HIST+152+Content

HIST 152 US HISTORY FROM 1877

Exam #1

Study for the following four possible questions: http://thelearningprofessor.wikispaces.com/HIST+152+Exam+1

1. Eyes Abroad and Spanish-American War 2. U.S. on World Stage and Immigration 3. World War I: Beginnings 4. World War I: American Role/Peace Conference/Spanish Flu

On the exam itself, I will pick three of these questions--you will have to answer two of the three.

The exam will be essay--that means complete sentences, not just bullet points.

HERE IS WHAT WE COVERED IN CLASS BEFORE I GOT SICK

READING ASSIGNMENT The Question of an American Empire http://edsitement.neh.gov/lesson-plan/question-american-empire#sect-background


 * American Eyes Abroad**

1. In 1890, the US census declared the frontier "closed."

2. Many in America began to believe we had to expand abroad.

3. Great powers measured their greatness by the colonies they acquired.

World Colonial Empires, 1900 []

4. Britain, Germany, and France divided up Africa. They wanted to carve up Asia as well.

Imperialism in Africa []

5. Alfred Thayer Mahan [look him up on Google Images]

Mahan's //The Influence of Sea Power upon History// (Historian of the State Department) []

Mahan was for many years the President of the Naval War College.

Mahan's argument ran as follows:

~He argued that national greatness and prosperity depended on naval power. ~Mahan urged the Navy to shift from wood construction to steel ~Overproduction: In the US, more produced than domestic market could absorb. ~Hence, overseas markets needed to dispose of surplus ~Overseas markets implied distant ports ~Reaching distant ports required large merchant marine ~Merchant marine needed protection of powerful navy ~Ships needed coaling stations and repair yards ~Coaling stations implied secure stops: colonies ~Canal across Panama needed to link East coast with Pacific Ocean


 * Hawaii**

Footholds in the Pacific (Small Planet) [|http://www.smplanet.com/teaching/imperialism/#EP2]

1. In 1820, the first American missionaries arrived.

2. Their offspring became powerful sugar planters in Hawaii.

3. By 1875, a treaty between the U.S. and Hawaii tightened the links between the two:

a. Allowed Hawaiian sugar to enter the U.S. free of customs duties; b. Required Hawaiian monarchy to make no territorial or economic concessions to other countries.

4. In 1890 McKinley Tariff ended special status given to Hawaiian sugar.

5. By this time, Caucasian Americans owned three–quarters of the islands' wealth, though they represented a mere 2.1 percent of the population.

6. In 1891, a strongly nationalistic Queen Liliuokalani ascended to the throne and tried to restore greater power to Hawaiian natives. []

7. In 1893, Americans overthrew Queen Liliuokalani, set up a provisional government, and asked to become an American state—so that their sugar would be classified as domestic and would avoid tariffs.

Hawaiian Monarchy Overthrown by America-Backed Businessmen (New York Times) []

8. Annexation of Hawaii to the United States took place in 1898 during the Spanish–American War

THIS WAS THE READING ASSIGNMENT FOR THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR

a. Remember the Maine (Spanish-American War) http://www.smplanet.com/teaching/imperialism/#SAW1

b. Yellow Journalism (Spanish-American War) http://www.smplanet.com/teaching/imperialism/#SAW1-1

c. A Splendid Little War (Spanish-American War) http://www.smplanet.com/teaching/imperialism/#SAW2

d. A Gift from the Gods (Spanish-American War) http://www.smplanet.com/teaching/imperialism/#SAW3

NOW HERE IS THE MATERIAL WE WILL HAVE TO COVER PRIOR TO THE EXAM

Readings: A Gift from the Gods http://www.smplanet.com/teaching/imperialism/#SAW3

Boxer Rebellion Read "Spheres of Influence" and "Fists of Righteous Harmony" http://www.smplanet.com/imperialism/fists.html


 * Spanish–American War (1898-1902)**


 * Motives for war**:

[Underlying versus immediate] [How does this compare to today?] U.S. had sizable economic interests in Cuba and a lobbying group of 100,000 Cubans who lived in the U.S.

