHC) []

Video: Business Legends: Andrew Carnegie https://youtu.be/_agjHJTmY7s

Video: America: The Story of Us http://www.history.com/shows/america-the-story-of-us/videos/andrew-carnegie

Carnegie Libraries in California https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Carnegie_libraries_in_California

Andrew Carnegie, The Autobiography of Andrew Carnegie http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/gilded/progress/text7/carnegie.pdf

Andrew Carnegie obituary (New York Times) http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/1125.html

The Gospel According to Andrew: Carnegie’s Hymn to Wealth (History Matters) http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5767

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._P._Morgan
 * J.P. MORGAN=investment banking**

Video: JP Morgan https://youtu.be/b_-TuGiY2Bs https://youtu.be/CGDvFBJ2aKU http://youtu.be/LgtCXD141sE

Back Stairs at Brucemore: Life as Servants in early 20th-Century America (Teaching with Historic Places) http://www.nps.gov/nr/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/105brucemore/105brucemore.htm


 * HENRY FORD=Mass production of the automobile.**

Henry Ford obituary (New York Times) http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0730.html

Henry Ford [This is good] []

Henry Ford (Today in History, Library of Congress) http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/jul30.html

Assembly–line methods (1913) Model T cars cheap and readily available.

The First Model-T Ford Is Produced (On This Day, Finding Dulcinea) http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/September-October-08/On-this-Day--The-First-Model-T-Ford-Is-Produced.html

Horseless Carriages and Ford's Model T (Chronicling America, Library of Congress) http://www.loc.gov/rr/news/topics/horseless.html

Henry Ford https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ford http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/theymadeamerica/whomade/ford_hi.html

Video: The men who build America: the rise of Henry Ford http://www.history.com/shows/men-who-built-america/videos/the-rise-of-henry-ford

Video: Business Legends: Henry Ford https://youtu.be/vUXol6aUr1M

Driving a Ford Model T []

Why the Model T Matters - @MrBettsClass https://youtu.be/O8AvHAZzC90


 * CORNELIUS VANDERBILT=railroads**

Cornelius Vanderbilt https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelius_Vanderbilt

Video: The Men who built America: the rise of Cornelius Vanderbilt https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H9Gq-eKO6SQ

Video: Transcontinental Railroad []

Video: Business Legends: Cornelius Vanderbilt https://youtu.be/xYd-yRABI-M

Vanderbilt Mansion National Historic Site: Monument to the Gilded Age []


 * THOMAS EDISON=(DC—direct current)**

Thomas Edison obituary (New York Times) http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0211.html

Electrical industry.

Importance of electricity to American industrial growth Changes in American life style.

Thomas Edison (Library of Congress) http://www.americaslibrary.gov/aa/edison/aa_edison_subj.html

Thomas Edison Develops Incandescent Light-Bulb (On This Day, Finding Dulcinea) http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/Oct/Thomas-Edison-Develops-Incandescent-Light-Bulb.html

Thomas Edison Announces Invention of Phonograph (On This Day, Finding Dulcinea) http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/science/On-This-Day--Thomas-Edison-Announces-Invention-of-Phonograph.html

Thomas Edison https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison

Thomas Edison (National Historic Park) https://www.nps.gov/edis/learn/historyculture/edison-biography.htm

Video: Business Legends: Thomas Edison https://youtu.be/pMqJB4Mbaqw

Video: Thomas Edison (Bio.com) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HQ2RJC1a8T0


 * FREDERICK WINSLOW TAYLOR=Father of scientific management**

Frederick W.Taylor https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Winslow_Taylor

Frederick Winslow Taylor (NHC) []

Progressivism in the Factory (NHC lesson plan) []

Frederick Taylor Viewpoint: Are Amazon's feedback tactics unusual? []

Who Made America: Frederick W. Taylor http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/theymadeamerica/whomade/taylor_hi.html

Frederick Taylor (NY Times obituary) http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0320.html

Guru: Frederick W. Taylor (Economist) http://www.economist.com/node/13051591

Frederick Winslow Taylor Viewpoint: Are Amazon's feedback tactics unusual? []

Emphasis on efficient production using Scientific management methods Time studies.


 * SOCIAL GOSPEL**

Social Gospel http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/tserve/twenty/tkeyinfo/socgospel.htm

Social Gospel https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Gospel

Walter Rauschenbusch https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Rauschenbusch http://www.christianitytoday.com/history/people/activists/walter-rauschenbusch.html http://www.pbs.org/godinamerica/people/walter-rauschenbusch.html

Walter Rauschenbusch http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/gilded/power/text9/rauschenbusch.pdf

Video: Walter Rauschenbusch ?????

Links: Foreign Missionary movement http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/tserve/nineteen/nlinksfmmovement.htm

Billy Sunday http://www2.wheaton.edu/bgc/archives/sunday/sunday01.html

Hitting the Sawdust Trail with Billy Sunday []

Billy Sunday https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Sunday http://www.christianitytoday.com/history/people/evangelistsandapologists/billy-sunday.html

Dwight Moody http://www.washingtonubf.org/Resources/Leaders/DwightMoody.html

Dwight Moody https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_L._Moody http://www.christianitytoday.com/history/people/evangelistsandapologists/dwight-l-moody.html


 * LABOR**

Capital and Labor https://www.learner.org/series/biographyofamerica/prog17/index.html

Let's check out these recent articles about Apple.

What comparisons to America during the Gilded Age.

Apple Accused of Ignoring 'Human Cost' of Manufacturing (PC World) []

Apple’s iPad and the Human Costs for Workers in China (New York Times) []

"8-Hour Work Day" (Today in History, Library of Congress) This article sets the stage for our discussion of the labor movement. http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/aug20.html


 * Changing status of labor**
 * Industrialization changed the nature of work
 * Power of employers increased
 * Worker independence and self-respect declined
 * Industrial workers were employees rather than crafts persons
 * Robot-like tasks made them feel like machines.
 * Emphasis on quantity over quality dehumanized the workplace
 * Workers resisted these trends
 * Worker resistance only led employers to tighten restrictions

Iron law of wages
 * Employees paid according to conditions of supply and demand.
 * Employers would set wages as low as possible

At a level where some persons would accept the work

Rise of Industrial America, 1876-1900 (Library of Congress: American Memory Timeline) http://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationsandactivities/presentations/timeline/riseind/

Work in the Late 19th Century http://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationsandactivities/presentations/timeline/riseind/work/ http://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationsandactivities/presentations/timeline/riseind/city/

Companies hired women and children to further cut costs
 * Prevailing free–market views stifled protective legislation for workers
 * Employers denied responsibility for employees' well–being.
 * Repetitive work decreased concentration and caused industrial accidents.

