David+Kennedy

New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. ISBN: 978-0-19-514403-1
 * Reading Guide**
 * David M. Kennedy. Freedom From Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929-1945**


 * Prologue**: November 11, 1918, 1-9

[I need to develop the questions for the prologue and Chapter 1]
 * Ch. 1: The American People on the Eve of the Great Depression**, 10-42

[I need to develop the questions for this chapter]
 * Ch. 2: Panic**, 43-69

70-71 What do you think of Hoover's argument: WWI caused Depression? 72-73 What comparisons between debt forgiveness then and bailouts today? 75-76 Is anything comparable between gold standard then versus the euro today? Should countries return to the gold standard? 77 Is there a comparable "psychology of fear" today? 83 What is meant by the "political and ideological Rubicon"? 83 Is the Federal Reserve an "uncooperative partner" today? 84 To what proposal today can the Hoover's RFC be compared? 85 "If Hoover could be made to support federal relief for the banks, why not federal relief for the unemployed." What ideological comparisons today? 93-94 What is comparable today to "we don't give a hoot in a rain barrel who controls North China." What are we doing today that may "set a match to a long fuse" leading to a future war. 95- What is your opinion of the capabilities/limitations of FDR at this point? 100 What do we need most from a President: first-class temperament or first-class intellect? Does it matter one way or another? 102 FDR simply "weaved together incompatible drafts." Is this surprising? 103 Do leaders generally grow in office?
 * Ch. 3: The Ordeal of Herbert Hoover**, 70-103

104 Is the interval before election and inauguration today still too lengthy? 105 Compare the coordination between Hoover/FDR to Bush/Obama. 106-107 How might different views of the causes (domestic/foreign) of Depression have led to different possible solutions? 109 How do you think Hoover's letter to FDR compared to the one #43 left for #44? 111 Would U.S. ever be wise to just have a dictator solve problems? 111-113 Was FDR a "peanut brain"? React to the statement about FDR's capacity for "almost impenetrable concealment of intention." 113-115 To what other Presidents can FDR be compared? 117 Seemingly three purposes of New Deal: social reform, political realignment, economic recovery. Let's watch for these in actual policies. 119-120 What else can we learn about the "Brain Trust." Use Wikipedia URL's from pp. 16-17 in syllabus. Does Obama have/need a Brain Trust? 125 Does Obama have comparable party majorities in Congress? 129 Are any members of Congress today comparable to "Depression babies"?
 * Ch. 4: Interregnum**, 104-130

133 Great sentence on this page. Which one? 133 How was it possible the "two men never saw each other again"? 134- Compare Obama's transition so far with what we read in these pages. How much bipartisan support will be in evidence and for how long? 136 Emergency Banking Act. Emergency Banking Act (Wikipedia) 136 What is equivalent today to FDR's Fireside Chats? Fireside chats (Wikipedia) 137 How would citizens communicate with President Obama? 137 How will Obama handle press conferences? How will the press treat him compared to the treatment FDR received? 139 Is the Hundred Days a fair comparison for today's leaders? FDR Project The First 100 Days 140-141 Great sentence. "It included …." 141 AAA. What was it? What about the idea of "domestic allotment?" Agricultural Adjustment Act (Wikipedia) 144 Would you have joined the CCC? Any camps in California? Civilian Conservation Corps (Wikipedia) Civilian Conservation Corps Project areas (Wikipedia) We can take it! (Civilian Conservation Corps) (GMU) 145 What about that Alexander Hamilton comparison? Look up material on Harry Hopkins. Harry Hopkins (Wikipedia) 146 What is the Social Gospel tradition. Who espoused it? What is Hull House? 148 TVA: good or bad? Tennessee Valley Authority (Wikipedia) 150 Work-spreading. Any such ideas today? 151 Major legislation. National Industrial Recovery Act (Wikipedia) National Recovery Administration (Wikipedia) Public Works Administration (Wikipedia) 151 Shut people in a room; don't come out until you have a solution. Yes? 153 Great summary of Hundred Days. Terrific concluding paragraph. Glass-Steagall Act (Wikipedia) 155 Killing the London conference emboldened our potential enemies. Any current analogies? 158 FDR knew what was occurring internationally—or did he?
 * Ch. 5: The Hundred Days**, 131-159

160-162 Lorena Hickok. Footnote #6 is a fine example of format and informative quality. Lorena Hickok (Wikipedia) 162-163 How much of stock value has eroded now compared to then? Bank deposits? Foreclosures? 164-165 Out migration to Russia. Would you have gone there? Our treatment of Mexican people has varied greatly. What do you think? 166 What is unemployment rate today? 167 That Rose Bowl example is powerful and a great way to bring to life an otherwise sterile statistic. 167 Hopkins: can't keep stirred up over six million. Yes? 168 Human wreckage of …… What do you think? True? Biased pinko? 171 FERA checks flowed to swing states. Are you shocked? Federal Emergency Relief Administration (Wikipedia) 172-173 Are the needy to blame for their plight? How would you handle being a welfare administrator? 175 Mortifying means test? Niggardly, condescending administrators? 176 CWA projects: mounted swiftly. People today say "shovel-ready." Civil Works Administration (Wikipedia) 177 Would you like to do lunch with Hugh Johnson? Great sentence: "Melodramatic in his temperament…." Hugh Samuel Johnson (Wikipedia) National Recovery Administration (Wikipedia) 178 Major issue then as today: lavish or penny-pinching approach. Public Works Administration (Wikipedia) 183 Look up the Blue Eagle. Comparable today to what? Blue Eagle (Wikipedia) 184 What does "cartelization of American industry" mean? 189 Last paragraph. Any sense that we are in danger today?
 * Ch. 6: The Ordeal of the American People**, 160-189