1. Humanitarians. Believed Spain too cruel in fighting rebels.

2. Hawks (jingoes). Believed America should chastise Spain

3. "Yellow journalism." Circulation war: Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst. [] []

Small Planet: Yellow Journalism http://www.smplanet.com/teaching/imperialism/#SAW1

[]

4. De Lome letter—Spanish Ambassador to U.S. criticized McKinley []

5. Sinking of the U.S. battleship Maine. Blown up in Havana harbor. Probably an internal explosion. []


 * The War Itself**

Teller Amendment. U.S. had no intention of taking possession of Cuba.

1. Short and glorious—"a splendid little war."

Small Planet: A Splendid Little War http://www.smplanet.com/teaching/imperialism/#SAW2

2. Major battles:

Excellent map: []

a. Manila. George Dewey defeated Spanish fleet in Manila. []

George Dewey (Today in History, Library of Congress) http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/dec26.html

b. San Juan Hill. Theodore Roosevelt and his Rough Riders. []

3. U.S. defeated Spain.

4. Beginning of a U.S. empire.


 * Treaty of Paris** (1898)

1. Guam: to the U.S.

2. Puerto Rico: to the U.S.

Puerto Rico invaded (History.com This Day in History |7/25/1898) []

3. Cuba: granted independence by Spain

4. Platt Amendment permited U.S. intervention in Cuba's internal affairs

Read this together: Platt Amendment (Historian of the State Department) http://history.state.gov/milestones/1899-1913/Platt

5. Philippines: U.S. paid $20 million to Spain.

Spanish-American War Ends (On This Day, Finding Dulcinea) http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/Aug/Spanish-American-War-Ends.html

Nurses in the Spanish-American War (National Archives magazine) http://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2002/fall/band-of-angels-1.html http://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2002/fall/band-of-angels-2.html


 * Philippines**

The proposed treaty with Spain sparked an important debate in America: Should we acquire the Philippines? []

1. Those in favor of acquiring Philippines: imperialist case. Advocated an empire.

Appealed to motives of Patriotism Manifest destiny Commerce.

2. Those against acquiring Philippines: anti–imperialist case.

Many felt imperialism counter to U.S. principles. Others felt U.S. could expand markets without ruling other countries. Labor unions felt they would be undercut by importation of low–wage contract workers.

3. Result: we paid $20 million and acquired the Philippines as an American possession.

[]
 * Philippine–American war** (1898–1904)

Small Planet: A Gift from the Gods [|http://www.smplanet.com/teaching/imperialism/#SAW3]

1. Emiliano Aguinaldo's army had helped U.S. against the Spanish. []

2. Aguinaldo expected to be president of an independent Philippines.

3. U.S. decided not to permit him to be President.

4. Aguinaldo led a guerrilla war against the occupying U.S. military.

5. War foreshadowed tactics and atrocities of Vietnam.

6. Aguinaldo finally captured. The revolt ended. []


 * Boxer Rebellion in China (1899-1901)**

a. "Spheres of Influence" and "Fists of Righteous Harmony" []

b. Missionary Martyrs (Christian and Missionary Alliance) Read the entire page, but especially the "Letter from Mr. Carl Lundberg" []

On This Day: June 9, 1900 Boxer's Rebellion (New York Times) []

Additional item of interest: Future U.S. President Herbert Hoover caught in China during Boxer Rebellion [] []


 * U.S. Open Door Policy (1899-1900)**

Maps: Spheres of Influence

a. Colonial Powers Carve up China []

b. Spheres of Influence and Treaty Ports []

As a trading nation, the U.S. opposed barriers to international commerce and demanded equal access to markets. Secretary of State John Hay
 * 1st Open Door Note (1899): all nations guarantee free trade in China.
 * Boxer Rebellion (1900). U.S. and others rescue foreigners in Peking.
 * 2nd Open Door Note (1900): all nations protect China's territorial integrity


 * Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine**

1. What was the Monroe Doctrine []

2. What was the Roosevelt Corollary [to the Monroe Doctrine] []

Speak softly but carry a big stick President Roosevelt warned Latin American nations to keep their affairs in order or face American intervention.