Child Labor (Ohio History online) http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=1569&nm=Child-Labor

Child Labor in America, 1908-1912 (History Place) http://www.historyplace.com/unitedstates/childlabor/index.html

Child Labor in the Industrial Revolution (Sound Smart) https://youtu.be/ejc8oDOcN_o

Protest songs https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protest_songs_in_the_United_States

No workers' comp at the time. If you got hurt, tough luck.
 * Is beating down the worker a prerequisite for industrialization? Should we care how Thailand runs its factories today?
 * Courts reinforced iron law of wages

Denied workers the right to bargain collectively Wages a private negotiation b/n employee & employer.

Important Supreme Court cases on the issue of management/labor

(1) Holden v. Hardy (1896)—ok to limit hours of miners, a dangerous job

(2) Lochner v. New York (1905)—cannot limit bakers' hours, not a dangerous job

(3) Muller v. Oregon (1908)—10-hour limit ok for women; protect their fragility.


 * THE UNION MOVEMENT**

Turning Our Backs on Unions (New York Times) []

Out of frustration, some workers began to participate in unions Unionization efforts took various directions.

Introducing New Recruits to "Labor's Catechism" []

"The Brotherhood of Man": A Unionist Uses the Bible []

Was Christ a union man? []

A Christ-like Character: A Catholic Priest Champions Henry George []

National Labor Union https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Union

Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) Big Bill Haywood and Eugene Debs https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Workers_of_the_World


 * A. Knights of Labor**

Terence V. Powderly (Ohio History online) http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=307

Terence V. Powderly Distances the Knights of Labor from the Haymarket Martyrs http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/96/

Terence Powderly https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terence_V._Powderly

Knights of Labor https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_of_Labor

Knights of Labor was broadly based: Accepted all workers

Knights of Labor (Ohio History online) http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=910&nm=Knights-of-Labor

Skilled Unskilled Women African–Americans
 * Opposed the idea of strikes.
 * Envisioned a cooperative society

Laborers would own the companies


 * 2. American Federation of Labor (AFL)**

Key name: Samuel Gompers

Samuel Gompers https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Gompers

Samuel Gompers (AFL-CIO) http://www.aflcio.org/About/Our-History/Key-People-in-Labor-History/Samuel-Gompers-1850-1924

Samuel Gompers (Ohio History online) http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=158&nm=Samuel-Gompers

American Federation of Labor was a craft (skill) union.

American Federation of Labor (Ohio History online) http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=835&nm=American-Federation-of-Labor

Did not accept unskilled workers Pressed for concrete goals:

Higher wages Shorter hours Right to collective bargaining.

Willing to work within the capitalist system.


 * PANIC OF 1873**

Panic of 1873 https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_of_1873

Video: Illinois in the Gilded Age, Panic of 1873 []

Panic of 1873 (On This Day, New York Times) http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/harp/1011.html

Panic of 1873 (Teaching History.org) http://teachinghistory.org/history-content/beyond-the-textbook/24579

New York and the Panic of 1873 (New York Times) http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/10/14/learning-lessons-from-the-panic-of-1873/?hp


 * RAILROAD STRIKE OF 1877**

Role of railroads in America Develop more data for this topic

Transcontinental Railroad (1869) https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Transcontinental_Railroad

When Railroads Designed Their Own Version of Time Zones []

Great Railroad Strike of 1877 https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Railroad_Strike_of_1877

Railroad Strike of 1877 []

Great Upheaval http://www.ushistory.org/us/37a.asp


 * HAYMARKET RIOT (1886)**

Riot protested police brutality against labor demonstrators. Police killed by a bomb thrown by supposed anarchists (want no govt) Revived middle–class fears of unions.

Haymarket Riot (Sound Smart) https://youtu.be/ZT_ZWCB_1cM

Haymarket Riot https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haymarket_affair

Anarchy Archives http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/index.html

John Peter Altgeld https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Peter_Altgeld

An Anarchist by Any Other Name: Albert Parsons and Anarchist Socialism http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5009

The Dramas of Haymarket (Chicago Historical Society) http://www.chicagohistory.org/dramas/overview/over.htm

Chicago Anarchists on Trial: Evidence from the Haymarket Affair, 1886-1887 (Library of Congress) http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/award98/ichihtml/hayhome.html

Anarchists (Chronicling America) http://www.loc.gov/rr/news/topics/anarchy.html

Today in History: December 30 Altgeld, Anarchists []

Haymarket Affair (Chronicling America) http://www.loc.gov/rr/news/topics/haymarket.html

Haymarket (Famous Trials) http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/haymarket/haymarket.html

Haymarket Affair (1886) [Note to myself: Causes and Effects of Emigration from Germany (1870s-1880s)] http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/sub_document.cfm?document_id=1739


 * HOMESTEAD STRIKE (1892)**

Steelworkers strike against Carnegie Steel Company. Henry Frick hired Pinkerton guards to protect the plant. Workers battled the guards. National guard called out.