191 A New Deal or a stacked deck? 192 Any "desolate facts of American rural life" today? 194 Notice the theme of "the tense membrame of class and race" in South. 194-195 What can we learn about the "Dust Bowl" times from these websites? Voices from the Dust Bowl, 1940-1941 (LOC) [] [] Dust Bowl (Wikipedia) The Grapes of Wrath (Wikipedia) U.S. Route 66 (Wikipedia) YouTube - The Dust Bowl - Okies, Kansas, California & Route 66 197 FDR embraced a questionable economic theory. "Like a cracker-barrel argument: dubious premises to sputtering conclusion." 198-199 But it kept the farmers quiet. Spirit of ’32 (Farm Holidays) (GMU) 199 Adam Smith and his "invisible hand." What do you think of it? [] 202 System of farm subsidies. What in the 2008-2009 stimulus package will outlive its current utility? 205 "The drama of their destruction fixed the AAA in the minds of many Americans." What other examples of good/bad PR then and now can we think of? Agricultural Adjustment Act (Wikipedia) 210 FDR reaction to proposed anti-lynching bill. Will see more in next chapter. 211 Nucleus of young lawyers in a given government agency. What other examples then and now? 213 AAA like NRA protected big interests. Will big interests always come out on top? 214 American Liberty League and some of its key proponents. American Liberty League (Wikipedia) 215-216 We will deal in next chapter with Long, Townsend, Sinclair, and Coughlin. 216 November 1934 mid-term election results. [] [] 217 Comparison of FDR to McClellan. Any other such comparisons?
 * Ch. 7: Chasing the Phantom of Recovery**, 190-217

218-219 Read this introductory material carefully. Great overview. Critics of the New Deal (Wikipedia) 219-220 What did the progressives argue? Are you convinced? []) 223-224 Folks have always been suspect of us in California! 224-225 Francis Townsend Francis Townsend (Wikipedia) [] [] 225-227 Upton Sinclair Upton Sinclair (Wikipedia) [] 227-234 Father Charles Coughlin American Rhetoric Father Charles Coughlin - Roosevelt or Ruin Father Coughlin (Social Security Online History) Charles Coughlin (Wikipedia) Charles E. Coughlin radio broadcast 1935 234-242 Huey Long Huey Long (Wikipedia) Every Man a King (Wikipedia) [] Share Our Wealth (Wikipedia) [] 243 Alan Brinkley analysis of appeal of these critics. 244-248 Roosevelt's response
 * Ch. 8: The Rumble of Discontent**, 218-248

249 John Maynard Keynes John Maynard Keynes (Wikipedia) 251 Should we follow today those criteria to give out work-relief funds? [] 252 Rural Electrification Administration Rural Electrification Administration (Wikipedia) 252 National Youth Administration. National Youth Administration (Wikipedia) 252-256 Works Progress Administration. Plus each of its parts. Works Progress Administration (Wikipedia) Federal Art Project (Wikipedia) Federal Music Project (Wikipedia) Federal Theatre Project (Wikipedia) Federal Writers' Project (Wikipedia) American Guide Series (Wikipedia)
 * Ch. 9: A Season for Reform**, 249-256

257-273 Social Security. Let's analyze these pages carefully. Frances Perkins (Wikipedia) Social Security (Wikipedia) 273-281 1935 Special legislation session. Why did FDR handle it the way he did? Old Right (United States) (Wikipedia) 281 Raymond Moley Raymond Moley (Wikipedia) 283 Gerald K. Smith []) 285-287 Presidential Election of 1936 United States presidential election, 1936 (Wikipedia)
 * Ch. 10: Get the correct title**, 257-287

323 How could FDR have gotten into such difficulties? Overly bold after a sweeping victory in 1936? 324 Political risk: new President could reverse; Congress could dismantle; Supreme Court could overturn. How should a President proceed? 325 We will look at how FDR struck out at 1) judiciary, 2) Congress, and 3) southerners in his Democratic Party. 325-337 Judiciary, the so-called Court Packing attempt. Let's look in detail. Court Packing Bill (Wikipedia) FDR's Court-Packing Plan (History Now) Roosevelt Goes Too Far in Packing the Court (GMU) []) 332-333 How about the Vice President!!! Plus Burton Wheeler. John Nance Garner - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia [] 335 Switch in time that saved nine. The switch in time that saved nine (Wikipedia) [] 337 Use Google Search to define Pyrrhic victory. What were the deep fissures in the Democratic party at this juncture. 338 Are barons sort of like warlords. What is an American Runnymede. [Great joke: got here too late for the 12:15 signing.] 339-341 Conservative coalition. Conservative coalition (Wikipedia) [] 342-342 FDR's approach to an anti-lynching bill. [] 345-349 FDR went against southern wing of Democratic party. Poor results in 1938 congressional elections. [] [] 350-357 Roosevelt recession of 1937. Recession of 1937 (Wikipedia) John Maynard Keynes (Wikipedia) Brain Trust (Wikipedia) [] [] Harold L. Ickes (Wikipedia) Henry A. Wallace (Wikipedia) [] 361 Two great summary paragraphs: one on FDR's New Deal, the other on the gathering storm clouds internationally.
 * Ch. 11: The Ordeal of Franklin Roosevelt**, 323-362

366 Glass-Steagall Banking Act Glass-Steagall Act (Wikipedia) 367 Securities and Exchange Commission Securities Act of 1933 (Wikipedia) 369 Federal National Mortgage Association (Fannie Mae) [] 377 Good summary.
 * Ch. 12: What the New Deal Did**, 363-380

What was happening in 1930s America/Germany? What examples of isolationism in America as a result of remembrance of WWI? What examples of dictators on the march? What comparisons between how Britain saw a reluctant U.S. prior to WWII versus how U.S. saw a reluctant France prior to Iraq war? How did each country make its geopolitical calculations based on prior events and new events? Issues in this chapter: U.S. Neutrality Acts Neutrality Acts (Wikipedia) German invasion of Rhineland Remilitarization of the Rhineland (Wikipedia) Rome-Berlin Axis Axis powers (Wikipedia) Anti-Comintern Pact Anti-Comintern Pact (Wikipedia) German annexation of Austria (Anschluss) [] Spanish Civil War Spanish Civil War (Wikipedia) Foreign involvement in the Spanish Civil War (Wikipedia) Bombing of Guernica (Wikipedia) Abraham Lincoln Brigade (Wikipedia) 1st Lincoln Battalion flag.svg (Wikipedia) Italian invasion of Ethiopia Italian Invasion of Ethiopia (Wikipedia) "Moral Embargo" [] "Cash-and-Carry" Cash and carry (World War II) (Wikipedia) Marco Polo Bridge incident Marco Polo Bridge Incident (Wikipedia) Rape of Nanking Nanking Massacre (Wikipedia) Henry Luce [] Pearl S. Buck Pearl S. Buck The Good Earth (Wikipedia) Panay incident Panay incident (Wikipedia) Louis Ludlow Louis Ludlow (Wikipedia)
 * Ch. 13: The Gathering Storm**, 380-403

