Exam+1


 * HIST 151**
 * EXAM #1**

Please study for the following **four possible questions**.

On the exam itself, I will pick three of these questions--you will have to answer two of the three.

The exam will be essay; that means complete sentences, not just bullet points.

Possible Exam Questions:

1. European exploration and English political struggles

2. Roanoke Island, Jamestown, later Virginia, Maryland

3. New England, Middle Colonies, and the Carolinas

4. First Great Awakening, French Threat, Background to American Revolution


 * Pointers for our exam:**

Bring a blue book.

Write in **black or blue pen**.


 * Study hints for our exam**:

Be sure to study principally the material on the study guide. I am trying to help you by limiting what you are responsible for.

Our websites add color and excitement to our material, but you should not spend much exam time telling stories from the websites--unless you hit the main study guide material as well.

Hit overall main points for sure. Then put important details under the main points.

My wish is to let you demonstrate what you know.


 * START HERE FOR QUESTION #1**
 * EUROPEAN EXPLORATION AND ENGLISH POLITICAL STRUGGLES**

Luxury goods in Asia: silk, dyes, perfumes, jewels, and gold.

Spices in Asia: pepper, cloves, cinnamon, and nutmeg.

Spice Islands [Moluccas in today's Indonesia] (Royal Museums, Greenwich) http://www.rmg.co.uk/explore/sea-and-ships/facts/faqs/places/what-and-where-are-the-spice-islands

Earlier role of Italy as middlemen in European overland trade with China.

Marco Polo's //Travels// (1275) to China. Published in 1477. http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/polo_marco.shtml

Constantinople (1453). Fell to the Muslim Turks.

Muslims then controlled overland trade routes from Catholic Europe to Asia.

Europeans sought all–water trade route to Asia to outflank Muslims.


 * Voyages of Exploration**:


 * Portugal**

Will try to reach Asia by sailing east. The other European countries will try to reach Asia by sailing west America gets in their way and becomes the heart of our story. Portugal began explorations first: Portuguese sailed around Africa to reach Asia

Early Explorations 1400s []


 * Spain**

Role of Columbus:

Sailed west to reach Asia. Landed in Bahamas on first voyage. Four voyages in all Believed he reached East Indies—called the natives "Indians." Never realized he discovered a whole new world.

European Exploration of the Americas []


 * Treaty of Tordesillas** (1494)

Pope divided land claims between Portugal and Spain Portugal got Africa and Brazil Spain got remainder of New World

Treaty of Tordesillas http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas

[]
 * Religions in Europe, 1500**


 * Martin Luther**

(Lutherans): **Protestant Reformation (1517)**

In 2017 we will celebrate the 500th anniversary of the Protestant Reformation.

People saved by faith alone (Not by pilgrimages, indulgences) Priesthood of all believers replaced monasticism as the ideal Neither priests nor Latin Bible should keep people from the Word

Martin Luther (On This Day, Finding Dulcinea) []


 * Protestant Reformation in England (1533)**


 * English King Henry VIII** [House of Tudor]

Henry VIII broke with Rome in 1533. Under Henry, Protestantism hardly differed from Catholicism.

An Overview of the English Reformation (BBC) []


 * Edward VI**

Son of Henry VIII was Protestant, but died as a teenager.


 * Mary I**

One daughter of Henry VIII, Mary I ("Bloody" Mary), was Catholic.

Mary burned many Protestants at the stake. Other Protestants fled to safety of Frankfurt and Geneva There they absorbed radical Calvinist doctrines. They returned to England after the death of Mary. Eager to "purify" English church of any hint of Catholicism.