1. Background articles

The Homestead and Pullman Strikes http://projects.vassar.edu/1896/strikes.html

Homestead Strike (AFL-CIO) http://www.aflcio.org/aboutus/history/history/homestead_strike.cfm

Homestead Strike https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homestead_strike

Henry Clay Frick https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Clay_Frick

"I Will Kill Frick": Emma Goldman Recounts the Attempt to Assassinate the Chairman of the Carnegie Steel Company During the: Homestead Strike in 1892 []

"An Awful Battle at Homestead, Pa." []

The Musical Saga of Homestead []


 * PANIC OF 1893**

Panic of 1893 https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_of_1893

Panic of 1893 http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Panic_of_1893

Economic Depression of 1893 http://projects.vassar.edu/1896/depression.html


 * Columbian Exposition** in Chicago [1893]

Columbian Exposition (1893) https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%27s_Columbian_Exposition

World's Columbian Exposition (1893): Idea, Experience, Aftermath [as in pre-Columbian; Columbus 1492] []


 * Coxey's Army** march on Washington (1894)

Coxey's Army (1894) https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coxey%27s_Army


 * PULLMAN STRIKE (1894)**

The Homestead and Pullman Strikes http://projects.vassar.edu/1896/strikes.html

Pullman Strike (Chicago Historical Society) http://www.chicagohs.org/history/pullman.html

George Pullman (Finding Dulcinea) http://www.findingdulcinea.com/features/profiles/p/george-pullman.html

George Pullman https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Pullman

George Pullman []

Pullman Strike https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pullman_Strike

Pullman Strike (NHC) []

Father Knows Best: Strikers Denounce Pullman []

Pullman Porters (Chronicling America LOC) http://www.loc.gov/rr/news/topics/pullman.html

Eugene V. Debs https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs

Bernie Sanders has a Eugene Debs problem https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/powerpost/wp/2016/01/22/the-daily-202-bernie-sanders- has-a-eugene-v-debs-problem/?utm_term=.e567acbafedb

Eugene Debs and Pullman Strike (Finding Dulcinea) http://www.findingdulcinea.com/features/profiles/d/eugene-debs.html

Origins of Labor Day and Pullman Strike http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/business/july-dec01/labor_day_9-2.html

Broken Spirits: Letters on the Pullman Strike http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5363/


 * Against exploitative policies of Pullman Palace Car Company.
 * Government intervened on the side of management

To ensure mail deliveries (supposedly) President Cleveland sent troops to put down the strike.

Eugene Debs and Pullman Strike http://www.aflcio.org/aboutus/history/history/debs.cfm


 * GILDED AGE POLITICS**

Political Songs (2 screens) http://www.parlorsongs.com/issues/2002-11/thismonth/feature.php http://www.parlorsongs.com/issues/2002-11/thismonth/featureb.php

Party Politics
 * Politics was the most popular form of local recreation,

More popular than baseball, vaudeville, or circuses.
 * Political torchlight parades, picnics, and speeches were exciting.
 * Close political party balance.
 * [Commentators compared the 2000 election results to that during the Gilded Age.
 * Neither political party gained clear control for any sizable time.
 * Presidential elections were close
 * Swing states (New York, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois) made the difference.
 * Political party choice dependent on religion and ethnicity.


 * Republican party**


 * Party of evangelical Protestants.
 * Believed government could be an agent of moral reform
 * World must be purged of evil
 * Legislation necessary to protect people from sin.
 * Opposed parochial schools.
 * Supported prohibition of liquor.

Republicans and the Bible http://projects.vassar.edu/1896/goldbible.html


 * Democratic party**

Party of immigrant Catholics and Jews. Opposed interference by government in

Matters of personal liberty Use of leisure time Celebration of Sunday. > Supported parochial schools > Opposed prohibition of liquor


 * ELECTION OF 1896**

Election of 1896 https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1896

Major realigning election in U.S. history Winner: William McKinley—a Republican

McKinley conducted a traditional "front porch" campaign McKinley supported the gold standard. Republican platform emphasized
 * Federal government support of the economy
 * The virtues of the urban–industrial society
 * Progress and prosperity: a full dinner pail
 * Loser: William Jennings Bryan—a Democrat

Bryan broke with tradition; traveled across the country Bryan supported free silver Bryan argued for an older America
 * Farms as important as factories,
 * Rural and religious life outweighed sinfulness of the city
 * Common people, not corporations, still ruled.
 * Election of 1896 realigned national politics.

Old split: North versus South

Election of 1896 The "Bloody Shirt" Vote as you shot Reconciliation after Civil War Lost Cause Connection to monuments discussion these days

New split:

East versus West City versus farm


 * VASSAR WEBSITE**


 * Election of 1896**

1896 Presidential Campaign (Vassar) http://projects.vassar.edu/1896/1896home.html My Website Spotlight blog post http://thelearningprofessor.blogspot.com/2012/06/website-spotlight-1896-vassar.html

To get some context, read the portion regarding the Election of 1896 from this biographical material about William McKinley. http://millercenter.org/president/mckinley/essays/biography/3

Try to understand the 1896 material on its own terms, but--to a brief extent--consider the current 2012 Presidential campaign dynamics as a comparison.

William McKinley http://projects.vassar.edu/1896/mckinley.html

Mark Hanna https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Hanna

The Republicans, Mark Hanna, and Labor http://projects.vassar.edu/1896/hanna.html

William Jennings Bryan http://projects.vassar.edu/1896/bryan.html

William Jennings Bryan (Today in History, Library of Congress) http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/mar19.html

1896 Election (New York Times, On This Day) http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0709.html

Election of 1896:

Political Parties in the 1896 Presidential election campaign: http://projects.vassar.edu/1896/parties.html

The Republican Party (main page) http://projects.vassar.edu/1896/republicans.html

The Democratic Party (main page) http://projects.vassar.edu/1896/democrats.html

The Populist Party (main page) http://projects.vassar.edu/1896/populists.html

Bryan and the Bible Bryan, Religion, and the Silver Question http://projects.vassar.edu/1896/bryanreligion.html

McKinley Supporters and the Bible http://projects.vassar.edu/1896/goldbible.html

Racial Prejudice http://projects.vassar.edu/1896/prejudice.html

Plessy versus Ferguson (Today in History, Library of Congress) http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/may18.html

Antisemitism http://projects.vassar.edu/1896/antisemitism.html

Women suffrage http://projects.vassar.edu/1896/suffrage.html

Women in the Campaign http://projects.vassar.edu/1896/women.html

Bicycles http://projects.vassar.edu/1896/bicycle.html

The Currency Issue http://projects.vassar.edu/1896/currency.html

Check out these sites; both gold and silver fluctuate in price: http://money.cnn.com/data/commodities/ http://www.monex.com/liveprices