Robert R. McCormick [] Chicago Tribune [] "Quarantine" speech Quarantine Speech (Wikipedia) 1936 Olympic Games 1936 Summer Olympics (Wikipedia) U.S. Athletes Avoid Nazi Salute at 1936 Olympics NYT Jesse Owens Jesse Owens (Wikipedia) Marty Glickman [] Jewish refugees' issue [] 1924 National Origins Act (Immigration Act of 1924) [] Kristallnacht Kristallnacht (Wikipedia) SS. St. Louis SS St. Louis (Wikipedia) Munich Conference Munich Agreement (Wikipedia) Neville Chamberlain (Wikipedia) Appeasement Appeasement (Wikipedia) Sudetenland Sudetenland (Wikipedia) German occupation of Czechoslovakia (Wikipedia) Italian invasion of Ethiopia [] German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact (Wikipedia) Phoney War Phoney War (Wikipedia)
 * Ch. 13: The Gathering Storm**, 404-425

What were the various "methods short of war" that U.S. employed? Analyze each. What might be some comparisons in 2009? Quarantine the Aggressor (Wikisource) Neutrality Bill debate lasted 6 weeks in Congress. Look at testimony and speeches. Neutrality Acts (Wikipedia) How did FDR and Churchill work each other? Churchill and the Great Republic (LOC)) DBQ FDR and Churchill (National Archives) How did FDR zig and zag as he tried to move us to be ready for war. What were the obstacles facing him? How did we attempt to balance U.S. needs versus those of our allies? What were the obstacles in this endeavor? Axis powers (Wikipedia) Tripartite Pact (Wikipedia) YouTube - Signing of the Tripartite Pact by Germany, Japan, Italy - 1 YouTube - Signing of the Tripartite Pact by Germany , Japan, Italy - 2 Invasion of Poland (1939) (Wikipedia) Battle of Britain (Wikipedia) The Blitz (Wikipedia) Edward R. Murrow (Wikipedia) Flames Leap High during London Blitz German Planes Raid London NYT Dunkirk evacuation (Wikipedia) Little ships of Dunkirk (Wikipedia) BBC ON THIS DAY 4 1940 Dunkirk rescue is over - Churchill defiant
 * Ch. 14: The Agony of Neutrality**, 426-464

465 "But for all the apparent inevitability of Anglo-American cooperation against the Nazi threat, in actual practice the transatlantic partnership was devilishly difficult to forge." Let's analyze how this partnership evolved. What lessons for U.S. in 2009? "Arsenal of Democracy" issue. Evaluate the domestic and international implications of America's new role as "the arsenal of democracy." [] Europe first (Wikipedia) Shipping problem. Britain's lack of cash. YouTube - WWII - US announces Cash and Carry law YouTube - WWII - War material shipment from US Lend Lease debate in Congress. Let's look at Congressional testimony. Explain what the Lend-Lease program did. Analyze the way President Roosevelt presented the program to the public, the political spin surrounding the passage of the Lend-Lease Act. Discuss the scope of the program in terms of countries served and materials provided. Lend-Lease (Wikipedia) Nye Committee (Wikipedia) Four Freedoms [] Committee to Defend America Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies (Wikipedia) America First Committee America First Committee (Wikipedia) Destroyers-for-Bases Deal Cordell Hull (Wikipedia) Destroyers for Bases Agreement (Wikipedia) Navy escorts in the Atlantic Ocean Greer Incident (Wikipedia) USS Kearny (Wikipedia) USS Reuben James (Wikipedia) 479 Pay particular attention to the questions at the top of the page. Check out footnote #30 at bottom of the page for a glimpse of FDR at work. 480 Admiral Stark's plan is important. Let's take it apart. [] 482-483 Complication for the Allies: Germany invaded the USSR. Operation Barbarossa (Wikipedia) 484 Hopkins to Moscow. What might be a comparable trip in 2009? Harry Hopkins (Wikipedia) 486-487 Let's look at the Wedemeyer plan. What became of him? [] 488-500 Battle of the Atlantic. How did FDR zig/zag? Battle of the Atlantic (1939–1945) (Wikipedia) 492 Greenland and Iceland. What do you know about each one today? 496 Famous meeting in Newfoundland between FDR and Churchill. Atlantic Charter. Atlantic Charter (Wikipedia) BBC ON THIS DAY 14 1941 Secret meetings seal US-Britain alliance 498 Look closely at this analysis of the escort policy. 500-515 Follow the ins-and-outs of US/Japan geopolitical moves leading to the outbreak of war. Was the US too unyielding to Japan? What will future historians say about current US policy toward Iran and North Korea? Events preceding World War II in Asia (Wikipedia) Anti-Japanese sentiment (Wikipedia) How to tell a Chinese from a 'Jap' (GMU) Chiang Kai-shek (Wikipedia) Soong May-ling (Wikipedia) Japanese invasion of Manchuria (Wikipedia) Manchuria Invasion 1931 Mukden Incident (Wikipedia) Second Sino-Japanese War (Wikipedia) Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere (Wikipedia)
 * Ch. 15: To the Brink**, 465-515