John Calvin (Calvinists): God alone decided who would be saved—predestination. Act as if you were one of the elect by strict morality and hard work Laymen governed church through elders and ministers (presbytery)


 * Elizabeth I (1558-1603)**

Other daughter of Henry VIII, Elizabeth I, was Protestant:

Church settlement. Church of England became clearly Protestant, but in its own way. Latin liturgy translated into the English Book of Common Prayer. Cult of saints dropped. Clergy permitted to marry. Calvinists, however, did not think these reforms went far enough. Puritans versus Separatists


 * King James I (1603-1625)**

James I (British Monarchy) []

New royal family: House of Stuart

During his reign, the Pilgrims fled to Netherlands and then from there to Plymouth colony Jamestown (1607) named for him In 2011 was celebrated the 400th anniversary of King James Bible.


 * King Charles I (1625-1649)**

Charles I (British Monarchy website) []

He was the son of James I His own sons were Charles II and James II [we will meet up with them later in our semester]

Intolerant of Puritans Believed in divine right of kings Puritan dissenters decided to flee from England to Massachusetts Bay colony (1630)


 * END HERE FOR QUESTION #1**
 * EUROPEAN EXPLORATION AND ENGLISH POLITICAL STRUGGLES**


 * BEGIN HERE FOR QUESTION #2**
 * VIRGINIA**


 * ROANOKE ISLAND**

Attempted base from which to harass Spanish treasure fleets. Resupply voyage stopped because of Spanish Armada

Spanish Armada prevented resupply to Roanoke Colony


 * Spanish Armada**

Rivalry between Spain and England Spain was hard–core Catholic Spain hated Protestant England. Spanish naval Armada (fleet) attempted to invade England A major battle in world history. English defeated the Spanish.

Great map showing defeat of the Spanish Armada []

Readings:

Ancient map gives clue to fate of 'Lost Colony' (Telegraph) http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/science-news/9244947/Ancient-map-gives-clue-to-fate-of-Lost-Colony.html

The Roanoke Island Colony: Lost, and Found? http://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/11/science/the-roanoke-colonists-lost-and-found.html

Roanoke Colony in our online history text: http://www.ushistory.org/us/2a.asp


 * JAMESTOWN**

A. Virginia Company Joint–stock company: Limited liability of investors Not financed by government. Not for religious purposes.

The Virginia Company []

B. Jamestown (Today in History, Library of Congress) []

Route taken across the ocean []

Indispensable Role of Women at Jamestown (National Park Service, Jamestown) []

C. John Smith (Today in History, Library of Congress) []

Colony barely survived. Captain John Smith's leadership was crucial.

John Smith's account of the trip to Virginia (Library of Congress) []

Reverend Robert Hunt (National Park Service, Jamestown) []

Remains of English Jamestown Colony leaders uncovered http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-33680128

John Smith's Bold Endeavor (NOVA) http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/john-smith.html


 * Powhatan Indians**

They initially aided colonists Quarrels over land led to warfare (1622 and 1644) Indian massacre of 1622 Indians were defeated and pushed westward

Powhatan Indian World (National Park Service, Jamestown) []

The Lost City of Powhatan (Smithsonian Magazine) http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/lost-city-of-powhatan-149908455/?all


 * LATER VIRGINIA**


 * I. Anglican Church in Virginia**

Church of England (Episcopalians today).

Religion in Early Virginia http://www.history.org/Almanack/life/religion/religionva.cfm


 * II. House of Burgesses (1619):**

First Legislative Assembly in America (National Park Service, Jamestown) []

Virginia began the tradition of local representative government New Spain, New France, and New Netherlands had autocratic rule


 * III. Tobacco**

Basis of Virginia's success Key cash crop Required much land Required continuous labor

John Rolfe (National Park Service, Jamestown) []


 * IV. Headrights:**

Land grants to individuals Settlers could claim 50 acres of land for themselves 50 acres for those whom they paid passage (including servants). Enabled some to build a large estate of landed wealth


 * V. Indentured servitude:**

Indentured servants []

Need for laborers Tobacco cultivation required many laborers English began with indentured servants (7 years) from England Slaves cost three times as much for initial outlay Life was hard on servants; not much easier for owners Diet of pork and corn Not much material wealth (not like today's Williamsburg) Servant might not live through his indenture If he lived through it, he could become a landowner himself


 * VI. Virginia Families**

Predominance of males, servitude, high mortality rates caused Fewer, smaller (1–3 healthy children), and shorter–lived families. Most children had step–parents: death of parent and remarriage. Parents had less control of their children in Virginia than in New England.