Gold Standard

March 14, 1900 | U.S. Officially Adopts Gold Standard - NYTimes.com []

In Rise of Gold Bugs, History Repeats Itself - NYTimes.com []

Back to a Gold Standard? - Room for Debate - NYTimes.com []

FDR takes United States off gold standard — History.com This Day in History — 6/5/1933 []

Farmers and Laborers http://projects.vassar.edu/1896/labor.html

Uncle Sam [] Here is a more complete explanation of the origin of the term "Uncle Sam": http://xroads.virginia.edu/~cap/sam/sam.htm

Temperance http://projects.vassar.edu/1896/prohibition.html

Civil War and Slavery http://projects.vassar.edu/1896/civilwar.html

Lynchings and Jim Crow in the South Plessy versus Ferguson (1896)

Sectional Interests http://projects.vassar.edu/1896/sections.html

US Foreign Relations Spain and Cuba; Turkey and Armenia http://projects.vassar.edu/1896/foreignrelations.html

Hamidian Massacres https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamidian_massacres

Socialism http://projects.vassar.edu/1896/socialism.html

Can Bernie Sanders keep socialism alive? [read both pages] http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2015/09/bernie-sanders-socialism-eugene-v-debs-213093 http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2015/09/bernie-sanders-socialism-eugene-v-debs-213093?o=1

Political interpretation of the Wonderful Wizard of Oz https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_interpretations_of_The_Wonderful_Wizard_of_Oz

Tariffs http://projects.vassar.edu/1896/tariff.html

McKinley Tariff http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=1468


 * WILLIAM JENNINGS BRYAN**

Remember to use Google Images for persons, events, newspaper headlines

William McKinley (Miller Center) [Read both of these links] http://millercenter.org/president/biography/mckinley-life-before-the-presidency http://millercenter.org/president/biography/mckinley-campaigns-and-elections

1896 Election (New York Times, On This Day) http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0709.html

Bryan's Cross of Gold speech http://projects.vassar.edu/1896/crossofgold.html

Bryan’s “Cross of Gold” Speech http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5354/ http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/index.asp?document=163

William Jennings Bryan bio (LOC) []

William Jennings Bryan - A Cross of Gold []

William Jennings Bryan (Vassar) http://projects.vassar.edu/1896/bryan.html

From here through William Howard Taft is on the Election of 1896 wiki page. Maybe put it also on the Industrialization wiki page.


 * WILLIAM McKINLEY**

William Mckinley (Miller Center, University of Virginia) http://millercenter.org/president/mckinley

William McKinley documents on Imperialism [This is excellent] []

60-Second Presidents William McKinley https://youtu.be/FOK05f0afto

William McKinley obituary (New York Times) http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0129.html

William McKinley (Foreign Affairs issues) http://millercenter.org/president/mckinley/essays/biography/5

McKinley Administration (Chronicling America, Library of Congress) http://www.loc.gov/rr/news/topics/McKinley.html

McKinley Assassination http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/mckinley.htm http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/harp/0914.html

September 6, 1901| President McKinley Assassinated - NYTimes.com http://learning.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/09/06/september-6-1901-president-mckinley-assassinated/

On This Day: President McKinley Fatally Shot by Anarchist http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/September-October-08/On-this-Day--President-McKinley-Fatally-Shot-By-Anarchist.html

McKinley assassination (Today in History, Library of Congress) http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/sep06.html


 * THEODORE ROOSEVELT**

Theodore Roosevelt (Miller Center, University of Virginia) Life Before the Presidency http://millercenter.org/president/roosevelt/essays/biography/2 Domestic Affairs http://millercenter.org/president/roosevelt/essays/biography/4 Foreign Affairs http://millercenter.org/president/roosevelt/essays/biography/5

60-Second Presidents Theodore Roosevelt https://youtu.be/3y-8aHZr0Nk

Theodore Roosevelt (Today in History, Library of Congress) []

Theodore Roosevelt (Bruno Mars' "24K Magic" Parody) http://youtu.be/N4hV1OBeC4g

Presidential politics Theodore Roosevelt []


 * New Nationalism**

Motto of the Theodore Roosevelt presidency


 * TR believed government should direct national affairs
 * Government should coordinate and regulate big business
 * Government should not destroy big business.
 * Government should act as an umpire.
 * Roosevelt was a Republican, party of big business.

He was thus in an awkward position.

Theodore Roosevelt, "The New Nationalism," address, 1910 http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/gilded/power/text10/text10read.htm http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/index.asp?document=501 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Croly

Theodore Roosevelt: New Nationalism (NHC) []

Obama comparison to TR speech (Washington Post) http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/obama-invokes-teddy-roosevelt-in-speech-attacking-gop-policies/2011/12/06/gIQAEf3yaO_story.html


 * Regulation of trusts**

Trusts and monopolies http://projects.vassar.edu/1896/trusts.html

Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890) GET MORE FOR THIS TOPIC

Major issue in the Roosevelt presidency


 * Industrialization had led to a concentration of great power.
 * Large–scale business combinations were then called "trusts";

Today we would call them conglomerates or multinationals.
 * By 1904, for example, trusts controlled much of American business:

6 large financial groups dominated the railroad industry; Rockefeller's Standard Oil owned 85% of the oil business.
 * No one really clear on how to deal with trusts:

Let trusts alone since big business is an inevitable part of progress Distinguish between good and bad trusts Regulate good trusts (if so, who should be the regulators) Break up bad trusts into smaller companies. Theodore Roosevelt sought to regulate the abuses of the worst trusts—the railroads, oil companies, and the meatpacking monopolies. We still do not have a solution. We vary between regulation and deregulation


 * President William Howard Taft (1909-1913)**

Life Before the Presidency http://millercenter.org/president/taft/essays/biography/2 Campaigns and Elections http://millercenter.org/president/taft/essays/biography/3 Domestic Affairs http://millercenter.org/president/taft/essays/biography/4 Foreign Affairs http://millercenter.org/president/taft/essays/biography/5

60-Second Presidents William Howard Taft https://youtu.be/Ikwkgtdnpzw

Dollar Diplomacy https://history.state.gov/milestones/1899-1913/dollar-diplo


 * EYES ABROAD MODULE**


 * Learning Objectives**:

What is imperialism? Describe American foreign policy in the 1890s. Why did the U.S. intervene in Cuba and the Philippines? Did the U.S. have the right to issue the Open Door policy? Was the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine necessary? What were some of the leading arguments in favor of overseas expansion? Did the anti-imperialists' argument that the United States could maintain a strong foreign trade without subjugating foreign people offer a viable option?