516-526 Analyze the events up to/including/following Pearl Harbor. What do you think of Admiral Yamamoto? [] Isoroku Yamamoto (Wikipedia) 526-531 Philippines. MacArthur. Bataan. Douglas MacArthur (Wikipedia) Bataan Death March (Wikipedia) Battle of Bataan (Wikipedia) Leapfrogging Island Hopping (strategy) (Wikipedia) Pacific Ocean theater of World War II (Wikipedia) Pacific War (Wikipedia) 532-543 War plans of US/Japan. Doolittle raid. Battle of Midway. Doolittle Raid (Wikipedia) Battle of Midway (Wikipedia) Battle of Midway (TWHP) MAGIC (cryptography) (Wikipedia) Enigma machine (Wikipedia) Ultra (Wikipedia) 544-561 Guadalcanal. Ernest King. Australian coastwatchers. Naval strategy comparisons between US/Japan. Tokyo Express. Slot. Ironbottom Sound. Marine raiders. Merritt Edson (Medal of Honor winner). Guadalcanal Campaign (Wikipedia) Our Men In Drives On Guadalcanal Guadalcanal Is Ours NYT Japanese Soldier Describes Horrors of Guadalcanal (GMU) Ernest King (Wikipedia) [] [] [] [] [] [] 554 Great writing on this page. 559 Death calculation. 560 Sullivan brothers. Saving Private Ryan. [] 561 Racial animosity. Japanese like animals. Is that a fair assessment? 563 Yamamoto killed. PT-109 of John F. Kennedy fame. [] 564 Vella Lavella. Black Sheep Squadron. Pappy Boyington. [] [] [] 564 US island-hopping strategy. Battle of Tarawa (Wikipedia) Chester W. Nimitz (Wikipedia)
 * Ch. 16: War in the Pacific**, 516-564

Dissect the chapter title. Issues between FDR/Churchill/Stalin over war strategy. Quebec Conference, 1943 (Wikipedia) 565-572 +Pages 588-590. Battle of the Atlantic. Analyze it. Why couldn't we use some of these techniques to eliminate today's pirate threat? Battle of the Atlantic (1939–1945) (Wikipedia) 572-573 American way of war. Does it make sense? 573 Bolero plan. Main thrust from Britain. USSR wanted a second front in France sooner than the Brits would permit. Brits got their way (North Africa and Italy) initially until the US became the senior partner. [] 575 Soviet foreign minister Molotov (of cocktail fame). [] [] 576-577 Churchill argued for a "periphery" strategy. 577-584 +Page 590. Operation Torch. North African landings. What were the military/political/diplomatic tradeoffs/challenges for the US? Operation Torch (Wikipedia) Philippe Pétain Vichy France (Wikipedia) 584-588 Casablanca Conference. Important. Analyze it. What about the idea of "unconditional surrender?" Casablanca Conference NYT Casablanca (LOC) Today in History November 26 Casablanca (1942) Casablanca Conference (Wikipedia) 590-601 Trace the discontent of Stalin over the war strategy. Get to know Patton; he probably rode his horse right by APU campus. Understand the Sicily and Italy battles. [] Allied invasion of Sicily (Wikipedia) Allied invasion of Italy (Wikipedia) 601-608 Analyze the tradeoffs in the Allied bombing offensive (area bombing at night by Brits; "precision"—was it precise?—bombing in day by US). What problems in planes and men. What targets (hard v. people). US Strategic Bombing Survey (European War) 609 Analyze the allocation of resources to war effort in Europe/Pacific (now 30%). Compare today to Iraq/Afghanistan. Battle of Tarawa. [] 611-613 Stalin still mad. He may well take most of Europe his way if US doesn't get into the game via France.
 * Ch. 17: Unready Ally, Uneasy Alliance**, 565-614

615 Keep in mind the three fundamentals of the war's outcome—time, men, materiel—and their complex interaction. 617 Interesting observation: unused capacity from the Depression made the transition to war more efficient. 618-619 U.S. safe from enemy action. What an important advantage. 620-630 How did FDR gear up the US for war. Think about the issues of inefficiencies/profit potential/waste as compared to US in Iraq war. 630-631 Battle of Stalingrad. Understand it on its own merit. Then consider how the Soviet victory convinced US that USSR would stay in the war. US capped its military at 90 divisions. How many divisions do we have today? Battle of Stalingrad (Wikipedia) Russians Liquidate Last Stalingrad Pocket 631-637 US needed men, but who? 637-644 What do you think of the strikers? Would you have wanted to shoot them? 644-647 Rationing versus consumer's paradise. How can we assess this observation? Rationing (UVA) Rationing (Wikipedia) Rationing on the US Homefront during WW II Records from War Ration Books for Genealogy World War Two (1942 - 1945) 647-653 Synthetic rubber—shows what US can do if we have to. Liberty Ships. Kaiser shipyards in Richmond and Fontana. Kaiser Health Care. [] [] Liberty Ships and Victory Ships (TWHP) 653-655 Henry Ford. Willow Run. B-24 production compared to Liberty Ships. [] [] 655-668 Manhattan Project. American Experience Race for the Super Bomb American Experience Race for the Superbomb (UVA using PBS video) Manhattan Project Lesson Plan (OSU) []
 * Ch. 18: The War of Machines**, 615-668

669-674 Stop at Cairo on the way to Teheran. Look at interrelationships between FDR/Churchill and Chiang Kai-Shek. Issues to understand: China's situation, Stilwell, Burma Road, Hump, Claire Chennault, Flying Tigers, China-Burma-India Theater. Cairo Conference (Wikipedia) [] [] [] [] [] China Burma India Theater of World War II (Wikipedia) 674-686 Teheran (capital of Iran) conference. Important. Major meeting of Allied leaders. FDR stayed at Soviet compound (it was bugged). Personal dynamics of FDR/Churchill/Stalin. Geopolitical issues: Second front, Poland, Eastern Europe, USSR help in war with Japan (would diminish China's importance to US strategy), etc. Tehran Conference (Wikipedia) Teheran Conference NYT 686-698 Operation Overlord (D-Day, Normandy). What determined when it would go? Dwight D. Eisenhower (Ike) to command; what about him. Rommel to defend; what about him. What determined where Allies would land (Pas de Calais or Normandy) and how Germans would defend? Bernard Montgomery; what about him. [] Bernard Montgomery, 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein (Wikipedia) Erwin Rommel (Wikipedia) 699 Invasion of Southern France competed with Normandy for men/materiel resources. [] Big picture issues: Move away from "periphery" to main thrust at Berlin. 702-706 Allied air war. Details of bomber offensive. 707-708 Charles de Gaulle; what about him. Who will run France. FDR's views. Will effect eventually US view of French reentry to Indochina after the war. Charles de Gaulle (Wikipedia) Charles de Gaulle obit NYT
 * Ch. 19: The Struggle for a Second Front**, 669-708