3. U.S. would assume the role of an international police power, a 911 number—whether requested or not.


 * Great White Fleet** (1907)

U.S. navy made world tour to impress the Japanese.

Japanese increased their military budget as a result.

The Great White Fleet (Mapping US History) []


 * Panama Canal (1904-1914)**

Map of Panama []

The Panama Canal (Small Planet) []

Interview: Walter Lafeber (section on the "Panama Canal") []

Spanish–American War demonstrated need for a Panama Canal: Shift naval forces quickly from Atlantic to Pacific.

Panama originally a province of Columbia. Columbia rejected proposed canal route treaty with the U.S. in 1903 Wanted more money Treaty infringed on their sovereignty. Almost immediately, Panama declared its independence from Columbia With the help and approval of TR). U.S. signed a treaty with Panama (1903). Canal completed in 1914.


 * IMMIGRATION**

Reading for Monday: Roman Catholics and Immigration in 19th-Century America http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/tserve/nineteen/nkeyinfo/nromcath.htm


 * Push factors**:

Wars Unemployment Food shortages Anti–Semitism (Poland and Russia). German Jews versus Polish/Russian Jews


 * Pull factors**:

America as a land of opportunity Patterns of settlement and adaptation. Role of chain migration.

Role of return migration.


 * U.S. has always had immigration**:

Asylum of liberty.

Source of immigration changed: Prior immigrants: northern and western Europe and the British Isles. New immigrants: eastern and southern Europe.


 * Characteristics of newer immigrants (1890-1900)**

Generally poor Often illiterate Jewish or Catholic Catholicism became largest American religion Had very different customs. Most settled in eastern cities. Few settled in South.


 * Immigrant cultures**

Role of ethnic enclaves: preserve culture

Ethnic associations Newspapers Schools (tied to religion: parochial and rabbinical) Churches Restaurants Stores

How to strike a balance between **assimilation and ethnic identity** Melting pot or salad bowl as appropriate metaphor?


 * Generational divide**

First generation: not speak English Second generation: not speak native tongue Third generation: aware of heritage


 * Social workers: Settlement Houses**

Key name: Jane Addams

Jane Addams obituary []

Hull House in Chicago (1889).

Located in center–city, immigrant neighborhoods. Staffers: young; middle–class; college–educated; white women.

Emphasis placed on: English language classes Courses in cooking, sewing, and household skills Infant welfare clinics Bathhouses


 * Nativist response**

Distrust of foreigners by "natives" a consistent theme in U.S. history.

New immigrants were particularly seen as utterly alien Threaten "American" values based on their language, religion, and culture

WORLD WAR ONE: BEGINNINGS

Great video (12 minutes) from the Crash Course series by John Green [|Archdukes, Cynicism, and World War I: Crash Course World History #36 - YouTube]

II. Then read these articles:

The Human Face of War Work through each of the 9 personal stories. [|http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwone/humanfaceofwar_gallery.sh]

The Causes of World War One []

Why World War I Resonates - NYTimes.com []

Snipers []

No Man's Land []

Wiring Parties []

Observation Balloons []

Poison Gas []

III. Then work your way through the material on the rest of this page:


 * WORLD WAR I: BEGINNINGS**

Allies: Britain, France, Russia, Japan, and Italy Central Powers: Germany, Austria–Hungary, Turkey
 * Lineup of belligerents**

Initially, the United States attempted to remain neutral

Map: Europe, 1914 []


 * War Beginnings**

1. Large armies (web of alliances) dominated European continent

European Alliances and Battlefronts, 1914-1918 []

