HIST+151+Exam+3+S18


 * The Presidency of George Washington**

Video: George Washington: election, precedents, cabinet https://youtu.be/dIM1c3Sp-FE

Video: George Washington bio https://youtu.be/hvE9fb--Dig

Washington elected unanimously

Vice President John Adams

Washington acted cautiously Aware of precedents for the future Only used his veto power when he felt a bill was unconstitutional


 * First Congress (April 1789):**

Members were Federalists—generally

Congress succeeded at its four immediate tasks:

a. Revenue Act of 1789.

Congress adopted a 5 percent tariff on certain imports. Raised sufficient revenue to support the new government.

b. Bill of Rights

Responding to state ratification conventions' call for a bill of rights. James Madison took the lead. First ten amendments to the Constitution passed.

c. Beginnings of a "Cabinet"

Video: The First Cabinet http://youtu.be/2xDrXK9_oyA

1. Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson http://millercenter.org/president/jefferson

2. Secretary of Treasury Alexander Hamilton http://millercenter.org/president/essays/hamilton-1789-secretary-of-the-treasury

Video: Alexander Hamilton http://youtu.be/wlX-Z109UsU

3. Secretary of War Henry Knox http://millercenter.org/president/essays/knox-1789-secretary-of-war

4. Attorney General Edmund Randolph http://millercenter.org/president/essays/randolph-1789-attorney-general

d. Judiciary Act of 1789.

Organized the federal judiciary. Supreme Court (6 members) District courts (13) Circuit courts of appeal (3)


 * First political party system:**

Both groupings gradually divided into two opposing camps, each accusing the other of having sold out the principles of the Revolution.


 * I. Federalists**

They began calling themselves Federalists to link themselves with the federal Constitution.

Key person: Alexander Hamilton (George Washington and John Adams were both Federalists.)

Federalist Party (Ohio History Central) http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=887

Supporters: Those in favor of the Constitution during ratification Concentrated in New England

Federalists believed in the following:

a. For a strong national government b. For Central economic planning c. For a National Bank d. For Internal improvements (roads, harbors) e. Wanted a commercially-oriented America: for manufacturing f. In favor of protective tariffs (a tax on imported goods—to protect American industry) g. Who should hold power?: social elite—best interests of the people h. Wanted more order, less liberty: protection of property rights i. For a broad construction==loose interpretation of the Constitution j. Foreign policy: wanted closer ties with Great Britain


 * II. Democrat-Republicans**

Key person: Thomas Jefferson. James Madison his principal associate.

Democrat-Republican Party (Ohio History Central) http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=881&nm=Democratic-Republican-Party

They began calling themselves Republicans, contending that they were the true heirs of the Revolution and that Hamilton was plotting to subvert republican principles.

Supporters:

Anti-federalists during ratification process Southern planters Small farmers south of New England Non–English ethnic groups—Irish, Scots, and Germans Artisans

Their policies were generally the opposite of the Federalists on almost every domestic and foreign policy issue

a. Wanted a limited national government; favored States rights b. Against a National Bank c. Against Internal improvements (roads, harbors) d. Against manufacturing—it would cause slums in cities e. Against protective tariffs f. Wanted an America based more on farming than on factories g. Who should hold power?: the people h. Wanted more liberty, less order i. For a limited construction==tight interpretation of the Constitution j. Foreign policy: wanted closer ties with France


 * Hamilton's economic program**

a. Report on Public Credit (1790)

Approved by Congress Consolidate debts at national level==power to national level Debt holders will want national government to Fund foreign and domestic debt at full face value Speculators who paid 10% of face value would get rich Assume remaining debts owed by states Those who had paid off already were mad Deal made to move U.S. capitol to Washington, D.C.

b. Defense of the Constitutionality of the Bank (1790)

Congress approved it Hamilton liked the British system: Bank of England Said U.S. need a central bank to facilitate money movements

Hamilton's argument that a bank is permitted based on a loose interpretation of the Constitution

Can make laws necessary for commerce, taxation, war, etc. Implied powers argument Jefferson: a bank not permitted: strict constitutional view

c. Report on Manufactures (Dec 1791)

Congress did not approve it Reverse reliance on Europe for manufactured goods Encourage infant U.S. industries (shoes and textiles) with govt subsidies Tariffs to protect infant industries Promote immigration of technicians and laborer.