Topic: Empire, The Gilded and the Gritty: America, 1870-1912 []

Video: American Imperialism: Crash Course US History #28 []

Video: Objective 3.1- Goals of American Imperialism []

Video: Objective 3.2-The Annexation of Hawaii & Alaska []

1887 “Bayonet” Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaii []

Video: Objective 3.3- The Spanish American War []

Video: Objective 3.4- The Expanding American Empire []

Video: Objective 3.5- Progressive Foreign Policy []


 * Worldwide scramble for empire**

1. 1890 census declared the frontier "closed."

2. College professor Frederick Jackson Turner: Frontier thesis (The West) [] []

Frederick Jackson Turner (NHC) [use this] http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/gilded/empire/text1/turner.pdf

3. Many looked to overseas expansion.

4. Great powers measured their greatness by the colonies they acquired a. Britain, Germany, and France divided up Africa b. Looked to do the same in Asia

5. America will eventually get in on the act.

Let's take a look at several maps.

World Colonial Empires, 1900 []

American Empire, 1900 []

6. Alfred Thayer Mahan President of the Naval War College

Alfred Thayer Mahan obituary (New York Times) http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0927.html . Mahan's The Influence of Sea Power upon History (Historian of the State Department) https://history.state.gov/milestones/1866-1898/mahan

In this important book, Mahan's argument ran as follows:

He argued that national greatness and prosperity depended on naval power. Mahan urged the Navy to shift from wood construction to steel Overproduction: More produced than domestic market could absorb. Overseas markets needed to dispose of surplus Overseas markets implied distant ports Reaching distant ports required large merchant marine Merchant marine needed protection of powerful navy Ships needed coaling stations and repair yards Coaling stations implied secure stops: colonies Canal across Panama needed to link East coast with Pacific Ocean


 * Alaska** (1867)

1. Secretary of State William H. Seward foresaw a large American empire. 2. U.S purchased Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million. [Sarah Palin can see Russia!] 3. Steward criticized: Seward's Folly, Seward's Ice-Box

See also:

Alaska Purchase (Historian of the State Department) https://history.state.gov/milestones/1866-1898/alaska-purchase

Seward's Folly (Today in History, Library of Congress) http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/mar30.html

Alaska Purchase (On This Day, Finding Dulcinea) http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/September-October-08/On-this-Day--The-United-States-Purchases-Alaska.html


 * Dreams of Empire**

The Question of an American Empire (EDSITEment) [|http://edsitement.neh.gov/lesson-plan/question-american-empire#sect-background]

Albert Beveridge, The March of the Flag (Internet History Sourcebook) http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1898beveridge.asp

U.S. Foreign Relations http://projects.vassar.edu/1896/foreignrelations.html Read the portions: "To Annex Hawaii" and "Turkey and Armenia"

Work through this great material from Mapping History website: Toward Empire: Overseas Expansion Introduction http://mappinghistory.uoregon.edu/english/US/US30-00.html The United States in the Pacific: Introduction http://mappinghistory.uoregon.edu/english/US/US30-02.html The United States in the Pacific: 1850-1911 http://mappinghistory.uoregon.edu/english/US/US30-03.html


 * Hawaii**

Hawaii: Footholds in the Pacific (Small Planet) http://www.smplanet.com/imperialism/hawaii.html

Annexation of Hawaii (Historian of the State Department) https://history.state.gov/milestones/1866-1898/hawaii

Jan. 17, 1893 | Hawaiian Monarchy Overthrown by America-Backed Businessmen (New York Times) []

Cook discovers Hawaii (History.com This Day in History | 1/18/1778) []

1. In 1820, the first American missionaries arrived. 2. Their offspring became powerful sugar planters in Hawaii. 3. By 1875, a treaty between the U.S. and Hawaii tightened the links between the two: a. Allowed Hawaiian sugar to enter the U.S. free of customs duties; b. Required Hawaiian monarchy to make no territorial or economic concessions to other countries. 4. In 1890 McKinley Tariff ended special status given to Hawaiian sugar. 5. By this time, Caucasian Americans owned three–quarters of the islands' wealth, though they represented a mere 2.1 percent of the population. 6. In 1891, a strongly nationalistic Queen Liliuokalani ascended to the throne and tried to restore greater power to Hawaiian natives. 7. In 1893, Americans overthrew Queen Liliuokalani, set up a provisional government, and asked to become an American state—so that their sugar would be classified as domestic and would avoid tariffs.

Queen Liliuokalani Deposed from Throne 1893 (New York Times) http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0117.html#article

8. Annexation took place in 1898 during the Spanish–American War.

See also:

The 1897 Petition Against the Annexation of Hawaii (National Archives) http://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/hawaii-petition/

Protesting the Annexation of Hawaii (National Archives) http://www.archives.gov/historical-docs/todays-doc/index.html?dod-date=1219 http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=54


 * Nelly Bly (1889)**

Nellie Bly (Today in History, Library of Congress) http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/jan25.html

Nellie Bly obituary (New York Times) http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0505.html

Nellie Bly (On This Day, Finding Dulcinea) http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/November/Nellie-Bly-Starts-Her-Around-the-World-Journey.html

Nellie Bly (New York Times Learning Network) http://learning.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/11/14/nov-14-1889-nellie-bly-begins-trip-around-the-world/

See also:

Globe Trotting (Today in History, Library of Congress) http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/jan25.html


 * Spanish-American War (1898)**

Main Video: Crucible of Empire: The Spanish American War http://youtu.be/8g8NpQsmxj4

Spanish-American War (Historian of the State Department) https://history.state.gov/milestones/1866-1898/spanish-american-war

Spanish-American war—essay by David Trask [use this for Emergence introductory reading] []

Cuba 1898 []

The World of 1898: Spanish-American War (Library of Congress) http://www.loc.gov/rr/hispanic/1898/index.html My Website Spotlight blog post http://thelearningprofessor.blogspot.com/2012/06/website-spotlight-world-of-1898-spanish.html

Hip Hughes History [|Brain Wrinkling the Spanish American War - YouTube]

Spanish-American War (Mr. Betts) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zjv-SS8FXNE&feature=youtu.be

William McKinley (Foreign Affairs issues) http://millercenter.org/president/mckinley/essays/biography/5

Crucible of Empire website []

Spanish-American War in United States Media Culture []

Go to Site Map to get Timeline entries http://www.pbs.org/crucible/frames/_timeline.html


 * Motives for war**:

[Underlying versus immediate] [How does this compare to today?]