The Causes of World War One []

2. In Sarajevo, the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne was assassinated.

Archduke Ferdinand assassinated in Sarajevo (Today in History, Library of Congress) []

Austria Sends Ultimatum to Serbia which will lead to WWI (New York Times) [|http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0723.html#article]

Austria Declares War on Serbia (New York Times) [|http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0728.html#article]

Britain Declares War on Germany 1914 [great headline] (New York Times) [|http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0804.html#article]

3. America's initial reaction: Wilson urged "impartiality in thought and action

President Woodrow Wilson (Miller Center, University of Virginia) a. "The Campaign and Election of 1916" [] b. "Federal Wartime Authority" and Civil Liberties during the War Years" [] c. "Neutrality in World War I," "End of Neutrality," "American Troops in the War," and "Wilson and the 14 Points" []

4. America not sure whom to root for: we had immigrants from many places

Those of British heritage cheered for Britain Irish hoped Britain's troubles would permit Irish independence French remembered fondly for help in American Revolution German-Americans rooted for Germany


 * American financial assistance to the Allies**

a. England and France bought huge amounts of arms, grain, and clothing b. American bankers helped finance purchases c. U.S. was not exactly neutral Loans to Allies exceeded $2 billion; Loans to Germany: only $27 million


 * German submarine (U-boat) warfare**

1. A real threat to freedom of the seas came from German submarines []

2. (Feb 1915) Germans declared the waters around British Isles a war zone Threatened to sink any ship there

3. (May 1915) Germans sank the passenger liner Lusitania Among 1,198 dead were 128 Americans PR impact: comparable to Maine in Havana harbor America protested through diplomatic notes

Lusitania (Today in History, Library of Congress) []

Official German warning

The Lusitania [Jay Winter] []

4. (1 Feb 1917). Germans decided on unrestricted submarine warfare To sink any ship found in waters around France and England

5. Major German miscalculation Germany hoped to defeat Allies before American troops reached Europe

6. US Breaks Relations with Germany (3 February 1917) (New York Times) [|http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0203.html#article]

Feb. 3, 1917 | U.S. Breaks Relations With Germany and Plans to Declare War (New York Times) []


 * America's initial reaction:**

Wilson urged "impartiality in thought and action

President Woodrow Wilson (Miller Center, University of Virginia) a. "The Campaign and Election of 1916" [] b. "Federal Wartime Authority" and Civil Liberties during the War Years" [] c. "Neutrality in World War I," "End of Neutrality," "American Troops in the War," and "Wilson and the 14 Points" []

[]
 * Zimmermann Telegram** (25 February 1917)

Here is the raw telegram

1. Germany asked Mexico to be their ally—and perhaps even invade a part of the U.S.—if U.S. entered the war against Germany.

2. In return, Germany would help Mexico get back territory U.S. received from the Treaty of Guadalupe (1848) ending the Mexican War.

This map shows the territory at issue:

See also: Teaching with Documents: The Zimmermann Telegram (National Archives) []

Zimmermann Telegram (First World War.com) [translated text of the telegram] []


 * Wilson's War Message (2 April 1917)**

President Wilson bio sketch []

Primary source document: text of President Wilson's War Message []

1. Wilson wanted to make the world "safe for democracy."

Idealism, progressivism, "city on a hill"

2. America: a special sense of mission—to reform world politics

3. Wilson believed taking part in the war necessary to guarantee U.S. a seat—and an insider's voice—at the peace table.

April 2, 1917 | Woodrow Wilson Asks For Declaration of War Against Germany (New York Times) []


 * MOBILIZING AND MANAGING THE HOME FRONT**

Mobilization of the nation for war altered American life

War cost $32 billion—U.S. yearly budget only $1 billion

Centralized planning boards: New Deal and World War II precedents

For a general overview: []

Federal Wartime Authority [scroll halfway down the page] []