 * Whiskey rebellion (1794)**

Video: Whiskey Rebellion http://youtu.be/cCxRzecULXA

Whiskey Rebellion []

Hamilton's economic program required tax on whiskey to fund debt Farmers turned grain into whiskey (easier to ship) Farmers (mostly Democrat-Republicans) in western Pa. refused to pay Challenge to national authority had to be confronted Army sent to disperse the "rebellion" which "faded away like a vapor" Washington believed rebellion politically motivated by Jeffersonians Jeffersonians believed military response unnecessary


 * French Revolution**

Meanwhile, developments in foreign affairs magnified the domestic disagreements. Disagreements over the American response to the French revolution led to partisan disagreements. U.S. initially welcomed the French revolution but was bothered by its excesses. (Remember: U.S. was first independent country without a king.)

French Revolution (Historian of the State Department) []


 * Genet Affair (1793)**

Video: Genet Affair https://youtu.be/eamzJwHTQd4

Genet Affair (1793) https://history.state.gov/milestones/1784-1800/citizen-genet


 * Proclamation of Neutrality (April 1793)**

Video: Proclamation of Neutrality http://youtu.be/mvv51TJvDe0

Proclamation of Neutrality issued by George Washington. U.S. a small nation; caught in world war between Britain and France U.S. wanted to remain neutral; continue trade with everyone U.S. would act "friendly and impartial" toward the warring powers


 * Democratic–Republican societies:**

A republic==consensus==no factions or disagreements Composed chiefly of artisans and craftsmen Members: Jefferson followers; sympathetic to French Revolution Some 40 such societies organized (1793-1800) Saw themselves as heirs of the Sons of Liberty First grassroots political organizations Opposed to Washington's administration; first formal political dissent http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Societies


 * Washington's Farewell Address**

"The great rule of our conduct in regard to foreign nations is to have with them as little political connection as possible."

"It is our true policy to steer clear of permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign world."


 * The Presidency of John Adams:**

Election of 1796 won by John Adams, but a quirk in Electoral College made Jefferson (opposite political grouping) vice president.

Video: 1796 Election of John Adams http://youtu.be/soM4IeeD9qg


 * XYZ affair (1798)**

Video: XYZ Affair/Alien and Sedition Acts http://youtu.be/N88PyMoMW6g

Jay's treaty (between Britain and America) made France jealous France began capturing American ships carrying British goods President Adams sent three commissioners to ask France to stop French demanded a bribe of $250,000 prior to any discussions Americans took this as evidence of French disrespect Anti–French sentiment—even cries for war—swept the country Remember: partisanship between Federalists and Democrat-Republicans Adams held off demand for war


 * Quasi–War with France:**

An undeclared naval war began in the Caribbean between warships of the U.S. navy and French privateers seeking to capture American merchant vessels.


 * French–American Convention (1800):**

Ended the Quasi–War Freed America from French Treaty of Alliance Peaceful settlement cost Adams re–election Laid foundation for Louisiana Purchase (1803)


 * Alien and Sedition Acts (1798):**

Video: XYZ Affair/Alien and Sedition Acts http://youtu.be/N88PyMoMW6g

John Adams is the President associated with these laws. They were a Federalist attempt to muzzle Jeffersonian-Republicans Political criticism defined as treasonous No concept of loyal opposition First major crisis over civil liberties

Sedition Act of 1798 Becomes Law (On This Day, Finding Dulcinea) http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/July-August-08/On-this-Day--Sedition-Act-of-1798-Becomes-Law.html


 * Kentucky and Virginia resolutions:**

Video: Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions http://youtu.be/8P-fTC_OyqQ

How could Democrat-Republicans combat the Alien and Sedition Acts

National-level institutions (President, Congress, Court) were controlled by Federalists They therefore turned to only other forum available for protest: state legislatures


 * Presidency of Thomas Jefferson**

From 1801–1824, all three American presidents were Republicans and Virginians:

Thomas Jefferson (8 yrs.) James Madison (8 yrs.) James Monroe (8 yrs).