U.S. had sizable economic interests in Cuba and a lobbying group of 100,000 Cubans who lived in the U.S.

1. Humanitarians. Believed Spain too cruel in fighting rebels.

2. Hawks (jingoes). Believed America should chastise Spain

3. "Yellow journalism." Circulation war: Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst. [] []

[]

Yellow Journalism http://www.smplanet.com/teaching/imperialism/#SAW1-1

Walk With Me #2: Yellow Journalism (Mr Betts Class) http://youtu.be/xDG0AQaojZo

Yellow Journalism: http://www.pbs.org/crucible/frames/_journalism.html

a. Read the material on this introductory page. [Same URL for the four sections] b. Read the biographies of William Randolph Hearst and Richard Harding Davis c. Click on Headline Gallery and read the items there. d. Click on Cartoon Gallery and view the items there.

Yellow Journalism (Historian of the State Department) https://history.state.gov/milestones/1866-1898/yellow-journalism

Remember Yellow Journalism [written in 1998 on 100th anniversary of the war] []

Bio: William Randolph Hearst http://www.pbs.org/crucible/bio_hearst.html

bio: Richard Harding Davis http://www.pbs.org/crucible/bio_davis.html

[**note to me**: use Yellow Journalism Headline Gallery and Cartoon Gallery in class next Tuesday Headline Gallery http://www.pbs.org/crucible/headlines.html Cartoon Gallery http://www.pbs.org/crucible/cartoons.html]

4. De Lome letter—Spanish Ambassador to U.S. criticized McKinley []

5. Sinking of the U.S. battleship Maine. http://www.smplanet.com/imperialism/remember.html

Blown up in Havana harbor. Probably an internal explosion. []

Better Late Than Never: Rickover Clears Spain of the Maine Explosion []

Battleship Maine (Today in History, Library of Congress) http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/feb15.html

"Shameful Treachery": Hearst's Journal Blames Spain []

Letter from the Captain of the //USS Maine// (National Archives) http://www.archives.gov/historical-docs/todays-doc/index.html?dod-date=215#2011

Sailors, Soldiers, and Marines in the Spanish-American War (National Archives magazine) http://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/1998/spring/spanish-american-war-1.html http://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/1998/spring/spanish-american-war-2.html


 * Timeline**

1. 1868-1878: Ten Years' War in Cuba http://www.pbs.org/crucible/tl1.html 2. 1895: Cuban War for Independence http://www.pbs.org/crucible/tl3.html 3. February, 1896: Reconcentration Policy http://www.pbs.org/crucible/tl4.html 4. March 4, 1897: President McKinley Inaugurated http://www.pbs.org/crucible/tl6.html 5. April 16, 1897: T. Roosevelt Appointed Assistant Secretary of the Navy http://www.pbs.org/crucible/tl7.html 6. December, 1897: McKinley Asks Congress for Aid to Cuba http://www.pbs.org/crucible/tl8.html 7. February 9, 1898: Dupuy de Lôme Letter Scandal http://www.pbs.org/crucible/tl9.html 8. February 16 1898: Battleship U.S.S. Maine Explodes http://www.pbs.org/crucible/tl10.html 9. March 17, 1898: Senator Proctor Exposes Spain's Brutality in Cuba http://www.pbs.org/crucible/tl11.html 10. April 25, 1898: Congress Declares War http://www.pbs.org/crucible/tl12.html 11. May 1, 1898: Commodore Dewey's Victory in the Philippines http://www.pbs.org/crucible/tl13.html 12. May 15, 1898: Theodore Roosevelt resigns as Assistant Secretary of the Navy http://www.pbs.org/crucible/tl14.html 13. June 22, 1898: U.S. troops land in Cuba http://www.pbs.org/crucible/tl15.html 14. July 1, 1898: Victory in San Juan Heights http://www.pbs.org/crucible/tl16.html 15. January 1899: Senate Debate over Ratification of the Treaty of Paris http://www.pbs.org/crucible/tl17.html 16. February 6, 1899: Treaty of Paris ratified http://www.pbs.org/crucible/tl18.html 17. March 4, 1901: McKinley inaugurated for 2nd term; Roosevelt becomes Vice-President September, 1901: President McKinley assassinated http://www.pbs.org/crucible/tl20.html

[**note to me**: I used the Site Map to get Timeline]


 * The War Itself**

Teller Amendment. U.S. had no intention of taking possession of Cuba.

U.S. Declares War on Spain (1898) (Today in History, Library of Congress) http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/today.html

1. Short and glorious—"a splendid little war."

A Splendid Little War (Small Planet) http://www.smplanet.com/imperialism/splendid.html

Spanish-American war—essay by David Trask []

A Spanish view of the Spanish-American War http://www.loc.gov/rr/hispanic/1898/ojeda.html

Cuba in 1898 http://www.loc.gov/rr/hispanic/1898/hernandez.html

2. Major battles:

Excellent map: http://spanishamericanwar.info/Cubamap3.gif

a. Manila. George Dewey defeated Spanish fleet in Manila. [] []

George Dewey (Today in History, Library of Congress) http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/dec26.html

b. San Juan Hill. Theodore Roosevelt and his Rough Riders. []

The Rough Riders Storm San Juan Hill, 1898 []

3. U.S. defeated Spain.

4. Beginning of a U.S. empire.


 * Treaty of Paris** (1898)

1. Guam: to the U.S.

2. Puerto Rico: to the U.S.

Puerto Rico invaded (History.com This Day in History |7/25/1898) []

3. Cuba: granted independence by Spain

4. Platt Amendment permited U.S. intervention in Cuba's internal affairs

Platt Amendment (Historian of the State Department) https://history.state.gov/milestones/1866-1898/yellow-journalism

5. Philippines: U.S. paid $20 million to Spain.

See also:

Spanish-American War Ends (On This Day, Finding Dulcinea) http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/Aug/Spanish-American-War-Ends.html


 * Newsies Strike**

Time machine 29 August 1899 (08/29/1899) []

People then were just living their lives as we are in our time. 100 years from now, APU students will read about our time period (Hurricane Harvey, Afghanistan War)

APU founded on 3 March 1899 []

Here is a brief context for the Newsboy strike in the summer of 1899. That is right after APU was founded.