(1) **War Industries Board**

Key name: Bernard Baruch

Coordinated the national economy

(2) **Food Administration**

Key name: Herbert Hoover

Teaching With Documents: Sow the Seeds of Victory! Posters from the Food Administration During World War I []

a. Victory gardens []

b. Meatless and wheatless days

Herbert Hoover's experience (Herbert Hoover Presidential Library) [scroll down to "Food Will Win the War] []

c. Posters

[]

[]

(3) **Fuel Administration**

a. Daylight savings time Poster: "Light consumes coal"--Save light, save coal []

b. Gasless days

(4) **Committee on Public Opinion**

Key name: George Creel

Propaganda agency to get America behind the war effort

75,000 four-minute speakers

Four-Minute Men: Volunteer Speeches during World War One [check out this History Matters website] []

Anti-German sentiment became pronounced in U.S.

Schools stopped teaching the German language

Sauerkraut became "liberty cabbage"

Saloons removed pretzels

German composers were not played

See also: Domestic Propaganda During WWI []

WORLD WAR I: AMERICAN ROLE/PEACE CONFERENCE


 * U.S. in World War I: The Fighting Phase**


 * American Expeditionary Force** (AEF)

1. Name given to the American armies in France

2. Commanded by General John J. Pershing [] []

3. U.S. came in on the side of the Allies: Britain and France

4. Our enemy: Germany

Why did we refer to them as "Huns? []

Major battles (all in 1918) involving Americans:

1. As a result of Bolshevik Revolution, Russia had gotten out of the war

Germans shifted their troops from Russia to France

Germans launched a major offensive in March 1918

Animated Map: The Western Front in 1918 []

2. Arrival of U.S. forces was just in time

Map: The Western Front: U.S. Participation, 1918 []

3. Americans fought at several major locations:

Chateau-Thierry (3-4 June 1918) and Belleau Wood (6-26 June 1918) [] [] []

Marne (15 July-5 August 1918) []

Saint Mihiel (12 September 1918) []

Meuse-Argonne (26 September-end of October 1918) [] []

4. Armistice

By November 1918, Germany was retreating all along the front

Fighting ceased on at 11 a.m. on 11 November 1918: our current Veterans' Day

Armistice Signed 11/11/18 (New York Times) [|http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/1111.html#article]

Casualties American dead totaled 118,000


 * Paris Peace Conference (Versailles)**

1. British and French demanded harsh approach to defeated Germany 2. Wanted defeated Germany disarmed 3. Wanted Germany's colonies: Africa, Asia 4. Wanted monetary payback (reparations) of Allied war costs 5. Hoped reparations would cripple Germany forever ($33 billion) 6. Severity of reparations a main cause of World War II


 * Wilson's program (Fourteen Points)**

World peace based on American principles. Highly idealistic. Some of his points were as follows:

Open diplomacy Freedom of the seas Removal of trade barriers Reduction of armaments Impartial adjustment of colonial claims Evacuation of occupied lands National self-determination


 * League of Nations**

League of Nations the most important point to Wilson To police the world: forerunner of United Nations Article 10: required major power intervention against aggressors U.S. unwilling to commit to such potential intervention abroad


 * U.S. Senate rejection of the peace treaty**

1. Senate has to approve any treaty by 2/3 vote Wilson was a Democrat Senate had 96 members: 49 Republicans, 47 Democrats Close party balance as in 2001 Most Republicans opposed the treaty as written

2. Wilson stubbornly refused to work with his Republican opponents Took his case to the American people: tiring speaking tour Wilson suffered a stroke

3. Senate rejected the peace treaty 4. America did not join the League of Nations


 * U.S. Post-World War I Foreign Policy**

1. Major foreign policy debate 2. Collective security versus unilateralism 3. Most Americans preferred historical tradition of nonalignment 4. Willing to act unilaterally in world to achieve national interests 5. Reluctant to take on binding commitments to collective action