Video: Thomas Jefferson []


 * Jefferson the person**

Virtual Field Trip to Monticello: Thomas Jefferson's day []


 * Jefferson's Empire of liberty**

Jefferson shared with other Americans the belief that the U.S. was destined to expand its "empire of liberty." Most past empires had been run by dictators.

Four obstacles to America's empire of liberty would have to be confronted:

a. French in New Orleans and the Louisiana Territory b. Spanish in Florida and Mexico c. British in Canada d. Native Americans throughout the continent.


 * Presidential Election of 1800**

Republicans Jefferson and Burr tied for the election Jefferson selected by Federalist–controlled House of Representatives Peaceful transition of power between political parties New Congress controlled by Democrat-Republicans

Jefferson won election of 1800 (Today in History, Library of Congress) http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/feb17.html


 * Louisiana Purchase (1803)**

Great Map:

The obstacle to the "empire of liberty" posed by the French was the first to be overcome.

Louisiana Purchase (Today in History, Library of Congress) http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/oct20.html

U.S. paid $15 million to France. Doubled the size of America.

Jefferson compromised his strict constructionist views


 * Lewis and Clark Expedition (May 1804-Sept 1806)**

Reason for the expedition: Explore the extent of the Louisiana Purchase: find the source of rivers that drain into Mississippi.

Here is a terrific map of the total route:

4,000 Miles. Began in St. Louis; up the Missouri River to its source Across the Rocky Mountains (Continental Divide) Rivers running east go to Mississippi, those to West to Pacific Ocean Winter camp in Astoria, Oregon

Video: The Corps of Discovery http://youtu.be/jrdo7i9LOXM

Meriwether Lewis (The West) http://www.pbs.org/weta/thewest/people/i_r/lewis.htm

Sacagawea (The West) http://www.pbs.org/weta/thewest/people/s_z/sacagawea.htm


 * War with Barbary pirates (1801-1815)**

Barbary States: Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Tripoli (today's Libya). []

Video: Thomas Jefferson, Barbary Coast, Louisiana Purchase https://youtu.be/6MzpkSqF7dU

Pirates attacked U.S. ships in the Mediterranean U.S. got tired of paying protection money President Thomas Jefferson built up the US naval and marine capacity Pirates were defeated by 1815; no more protection money


 * Presidency of James Madison**

Video: James Madison bio https://youtu.be/EivTHLKaa9s


 * Preserving American trading rights and neutral status in a world at war**

Context.

World War b/n England and France started up again in 1803. U.S. was the chief supplier of food to both sides for a while. By 1805, France and Britain began blockading each other's ports. As a trading partner of both countries, the U.S. paid a high price.


 * Chesapeake Affair (1807)**

British warship Leonard; American warship Chesapeake British attacked, boarded, (and killed 3 Americans) in American waters. Exposed American military weakness Intensified American objections to impressment. Sparked American demands to go to war Jefferson—with Congress not in session—able to resist war demands.


 * Embargo**

Jefferson did not want a military fight with British He was generally pacifistic; war cost big bucks for a small nation He fought with "peaceable economic coercion." Embargo Act of 1807 prohibited all exports from the U.S. Policy was well–intentioned, but unpopular and unsuccessful. Mocked as "OGRABME" American economy collapsed British not hurt at all Only bright spot: U. S. manufactures—textile mills—received a boost Domestic market became exclusively American.


 * WAR OF 1812**

Remember: Britain and France locked in a world war

Napoleon invaded Russia in 1812.


 * American grievances with British:**

1. Impressment

Britain's navy suffered a severe shortage of sailors. Britain stopped American ships Forcible draft of American sailors.

2. Desire to defend American independence and honor


 * The vote for war**

Congress deeply divided over whether to go to war with Britain. Federalists in New England did not want to go to war. Many Federalist considered conflict to be "Mr. Madison's War." Raising troops in New England was difficult. People in west wanted to go to war.


 * War Hawks**

Their fathers had fought in the Revolution. They themselves wanted to prove themselves in war

Key names:

a. John C. Calhoun of South Carolina

b. Henry Clay of Kentucky

[]
 * Key battles of the War of 1812:**

1. Washington, D.C.

British captured the city.