Rich families began by 1700 to control the colony They were intermarried, wealthy, powerful The same people were Burgesses, militia, church vestry, county court.


 * MARYLAND**

Maryland (initially) a sanctuary for Catholics Catholics were severely persecuted in England.

A 17th-century cross with a surprising story will be at Pope Francis’s first U.S. Mass https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/grade-point/wp/2015/09/18/a-17th-century-cross-with-a-surprising-story-will-be-at-pope-franciss-first-u-s-mass/

Maryland: The Catholic Experiment (US History.org) []


 * Maryland similar to Virginia**:

Rivers Tobacco Plantations Indentured servitude and slavery.


 * Maryland was a Proprietorship**. A personal possession.

Land grant from King Charles I to Calvert family (Lord Baltimore).


 * END HERE FOR QUESTION #2**
 * VIRGINIA**


 * BEGIN HERE FOR QUESTION #3**
 * NEW ENGLAND, MIDDLE COLONIES, AND THE CAROLINAS**


 * NEW ENGLAND**

Map of New England colonies []


 * a. Plymouth Colony**
 * (Notice the date: 1620)**

Separatist Puritans Called "Pilgrims" Wanted to leave the Church of England entirely.

God in America: Pilgrims []

Faith of the Pilgrims http://www.plimoth.org/what-see-do/17th-century-english-village/faith-pilgrims

Governor William Bradford William Bradford (C-SPAN American Writers) [| http://www.americanwriters.org/writers/bradford.asp]

Pokanoket Indians (compare to Powhatans) help Pilgrims. Squanto (compare him to Malinche) helps Pilgrims. []

Between 1620 and 1630, other options for settlement (besides Virginia and New England). English migrants settled on St. Kitts (1624) and Barbados (1627).

Great map illustrating the Great Migration during the1600s https://joannedi.files.wordpress.com/2012/12/greatmigrationmap1620-1640.jpg


 * b. Massachusetts Bay Colony**
 * (Notice the date: 1630)**

(Non Separatist) Puritans

The Puritans (God in America, PBS) [| http://www.pbs.org/godinamerica/people/puritans.html]

Governor John Winthrop (God in America, PBS) [| http://www.pbs.org/godinamerica/people/john-winthrop.html]

Our First and Scariest Inaugural Address, Courtesy of the Puritans [| http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2013/01/our-first-and-scariest-inaugural-address-courtesy-of-the-puritans/267299/]

America as a Religious Refuge, Part 1 []

Puritanism and Predestination (Divining America, National Humanities Center) []


 * Religious intolerance** in treatment of Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson:

Roger Williams (God in America, PBS) []

Anne Hutchinson (God in America, PBS) []

God covenanted with the Puritans and they with Him. People covenanted together to form a church.
 * Covenant theology**

Puritan church became known as Congregationalists


 * New England towns**

No headright system as in Virginia. Land distributed to groups, not individuals. Grants of land led to growth of communities not large personal estates.


 * New England families**

Numerous, large (5–7 healthy children), and long–lived. Even grandparents appeared. Parents exercised control over their adult children Allocation of land Need for children's labor to support them. Contrast with Chesapeake.


 * MIDDLE COLONIES AND CAROLINAS**

Map of the Middle Colonies, 1685 []

Charles II paid back several of his supporters (those who stood by him in exile in France) with land grants.


 * New York**

a. Charles II gave his younger brother, duke of York, a large land grant which include the Dutch–held New Netherlands.

b. Duke of York became King James II when his older brother Charles II died.

c. New Jersey: Duke of York regranted much of his land grant to two friends.