Crucible of Empire: Spanish-American War []

Yellow Journalism []

Article covering details of the strike (summer 1899) [|https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsboys'_strike_of_1899]

The Newsies Fan film (Play first few minutes) []

The proposed treaty sparked an important debate: []
 * Philippines**:

1. Those in favor of acquiring Philippines: imperialist case. Advocated an empire.

Advocates of empire appealed to motives of Patriotism Commerce
 * Manifest destiny [have a whole section on this]**

Manifest Destiny

The New Frontier (NHC) []

Mark Twain (NHC) []

White Man's Burden (NHC) []

2. Those against acquiring Philippines: anti–imperialist case.

Many felt imperialism counter to U.S. principles. Other felt U.S. could expand markets without ruling other countries. Labor unions felt they would be undercut by importation of low–wage contract workers.

The Birth of an American Empire: The Matter of the Philippines http://edsitement.neh.gov/lesson-plan/birth-american-empire-lesson-3-matter-philippines#sect-background

A Gift from the Gods (Small Planet) http://www.smplanet.com/imperialism/gift.html

Senate Debate over Ratification of the Treaty of Paris (January 1899) []

"Aguinaldo's Case Against the United States. http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/gilded/empire/text9/filipino.pdf

Albert Beveridge, "March of the Flag," Address to a state Republican Party meeting http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/gilded/empire/text5/beveridge.pdf

Anti-Imperialism in the United States http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/1900/filmmore/reference/interview/lafeber_antiimperialism.html

William McKinley documents on Imperialism Read only the “Benevolent Assimilation” Proclamation and Home Market Club portions []

William Jennings Bryan -- "Against Imperialism" []

"The White Man's Burden": Kipling's Hymn to U.S. Imperialism []

Manifest Destiny, Continued: McKinley Defends U.S. Expansionism []

Debate: Should the U.S. Annex the Philippines? []

White Man's Burden: Expansionism & Anti-Imperialism []

Anti-imperialism cartoon | Social Studies and History Teacher's Blog []


 * Philippine–American war** (1898–1902)

Philippine-American War (Historian of the State Department) http://history.state.gov/milestones/1899-1913/War

Images from the Philippine-United States War http://www.historicaltextarchive.com/USA/twenty/filipino.html

1. Emiliano Aguinaldo's army had helped U.S. against the Spanish.

2. Aguinaldo expected to be president of an independent Philippines.

3. U.S. decided not to permit him to be President.

4. Aguinaldo led a guerrilla war against the occupying U.S. military.

5. War foreshadowed tactics and atrocities of Vietnam.

6. Aguinaldo finally captured. The revolt ended. []

Aguinaldo's case against the US (NHC) []

Philippine-American War documents []

b. Maps

Southeast Asia http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/map_of_southeast_asia.htm

Philippines http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/map/philippines-political-map.htm

Philippine-American War (Historian of the State Department) https://history.state.gov/milestones/1899-1913/war

American soldiers in the Philippines write home about the war http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/58/

"Civilizing" the Filipinos http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/1900/filmmore/reference/interview/lafeber_civilizingfilipino.html

Revolt in the Philippines http://www.pbs.org/crucible/tl5.html

U.S. subsequent role in the Philippines (New York Times) []

A Gift from the Gods (Small Planet) http://www.smplanet.com/imperialism/gift.html

The Matter of the Philippines (EDSITEment) [|http://edsitement.neh.gov/lesson-plan/birth-american-empire-lesson-3-matter-philippines#sect-background]

Q&A: 'Honor in the Dust' Author on U.S.-Philippine History (TIME) []

U.S. Counterinsurgency in Iraq: Lessons from the Philippine War []


 * Open Door in China**

Background to happenings in China

Beginnings of US-China relations Letters from the Middle Kingdom | National Archives []

Video: Opium wars http://youtu.be/kd2CYPdYwcY

Videos: John Hay: http://youtu.be/OAveoaAeM0M http://youtu.be/0-ex5_0TubQ

Video: Open Door http://youtu.be/9wFjjdMHv2A

Open Door Notes (Historian of the State Department) https://history.state.gov/milestones/1899-1913/hay-and-china

As a trading nation, the U.S. opposed barriers to international commerce and demanded equal access to markets. Secretary of State John Hay
 * 1st Open Door Note (1899): all nations guarantee free trade in China.
 * Boxer Rebellion (1900). U.S. and others rescue foreigners in Peking.
 * 2nd Open Door Note (1900): all nations protect China's territorial integrity

Imperialism and the Open Door (EDSITEment) [|http://edsitement.neh.gov/lesson-plan/lesson-4-imperialism-and-open-door#sect-background]

Maps: Spheres of Influence

a. Colonial Powers Carve up China Get a good map

b. Spheres of Influence and Treaty Ports Get a good map


 * Boxer Rebellion (1900)**

Boxer Rebellion (EDSITEment) http://edsitement.neh.gov/lesson-plan/lesson-4-imperialism-and-open-door#sect-background

Boxer Rebellion (Sound Smart video) http://youtu.be/AcwbMmUWHGw

Video: Boxer Rebellion https://youtu.be/0l4C3vZudZI

Boxer Rebellion, Spheres of Influence, Fists of Righteous Harmony (Small Planet) http://www.smplanet.com/imperialism/fists.html