Americans poured into England. Aircraft carrier metaphor. 709-715 The American military buildup characterized. Descriptions of G.I.s. 716-725 Preparation for and execution of the Normandy landings. Get into the details of the Allied airborne and ground efforts and the German defense. D-Day 6 June 1944 NYT American Experience D-Day (UVA) CNN.com Specials D-Day 60 years later 726-728 Breakout from the Normandy pocket. Cobra I (compare to Iraq Cobra II). US Sherman tanks versus German Tiger tanks. [] [] [] 728 Attempted assassination of Hitler by Stauffenberg (Tom Cruise) [] [] [] 732 Paris liberated. Great read: Is Paris Burning? French Resistance (Wikipedia) Paris Liberated NYT Liberation of Paris (Wikipedia) 733 Logistics of US armored thrust into Europe. Red Ball Express. [] 734 Implications for Allied strategy of the tradeoff decisions between the "this" of Montgomery and the "that" of Patton. Montgomery was almost insubordinately insistent that he get all resources. Ike let him do Market Garden (Movie: A Bridge Too Far). Operation Market Garden (Wikipedia) 738-742 Battle of the Bulge. Analyze it from each side. A major setback for Allies but the last gasp of Germans on the Western front. American Experience Battle of the Bulge Battle of the Bulge (Wikipedia) 742-744 Air war. Bombings of Berlin, Hamburg, Dresden. Bombing of Dresden in World War II (Wikipedia) Bombing of Hamburg in World War II (Wikipedia) US Strategic Bombing Survey (European War) Strategic bombing (Wikipedia) Strategic Bombing Survey (Wikipedia) 745 Bridge at Remagen. [] Movie about the bridge. []
 * Ch. 20: The Battle for Northwest Europe**, 709-745

United States home front during World War II (Wikipedia) United States Office of War Information (Wikipedia) This chapter has several large issues. 748-760 Japanese-American internment. Children of the Camps (Japanese-Americans) PBS Densho The Japanese American Legacy Project Digital History Lesson Plan Japanese-American Internment Evacuation Was a Mistake Anger at Being Interned (GMU) Japanese American Internment (LOC) Japanese American internment (Wikipedia) President Authorizes Japanese Relocation (GMU) War Relocation Camps (TWHP) 762-776 Racial issues. Gunnar Myrdal's American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy. A. Philip Randolph. Blacks move north/white opposition in factories. Racial clashes in cities and on military bases. Port Chicago, California, explosion. Bracero Program (Wikipedia) Mexican Americans and the Zoot Suit Riots (GMU) Zoot Suit Riots (Wikipedia) American Experience Zoot Suit Riots Let's talk in detail about Tuskegee Airmen. Tuskegee Airmen Oral History (UVA) Tuskegee Airmen Training Program (UVA) 776-781 Women worker issues. Rosie-the-Riveter. Rosie the Riveter (Wikipedia) What Did You Do in the War, Grandma (Brown University) What Did You Do in the War, Grandma (UVA) Women in World War Two (History Now online) 782-788 Elections during wartime: Congressional ones in 1942; Presidential in 1944. 787 GI Bill. Note that only the universities were against it!! G.I. Bill (Wikipedia) 789 Thomas Dewey, 1944 Republican presidential candidate; what about him. 790-793 Harry S. Truman, FDR's choice for VP running mate. What about Truman. 793-794 Issue of showing picture of dead GIs. Compare to today: should we show flag-draped coffins of Iraq and Afghanistan war dead. 794-797 Are you ok with the US approach to concentration camps? FRONTLINE Memory of the Camps United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Auschwitz (CNN) The Holocaust (Wikipedia)
 * Ch. 21: The Cauldron of the Home Front**, 746-797

798-808 Yalta conference. Analyze the personalities and issues. Yalta Conference (Wikipedia) Big 3 Doom Nazism NYT 806 Check out that first paragraph relating to Jewish immigration to Palestine. 808 Effect of FDR's death on the country and world. 808-809 End of WWII—in Europe. Japan is still in play. 809-814 Characteristics of the war against Japan, particularly in its racial aspect. 814-829 Vastness of the Pacific theater. Saipan. Civilians leaped to their death. Pilots. Approach of US/Japan to its aviators. 829-831 Iwo Jima. Analysis of the battle. Navajo Code Talkers. Battle of Iwo Jima (Wikipedia) U. S. Marines Storm Ashore on Iwo Island Code talker (Wikipedia) DBQ Navajo Indian Code Talkers (National Archives) 831-835 Okinawa. Analysis of the battle. Battle of Okinawa (Wikipedia) Americans Invade Okinawa NYT Ernie Pyle obit NYT 835-837 Japan's internal deliberations. What might be going on within some of our enemies today? 837-845 Potsdam Conference. Important. Analyze the issues and personalities. "Unconditional surrender" approach: helpful or not. Potsdam Conference (Wikipedia) 845-861 Curtis LeMay. Bombing of Japanese cities. Atomic bombs. Japanese surrender; "bitter-enders" (thank you to Donald Rumsfeld) almost kept Emperor's message off the air waves. [] Bombing of Tokyo (Wikipedia) Epilogue: The World the War Made, 852-858 Work through these few pages. What occurred in each country? Note particularly the effects of the moves by Germany and Japan to shake loose various nations from colonialism. Note some of the particulary wonderful sentence structures. Bibliographical Essay: 859-871 This is what you should look for when you are doing a big term paper, like Senior Seminar. Such a wonderful essay is a real time-saver to point you to the sources with which to begin your research.
 * Ch. 22: Endgame**, 798-851