We won't do anything more with either New York or New Jersey.


 * Be sure to include these readings in your answer:**

Religious Pluralism in the Middle Colonies http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/tserve/eighteen/ekeyinfo/midcol.htm

Mingled Like Fish at Sea http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/becomingamer/peoples/text6/diversity.pdf

America as a Religious Refuge (Part 2) (Library of Congress) Read the portions entitled "The Quakers" and "The Pennsylvania Germans" http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/religion/rel01-2.html


 * Pennsylvania (1681)**

Charles II gave William Penn a proprietary land grant Penn saw this land as a refuge for Quakers—a "holy experiment" Pennsylvania became known for its religious toleration. Religious diversity: Quakers, German Reformed, Lutherans, Mennonites Penn actively promoted his colony—to Germans (Deutsch) particularly Pennsylvania became grain producing area of colonial America

William Penn (God in America) http://www.pbs.org/godinamerica/people/william-penn.html

Wlliam Penn https://www.learner.org/series/amerpass/unit03/authors-6.html


 * Quakers**

Society of Friends, founded in England by George Fox.

Quakers believed everyone could be saved—all were children of God and could experience his inner light. No need of a formal priesthood or liturgy. Women were allowed an important role in ministry. Refused to swear oaths on the Bible—it would imply they were not telling the truth on other occasions. Pacifists. Refused to perform militia service or pay taxes for self–defense. Related well to the Indians. Could history have developed differently if we had learned from Quakers?


 * Carolinas (1663)**

Map of the Carolinas and Georgia []

a. Remember: Charles II paid back several of his supporters (those who stood by him in exile in France) with land grants.

Creating the Carolinas (US History.org) http://www.ushistory.org/us/5c.asp

b. Northern portion of the grant (North Carolina) grew similarly to and was linked with Virginia.

Area around Charleston became the nucleus of South Carolina.

Heavily influenced by settlers from Barbados whose brand of slavery was harsher than in other parts of North America.

Major crops: Rice and indigo.

c. South Carolina used skills slaves brought from Africa (rice growing) and the West Indies (indigo—blue dye).

Both crops offset each other: different growing seasons; indigo grown on high ground, rice in low–lying swampy areas.


 * END HERE FOR QUESTION #3**
 * NEW ENGLAND, MIDDLE COLONIES, AND THE CAROLINAS**


 * BEGIN HERE FOR QUESTION #4**
 * FIRST GREAT AWAKENING, FRENCH THREAT, BACKGROUND TO REVOLUTION**


 * FIRST GREAT AWAKENING**

First Great Awakening: a reaction to the decline of religious intensity in the American colonies

Began in Massachusetts in 1730s; in all colonies by 1760s.


 * Jonathan Edwards**

Great Awakening began in Northampton, Massachusetts (1734–35) with Jonathan Edwards

He noticed a remarkable number of conversions among the youth of his church to a message based on Calvinist principles, a recognition of their own depraved natures, and the need to surrender completely to God's will.


 * George Whitefield**

The effects of such conversions remained isolated until 1739, when George Whitefield, an English Anglican clergyman, arrived in America. For fifteen months he toured the colonies. Preached to large audiences from Georgia to New England. His journey: new interconnection among the previously distinct colonies.


 * Impact of the Great Awakening**

Challenged deference, introduced egalitarianism to the colonies.

The Great Awakening divided churches over several issues:


 * Were pastors clearly born again?
 * How much education did pastors need?
 * Was itinerant evangelism allowable?

Denominations split into New Lights and Old Lights (Presbyterians) and Old Sides and New Sides (Congregationalists).