Video: British burn Washington, 1814 http://youtu.be/47I4CtYI2Tc

British Troops Burn White House and Capitol (Finding Dulcinea, On This Day) http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/July-August-08/On-this-Day--British-Troops-Burn-White-House-and-Capital.html

2. Baltimore

British bombarded; Americans held out.

Francis Scott Key Writes “The Star-Spangled Banner” (Finding Dulcinea, On This Day) http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/September-October-08/On-this-Day--Francis-Scott-Key-Writes--The-Star-Spangled-Banner-.html

3. Horseshoe Bend (in today's Alabama)

Andrew Jackson (future American president) defeated the Creek Indians.

He forced them to sign away most of their land.

Andrew Jackson's Victory in Creek War (Today in History, Library of Congress) http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/aug09.html

4. New Orleans (8 Jan 1815)

Andrew Jackson's troops defeated the British.

British: 300 killed, 1300 wounded, 500 captured Americans: 30 killed, 40 wounded

Video: Battle of New Orleans (6:58) http://youtu.be/y9f3D3Y88pc

Battle of New Orleans http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/On-this-Day--U-S--Forces-Defeat-the-British-in-the-Battle-of-New-Orleans.html


 * Hartford Convention (15 Dec 1814—5 Jan 1815)**

Federalist delegates from New England Unhappy with the war's stoppage of New England trade Seemed treasonous during wartime. Led to demise of Federalist Party News arrived in Washington at same time as that of New Orleans


 * Treaty of Ghent (24 December 1814)**

Did not specifically address any of the issues for which America went to war. Merely restored the prewar status quo.


 * Consequences of War of 1812**

1. Affirmed the freedom won in the Revolutionary war 2. Strengthened America's resolve to avoid European politics 3. Dealt a serious blow to Indian resistance to American expansion 4. Increased nationalism—renewed feeling of confidence and assertiveness 5. Stimulated economy (capitalists began to invest in home manufactures) 6. Sealed the fate of the Federalists


 * Election of 1824: Corrupt Bargain**

Video: Corrupt Bargain of 1824 https://youtu.be/SatZaED_LJw

John Quincy Adams versus Andrew Jackson Jackson won plurality (not majority) of electoral votes and popular vote House of Representatives chose the president It chose Adams. Adams accused of having made a "corrupt bargain" with Henry Clay. Jackson immediately began to run for election of 1828.


 * Election of 1828**

Andrew Jackson won the election over John Quincy Adams.

Jackson's slogan: Adams can write; Jackson can fight. [Jackson had been the military victor over the Creek Indians and the British]

Jackson's party: Democrats After the demise of Federalists and the one-party Era of Good Feelings Democrats became the first well–organized national political party.


 * Presidency of Andrew Jackson**

Andrew Jackson biography http://youtu.be/Z-Nzn40b_n8

Video: The Hermitage (Jackson's plantation in Nashville) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P4R4S7zZoGg&feature=youtu.be

1. Spoils system. To the victors belong the spoils. Rotation in office.

2. "Kitchen Cabinet." Jackson relied on political friends, not Cabinet, for advice.

3. Native American Resistance and Removal

Most whites wanted land Most whites were racist: had little respect for Indians' rights and culture Indians always seemed to be in the way of whites' land hunger Some whites: physically separate Indians and white settlers Other whites: "civilize" Indians and assimilate them into American culture

a. Removal Act of 1830

Video: Andrew Jackson and the Indian Removal Act http://youtu.be/3E4f_oekpzI

The government forced the Five Civilized Tribes to move west of the Mississippi River.

Map http://wps.ablongman.com/wps/media/objects/1483/1518969/DIVI199.jpg

b. Five Civilized tribes: Choctaw, Chickasaw, Creek, Cherokee, Seminole

Indian Removal http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p2959.html

c. Cherokees

Cherokees. If civilizing Indians was the American goal, no tribe met that test better than the Cherokees

Sequoyah http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequoyah

Video: Sequoya and the Cherokees http://youtu.be/BIDM1V_flSE

Bilingual tribal newspaper Formal government complete with legislature and court system Written constitution modeled after that of the U.S. Ownership of black slaves Almost total conversion to Christianity.

d. Cherokee Trail of Tears

One part, a sad one, of the overall Indian removal.

Some 4,000 of the 13,000 Cherokees died along the way.