[] Guiding Questions: How did Americans' disillusionment with World War I help to shape U.S. foreign policy during the 1920s? Did the neutrality laws of the 1930s represent an effective U.S. response to world affairs? How did the American conception of "neutrality" change during the first fifteen months of World War II in Europe? Was this change a positive or a negative development? Which side offered the better approach to U.S. foreign relations—the "internationalists" or the "isolationists"? Learning Objectives After completing this unit, students should be able to: List the main reasons for the growth of antiwar sentiment after World War I Identify the U.S. foreign policy initiatives of the 1920s that aimed toward the prevention of war. Assess the strengths and weaknesses of the Five-Power Treaty and the Kellogg-Briand Pact as means of preventing war. Explain the "Merchants of Death" thesis and how it shaped the U.S. approach to neutrality. List the main terms of the neutrality laws passed during the 1930s. Identify the major events of European history between 1935 and 1941, and how they shaped the debate over U.S. neutrality. Assess the overall effectiveness of U.S. neutrality policy during this period. Explain Roosevelt's concept of neutrality in the context of the European war. Articulate how Roosevelt sought to revise the neutrality laws in line with this understanding. Explain the arguments both for and against Roosevelt's decision in late 1940 to extend military aid to Great Britain. Articulate the main arguments used in 1941 for and against greater U.S. involvement in the European war. List the Roosevelt administration's major foreign policy initiatives regarding the war in Europe, and explain the significance of each. Assess the strengths and weaknesses of the "internationalist" and "isolationist" positions, and advance an argument as to which was the better approach. Identify on a blank map the locations of the major events in Europe from 1935 to 1941.
 * APPENDIX ONE**
 * THE UNITED STATES AND EUROPE: FROM NEUTRALITY TO WAR, 1921-1941**

[] Guiding Questions What accounts for the growing hostility that had developed between the United States and Japan by the early 1930s? In its approach to the Sino-Japanese conflict of the 1930s, did the United States place itself on a path to war? Was the "southern advance" a reasonable attempt to address to Japan's international dilemma, or was it a reckless step toward war? Was war between the United States and Japan inevitable after September 1941? Learning Objectives At the end of this lesson students will be able to: Explain how Japan's ambitions in China conflicted with the American concept of the "Open Door." Discuss the means by which the United States and Japan sought peaceful means of resolving their differences. Articulate why U.S. trade and immigration policies angered the Japanese. Explain the importance of the Manchurian Incident of 1931, and the American response to it, for the deterioration in U.S.-Japanese relations. Explain why Japan went to war against China during the 1930s. Articulate the reasons why the United States believed that its interests were at stake in East Asia. Discuss how the United States responded to developments in the Sino-Japanese War. Assess the effectiveness of U.S. foreign policy in East Asia in the 1930s. Define what Japanese leaders meant by the "southern advance," and explain why they opted to pursue it. Articulate the U.S. response to the "southern advance," and assess whether it was a reasonable one. Explain why Tokyo decided in September 1941 to prepare for war against the United States. List and explain the issues that divided the United States and Japan in the fall of 1941. Articulate the reasons why Japan chose to go to war against the United States. Assess the overall effectiveness of U.S. foreign policy during this period. Interactive Timeline: America on the Sidelines: The United States and World Affairs, 1931-1941 [] Visualizing Cultures. [] What does Secretary of State Hay mean by an "open door" in China? How might "spheres of interest" by other powers in China conflict with the principle of the "open door"? Generally speaking, what did Japan want from China in 1915? How might the "Twenty-one Demands" come into conflict with the "open door" principle? How did the Lansing-Ishii Agreement try to resolve differences between the United States and Japan? Could the Lansing-Ishii Agreement be interpreted in more than one way? How might a Japanese diplomat interpret it differently from an American? In what sense might the Nine-Power Treaty be considered an improvement over the Lansing-Ishii Agreement? Why did Japan invade Manchuria in 1931, and why did the United States consider this a matter of concern?
 * APPENDIX TWO**
 * The Road to Pearl Harbor: The United States and East Asia, 1915-1941**