On This Day: June 9, 1900 Boxer's Rebellion (New York Times) []

U.S. Marines in the Boxer Rebellion (National Archives magazine) []

Foreign Troops in the Forbidden City 1900 (National Archives) http://www.archives.gov/historical-docs/todays-doc/index.html?dod-date=1128#2010

Future President Hoover caught in Boxer Rebellion (History.com This Day in History | 6/1/1900) []

The Eagle and the Dragon: Boxer Rebellion (Herbert Hoover Presidential Library exhibition) []

Protestant missions in China http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_missions_in_China_1807%E2%80%931953

"There is hard sledding ahead for the missionaries." http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/6647

China Journal 1889-1900: An American Missionary Family During the Boxer Rebellion : With the Letters and Diaries of Eva Jane Price and Her Family []

A Prisoner of the Boxer Rebellion, 1900 []

Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Christianity http://www.bdcconline.net/en/

Chinese Revolution of 1911 https://history.state.gov/milestones/1899-1913/chinese-rev


 * Roosevelt Corollary (1904)**

Roosevelt Corollary (Historian of the State Department) https://history.state.gov/milestones/1899-1913/roosevelt-and-monroe-doctrine

U.S. Intervention in Latin America [read "Teddy's Legacy" and "End of an era"] http://www.smplanet.com/teaching/imperialism/#intervention

1. What was the Monroe Doctrine https://history.state.gov/milestones/1801-1829/monroe

2. What was the Roosevelt Corollary [to the Monroe Doctrine]

Speak softly but carry a big stick President Roosevelt warned Latin American nations to keep their affairs in order or face American intervention.

3. U.S. would assume the role of an international police power, a 911 number—whether requested or not.

Theodore Roosevelt (Miller Center, University of Virginia) Reread the "Roosevelt Corollary" paragraph http://millercenter.org/president/roosevelt/essays/biography/5

Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine (National Archives) http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=false&doc=56


 * Japanese rivalry with U.S.**

Japanese-American Relations, 1900-1922 (Historian of the State Department) https://history.state.gov/milestones/1899-1913/japanese-relations

Matthew C. Perry https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_C._Perry

Beginnings of a Japanese empire

http://sinojapanesewar.com/
 * First Sino–Japanese War** (1894-1895)

Japan beat China: gained Taiwan


 * Russo-Japanese war (1905)**

Japan beat Russia: gained Korea TR helped negotiate treaty. Won Nobel Peace Prize.

Japan became dominant power in Asia Japan wanted to include China in its sphere of influence. U.S. resisted.

Portsmouth Treaty and the Russo-Japanese War (Historian of the State Department) https://history.state.gov/milestones/1899-1913/portsmouth-treaty

Portsmouth Treaty []

Admiral Yamamoto: A Reluctant Enemy (New York Times) Note his participation in the Battle of Tsushima [] http://portsmouthpeacetreaty.org/process/war/war5.html

Note (a) the American observers to the Japanese Imperial Army and (b) the war correspondents--including Richard Harding Davis-- in this listing: []

In connection with Douglas MacArthur's participation, see the following: Japanese landing at Inchon http://portsmouthpeacetreaty.org/process/war/index.html

See also:

Japan-in-America: Russo-Japanese War [|http://www.indiana.edu/~jia1915/war.html]

MIT Visualizing Cultures http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/21f/21f.027/asia_rising/ar_essay01.html

Anti–Japanese bias in California (school board segregation; Japanese prohibited from land purchase) made relations chilly.
 * U.S.–Japanese relations in America** were touchy.


 * San Francisco school segregation of Asian students (1906)**

Segregation of Japanese students in S.F 1906 (Stanford History Education Group) http://sheg.stanford.edu/upload/Lessons/Unit%208_Progressivism/Japanese%20Segregation%20in%20San%20Francisco%20Lesson%20Plan.pdf

Segregation of Japanese students in S.F 1906 On This Day, 10 November 1906 (New York Times) http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/harp/1110.html

Gentlemen's Agreement reduces Japanese immigration http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentlemen's_Agreement_of_1907

San Francisco earthquake (New York Times) http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0418.html#article

S.F. Earthquake (Today in History, Library of Congress) http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/apr18.html

April 18, 1906 | Earthquake Destroys Much of San Francisco (New York Times) []


 * Great White Fleet** (1907)

U.S. navy made world tour to impress the Japanese. Japanese increased their military budget as a result.

The Great White Fleet (Mapping US History) http://mappinghistory.uoregon.edu/english/US/US30-04.html

Great White Fleet [read "Background and Purpose] https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_White_Fleet


 * Panama Canal (1904-1914)**

Spanish–American War demonstrated need for a Panama Canal Shift naval forces quickly from Atlantic to Pacific. Panama originally a province of Columbia. Columbia rejected proposed canal route treaty with the U.S. in 1903 Wanted more money Treaty infringed on their sovereignty. Almost immediately, Panama declared its independence from Columbia With the help and approval of TR). U.S. signed a treaty with Panama (1903). Canal completed in 1914.

Building the Panama Canal https://history.state.gov/milestones/1899-1913/panama-canal

Panama Canal Opens (On This Day, Finding Dulcinea) http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/July-August-08/On-this-Day--Panama-Canal-Opens-for-Business.html

Map of Panama http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/americas/panama_relief.jpg

The Panama Canal (Small Planet) http://www.smplanet.com/imperialism/joining.html


 * U.S. Troops invade Mexico (1914)**

“Avoid the Use of the Word Intervention”: Wilson and Lansing on the U.S. Invasion of Mexico (History Matters) http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/4947

Woodrow Wilson (Miller Center, University of Virginia) Life Before the Presidency http://millercenter.org/president/wilson/essays/biography/2 Foreign Affairs [read down through Moral Diplomacy] http://millercenter.org/president/biography/wilson-foreign-affairs

John J. Pershing https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._Pershing

General Pershing [stop reading when you get to WWI: "Named head of AEF"] http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0913.html

The United States Armed Forces and the Mexican Punitive Expedition http://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/1997/fall/mexican-punitive-expedition-1.html http://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/1997/winter/mexican-punitive-expedition-2.html

World War One