Readings:

Jonathan Edwards (God in America, PBS) http://www.pbs.org/godinamerica/people/jonathan-edwards.html

George Whitefield (God in America, PBS) []

Benjamin Franklin on Rev. George Whitefield, 1739 (National Humanities Center) []

Religion in 18th century America (Library of Congress) http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/religion/rel02.html


 * FRENCH THREAT**


 * New France**

New France http://www.ushistory.org/us/8a.asp


 * Deerfield**

Attack on Deerfield (1704) []

Reverend John Williams []


 * French and Indian War (Seven Years' War), 1754-1763**

Who was on each side in the war? Really a French versus British war with Indian allies on both sides.

French began to encircle the British colonies.

French—from today's Canada—claimed the Great Lakes and Mississippi Valley.

French established New Orleans to anchor the southern end of the Mississippi River.

French claimed the Pittsburgh area (originally called Fort Duquesne by the French, Fort Pitt by the British).

Three rivers come together at Pittsburgh: Allegheny, Monongahela, and Ohio

Map of the various battles in the French and Indian War http://wps.ablongman.com/wps/media/objects/1483/1518969/DIVI084.jpg

Fort Necessity [] http://www.nps.gov/fone/battle.htm

Braddock Campaign http://www.nps.gov/fone/braddock.htm

Scalping []

The Seven Years War and the Great Awakening (Crash Course US History #5) []


 * Peace Treaty of Paris** (1763)

Great Map! []

France is entirely ousted from the North American continent France will want to get back at Britain for this defeat France will therefore be willing to help us win the American Revolution.

After the war, British colonists no longer feared a French threat. Indians could no longer play European powers against one another.


 * ROAD TO REVOLUTION**

Major themes along the Road to Revolution:
 * Development and spread of the colonial resistance movement
 * British actions
 * Colonists' responses


 * King George III** (1760–1820)

New young king; various prime ministers.


 * Pontiac's uprising** (1763)

Indian chief led Indian uprisings in the Ohio region to kick out colonists. British troops unable to defend the frontier against him.

Good map


 * Proclamation Line of 1763**

Good map []

British tried to keep colonists out of land west of Appalachian Mountains British wanted to protect Indians British wanted to slow down land speculation . But many colonists had already settled west of the Proclamation Line They refused to respect the line.


 * Sugar Act** (1764)

Sugar Act (Massachusetts Historical Society) []

New British Prime Minister George Grenville He felt that colonists should pay a greater share of costs of empire. Particularly pay back costs of French and Indian War.

American protests limited largely to New England merchants Navigation Acts OK Collection of revenue not OK


 * Currency Act** (1764)

British merchants complained that Americans were paying their debts in inflated local currencies.

Currency Act outlawed colonial issues of paper money.

The Sugar and Currency Acts hit an economy already in the midst of depression.

Lacking any precedent for a united campaign against Parliament, Americans in 1764 took only hesitant and uncoordinated steps of protest.


 * Stamp Act** (1765)

Stamp Act (Massachusetts Historical Society) []

Modeled on a law in effect in Britain for over a century.

Three aspects to remember:

Stamp Act required tax stamps on most printed material Tax stamps had to be paid for in cash (scarce) Violators would be tried in vice admiralty courts (no juries).

A Tax stamp []


 * Protests against the Stamp Act**

Colonists feeling their way on exactly how to protest British decisions that affected them.

a) James Otis:

How to combat certain acts of Parliament without questioning Parliament's authority over the colonies. He concluded that colonists had to obey British laws. Many Americans, therefore, reluctantly prepared to obey the Stamp Act.

b) Patrick Henry

Not all the colonists were resigned to paying the Stamp tax. Patrick Henry did not agree with James Otis He proposed the "Virginia Stamp Act Resolves" These resolves protested Parliament's right to tax Americans without their consent.

Stamp Act riots and tar and feathering []

c) Despite the uproar, most Americans wanted to remain loyal British subjects and were not yet arguing for independence.


 * END HERE FOR QUESTION #4**
 * GREAT AWAKENING, FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR, BACKGROUND TO REVOLUTION**