[] Guiding Questions: To what extent was the alliance against the Axis powers unified in values and postwar goals? What were the major allied differences on wartime strategy and goals and how were they resolved? Why and how did the United States attempt to preserve the Grand Alliance as American diplomats addressed European issues? Was the American vision for postwar East and Southeast Asia flawed? If so, in what ways? Learning Objectives After completing this unit, students should be able to: Lay out the outlooks and objectives of the United States, Great Britain and the USSR, at the beginning of World War II with some sense of areas of convergence and disagreement. Evaluate the Atlantic Charter and the Four Freedoms as alliance goals and weigh them against the experience of the Nazi-Soviet agreements of 1939. Explain the ways in which the USSR, the United States, and Britain differed on their approach to winning the war Explain why the methods used to obtain the surrender of the French North African government were controversial in Britain and the United States and also disruptive of alliance unity Explain the Anglo-American decision to require "unconditional surrender" from the Axis powers Explain the ways in which the evolving military progress of the war affected diplomatic decision-making Explain the ways in which the USSR, the United States, and Britain differed on the future of Germany. Explain the differences between the three allies over the future of Eastern Europe, with particular attention to the problem of Poland. Explain the role played by the establishment of the United Nations in inter-allied diplomacy. Explain the ways in which the evolving military progress of the war affected diplomatic decision-making. Draw on the online documentation to explain the American approach to the shaping of the peace. Explain the differing viewpoints with which the USSR, the United States, and Britain approached the issue of European imperialism. Explain the ways in which the USSR, the United States, and Britain approached the issue of the future of China and define the postwar goals of each nation. Evaluate whether in these cases American policy was "realistic," i.e., in the best interests of the United States and/or likely to be achieved in the postwar world. How "Grand" and "Allied" was the Grand Alliance? Who were the major imperial powers in East Asia on the eve of the Second World War? Which of these imperial powers seemed to be most threatening to the other powers in the region? Explain. List the steps (places and dates) in Germany's expansion between 1936 and the eve of the Second World War that would begin on September 1, 1939. What country or countries appear from the map to be the most threatened by any potential agreement between Germany and the USSR? How did the map of eastern Europe change between September 1939 and June 1941? What happened to Poland? What states did the USSR take over? What Balkan states were allied with Germany or under German control prior to the invasion of Russia on September 1, 1939? How successful was the German invasion of Russia between June 22 and August 25, 1941? What gains and losses had the Germans made by November 1942? What territorial changes occurred in Asia and the Pacific region between September 1939 and July 1942? What allied territories appear to be especially threatened by further Japanese expansion? According to the Atlantic Charter and the Declaration of the United Nations, what were the immediate and long-term goals of the Grand Alliance? Why would it be accurate to call this an alliance of convenience? What postwar goals were shared by the various members of the Grand Alliance, and what postwar goals were not? In what ways, if any, did each of the alliance members attempt to modify or lessen the impact of particular alliance goals for a post-Axis world? How do the national values and wartime experiences of each alliance member explain these differences of vision for a post-war world? In what ways did the personal and public experiences and circumstances of Franklin Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, and Josef Stalin shape their country's goals for the post-war world? How to Win a World War The USSR, the United States, and Great Britain each had an idea of how the Grand Alliance might best defeat the Axis Powers. After sketching these differing strategies, explain why each country favored the strategy that it did. Explain why the Soviet Union was often unhappy with and even suspicious of its two western allies in 1942 and 1943. What did the Soviets do because of this? The final Axis collapse in North Africa (May 1943) was due in part to the negotiated surrender of Vichy-controlled French colonies shortly after the Anglo-American invasion of November 1942. The nature of the French surrender, however, strained the alliance. Explain the terms of that surrender and why the American and British public reacted negatively to them. How did the British and US governments attempt to deal with these criticisms? Britain and the US both wanted to see France freed from Hitler's control, but they did not share exactly the same vision of what would happen to France and its empire during and after the war. Tell in what ways the two allies agreed and differed on the French issue. What did Stalin have to say about France and why do you think he believed as he did? At Casablanca (January 1943), the United States and Great Britain announced that the war would be ended only with the "unconditional surrender" of Axis governments. What was the meaning of "unconditional surrender"? What were the purposes of this policy? Were all the allies happy with this policy? Explain. What was decided at the Quebec Conference (August 1943) between the United States and Great Britain with regard to strategies for winning the war and to plans for dealing with the defeated Axis nations after the war? In what ways did the Moscow Conference agree with or differ from this? The Tehran Conference (November 1943), bringing Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin together for the first time, ended in a show of allied unity. First, list and explain the strategic decisions the allies made at this conference for the defeat of the Axis powers. Then, list and explain the agreements made for the future once the war had ended. Finally, tell how the strategic priorities set at Tehran marked a shift in the relationships among the Big Three. What three events or developments in the evolving military situation during 1942-1943 do you see as most significantly affecting the diplomatic decision-making process? Explain. (A variation on this question might have them select one or two events or developments for two or three members of the Grand Alliance, contrasting the impact each had on the particular allies). Victory and the New Order in Europe Several possible answers to the question, "Did the US compromise its ideals as it concluded the war against the Axis and planned for a post-war world in 1944-45?" may be grouped roughly as follows (teachers may share any or all of these possibilities with students if they are having trouble formulating their own positions): "Yes, the US compromised its ideals and did so unnecessarily." "Yes, the US compromised its ideals, but only insofar as it needed to in order to win the war." "Yes, the US compromised its ideals, but these ideals were unrealistic from the beginning." "No, the US did not compromise its ideals." "No, the US did not compromise its ideals, but it should have in order to deal more realistically with winning the war and establishing the peace." In what ways did FDR and Truman differ in their approach to Stalin and the Soviet Union? What accounts for these differences? Do you believe that FDR was a pragmatist or an idealist in his dealings with the Soviet Union with regards to a post-war settlement for Eastern Europe and especially Poland? How did political considerations play a role in his decisions? Cite relevant evidence from the documents. Why did the allies believe that the future of Germany was such an important issue that it had to be resolved internationally rather than by the Germans themselves? Did the allies differ as to goals or ways to reach their goals? Explain. Why was the fate of Poland so important to each of the members of the Grand Alliance? The Atlantic Charter became the agreed-upon statement of principle for the Grand Alliance. In what ways were the various proposals for and actions regarding Eastern Europe-running from Poland in the north to Greece in the south-tests of and challenges to these principles? How did the various alliance members seek to justify their own proposals or to change the actions of other members of the alliance? What role did FDR see the United Nations and international cooperation playing in the maintenance of world peace after the war had ended? What role was the US to play in these international organizations? Why did he believe that this was the best way to prevent future wars? Although Stalin formally endorsed the principles of the Grand Alliance as set forth in the Atlantic Charter and the UN Declaration, did he appear to look to the Grand Alliance for or even trust it with the future security of the USSR and the maintenance of world peace? Explain why or why not. What might explain his formal adherence to these plans? As victory in Europe was secured and new governments were set up in the wake of the victorious Red Army in Eastern Europe, it was increasingly clear that the Grand Alliance was falling apart. Was this an inevitable outcome because of the very nature of such "coalitions of convenience" to fight a common foe or could better leadership have preserved the Grand Alliance? Why did the various allied plans for the post-war future of Germany create a tension between the practical goal of preventing Germany from causing a third world war and the high moral principles of the Grand Alliance, such as set forth in the Atlantic Charter? How were these tensions resolved? Was the solution a victory for principle or for pragmatism? Explain. There are those who say that the western allies, and especially the US, failed to stand up at Yalta and Potsdam to the increasing Soviet domination of liberated Eastern European states such as Poland; others, however, point to the fact that these areas were firmly under Soviet control and therefore beyond the help of the US or Britain. Given your reading of the diplomatic documents and your knowledge of the military situation, do you think there was a point at which the western allies lost the ability to save freed Eastern Europe nations from control by a new master? Explain. The New Order for "Greater East Asia" The students should also read the brief description of "The Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere" (see page 1 of the Text Document) as background for a quick discussion of Japanese imperialism—the empire that replaced European imperialism. The students should then be asked a series of questions: What replaced the European colonial administrations in those areas taken over by Japan? In what ways was the Japanese regime anti-imperialist? In what ways was it imperialist? How did local people feel about the new Japanese administration, especially when it became clear that it was as imperialist as that of the Europeans, and was directed at the exploitation of these areas for the Japanese war effort? What were the chances that the European empires could return to the pre-war way of life and power arrangements? Explain. Tell the students that they will now explore the actual plans and reasoning of the various allies as these nations looked to a post-war Asia. This will then allow the students to assess the consistency of the plans of each of these nations with the principles laid out in the Atlantic Charter. The four questions for the US, the USSR, Great Britain, and France with regard to French Indochina and/or China (France omitted) are: What were their post-war plans for this area? What were their reasons for these policies? What did they believe about the plans of the other allies? How did they plan to persuade or pressure one or more of the other allies to go along with their plans? What did the US, the USSR, and Britain each hope to gain from a post-war China? What, if any, were their concerns for the Chinese? Why did the US, the USSR, and Britain differ as to their post-war plans for China? What in the past of each helps account for these differences? You are a British politician trying to explain your support of imperialism to an American audience. What points might you make? What evidence do you find outside the Atlantic Charter that the US and the USSR both believed that they were opposed to imperialism? What evidence can you cite that would call into question the depth of opposition of each? What explains this gap between principle and practice? Was US policy toward post-war Asia and especially China in the best interests of the US? Explain. How likely was US policy toward post-war Asia and especially China to be achieved, given the attitudes of the other allies? What attitudes of the American people might play a role in this as well? Explain. Hyperwar: A Hypertext History of the Second World War [] Documents on World War Two [] The Grand Alliance and the Future of French Indochina [] The Grand Alliance and the Future of China []
 * APPENDIX THREE**
 * AMERICAN DIPLOMACY IN WORLD WAR II**

[] Guiding Questions: How did the Allies manage to turn back the Japanese offensive of 1941-42? How did the United States contribute to the turning of the tide against the Axis Powers in Europe in World War II? How did the Allies manage to defeat and occupy Germany in 1944 and 1945? How did the Allies manage to defeat Japan? Learning Objectives Upon completing all of the lessons in this unit, students will be able to: Articulate the various strategies developed by Anglo-American military planners, as well as the reasons behind them. Evaluate the strategies used, in terms of how successful they were in meeting their objectives. Discuss anti-Japanese sentiment in the United States, and how it affected the way the Pacific War was fought. Explain the magnitude of the U-Boat threat in the Atlantic in 1942 and early 1943, and how it was overcome. Assess the effectiveness of the strategic bombing campaign against German cities. Explain the reasons behind the dropping of the atomic bombs, and why the use of these weapons was controversial. Articulate the reasons behind the Japanese surrender, and the role the atomic bomb played in that decision. Identify on a map locations of importance to the war, both in Europe and the Pacific. Identify the most important military engagements and explain their significance. Interactive Map: Pacific Theater [] Interactive Map: European Theater [] Normandy Invasion and Campaign [] Oral Histories of World War II (Navy) [] Rutgers Oral History Archives [] Strategic Bombing (of Germany) Survey []
 * APPENDIX FOUR**
 * "The Proper Application of Overwhelming Force": The US in World War II**

Why did the Japanese believe that it was better to go to war with the United States sooner rather than later? Why were Japanese military planners pessimistic about their country's chances in a long war against the United States? What actions did the Japanese government take to prepare for a war in the Pacific? According to Japanese military planners, how likely was war against the Soviet Union? What were the three phases of Japan's strategy in the Pacific? Why did U.S. military planners believe that it was so important to defend the Philippines? Why did they not choose immediately to launch a bombing campaign against Japan? What sea and air routes did the Allies believe were most vulnerable, and why? Why did U.S. military planners opt for a largely defensive strategy in the Pacific? "How did the attack on Pearl Harbor affect American attitudes toward the Japanese? How do you think this affected the way the Pacific War was fought?"

What was the situation on the Eastern Front in 1942? What are the implications of this situation for Anglo-American strategy in Europe? How did the situation on the Eastern Front change between 1942 and 1943? What did the Allies hope to achieve by the end of 1944? Which was to take priority—a cross-channel invasion or operations in the Mediterranean? What was the overall Anglo-American strategy for Europe? Why was this strategy adopted? Which of the strategic goals were met, and which were not? What was the overall Japanese strategy for winning the war? How did the attack on Pearl Harbor fit within this strategy? What was the Allied plan for the Pacific in 1941-1942? What was the turning point of the Pacific War, and why? How did the Pearl Harbor attack influence American views of the Japanese? Why, after Pearl Harbor, did Anglo-American strategy focus on defeating Germany rather than Japan? What was the Anglo-American plan for Europe in 1942-1943? How serious was the German U-Boat threat in 1942, and how was it overcome? Why did the British and Americans decide to invade North Africa in 1942? Why did Anglo-American military planners reject the Mediterranean as the primary route for an invasion of Europe? What role would air power play in the anticipated invasion? Why was April 1, 1944, chosen as the target date for the invasion? What did military planners believe was the best location for an invasion of France, and why? How would the planned invasion affect the war in the Pacific? What was to be the overall objective of Operation Overlord? What was to be the task of the Supreme Allied Commander? How was the Soviet Union expected to assist the anticipated invasion? How did the Allied invasion of France contribute to the victory over Germany? What contribution did strategic bombing make toward the defeat of Germany? What had to occur before Allied forces could concentrate solely on the Pacific Front? What had to occur before an invasion of Japan could take place? Why? Why was China so important to success in the war against Japan? Why were lines of communication so important to military planners? What were planners hoping would happen once the United States gained control of the seas? What were the primary objectives of U.S. operations for 1943-44? What was the Allied strategy for defeating Japan after 1942? Why did President Truman decide to use the atomic bomb? Why was this decision controversial? Why did Japan surrender? How important a factor was the atomic bomb in the decision to surrender?