 * Overland Trails to the West**

Map http://wps.ablongman.com/wps/media/objects/1483/1518969/DIVI234.jpg

The Overland Trails are as follows: Oregon Trail California Trail Santa Fe Trail Mormon Trail


 * Oregon Trail (1843)**

"Oregon fever" began after the Panic of 1837 Fremont mapped the trail (1842) 1843—major increase in migration over the Trail

Map and pictures of landmarks http://www.historyglobe.com/ot/otmap1.htm

Independence, Missouri to Oregon/California Trip was 2,000 miles; took 6 months The travelers cover 15 miles a day Hardly anyone died from Indian attacks

Video: Oregon Fever (10:44) http://youtu.be/iquQUhja7ec

Oregon Trail:

a. Introduction http://oregontrail101.com/introduction.html b. Route West http://oregontrail101.com/routewest.html c. "Jumping off" http://oregontrail101.com/jumping.html d. Power http://oregontrail101.com/power.html e. Hardships http://oregontrail101.com/hardships.html f. Buffalo http://oregontrail101.com/buffallo.html g. Native Americans Read only the section entitled "Relationships" http://oregontrail101.com/native.html


 * Manifest destiny**

Term first used by editor John L. O'Sullivan (1845)

Manifest Destiny Famous painting analysis (John Gast) https://2012english120.wordpress.com/2012/11/30/stabbing-westward-an-analysis-of-john-gasts-american-progress/

American expansion westward and southward was

a. Inevitable b. Just c. Divinely ordained

In accordance with this view:

a. Native Americans: savages, best eliminated

b. Hispanics: inferior peoples, best controlled or conquered


 * Oregon Country**

Northwest boundary dispute

U. S. negotiated for Oregon Country (1846). U.S. went to brink of war with Britain over Oregon boundary. President James K. Polk's campaign slogan: Fifty-Four Forty or Fight U.S. could not fight Mexico and Britain at same time

Boundary dispute map: http://wps.ablongman.com/wps/media/objects/1483/1518969/DIVI236.jpg

Territorial Acquisitions Map: Oregon Country 


 * California Gold Rush (1849)**

Video: Gold Rush (8:47) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QxekRM5-uMU&feature=youtu.be

1. Discovery of gold (1848) (2 months before Mexican-American war treaty)

California Gold Rush (1849) Overland trail plus passage around South America 100,000 arrived in one year

2. California statehood (1850)

Gold discovered at Sutter's Mill []

President Polk sparks the California Gold Rush []


 * Texas Revolution**

Video: American settlers move into Texas http://youtu.be/JskHY3KFRgI

Americans moved into Spanish (then Mexican) Tejas Panic of 1819 pushed some Americans westward Mexico gained its independence from Spain (1821)

Empresarios: Spain gave land grants to Moses Austin Mexico continued the same deal with his son, Stephen Austin (1824)

Americans not happy with three aspects of life in Mexico:

1. Catholicism: Settlers either converted superficially or ignored requirement

2. Slavery

In 1829, Mexico freed its slaves Colonists freed their slaves but signed them to lifelong indentured servant contract

3. Self government

Texas part of Mexican Coahuila (Texas outnumbered 3 to 1) Americans demanded a Mexican state of their own

Dictator **Santa Anna** abolished separate Mexican states (1834)


 * Texas revolution (1836)**

By 1835, Texas population: 30,000 Americans; 3,000 Mexicans "War party" declared Texas independent in1836 Guests who rebelled against their hosts

Video: Texas and Mexican War https://youtu.be/7O0jF2QrzIQ


 * Main battles of the Texas Revolution:**

Mexican Army commanded by General Santa Anna.

Map: []

a. Alamo:

187 all died (including some famous persons: Davy Crockett, Jim Bowie, William Travis)

Video: Alamo (2:25) http://youtu.be/4_dIs1xYj_U

Video: Alamo and Goliad (1:06) http://youtu.be/HZDtQfAVQEo

The Alamo Came Under Attack (Finding Dulcinea, On This Day) http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/Feb/On-this-Day--The-Alamo-Came-Under-Attack.html

Key people who died at the Alamo

1. Davy Crockett

2. Jim Bowie

3. William Travis

b. Goliad: 350 captured Americans were massacred

c. San Jacinto: (today's Houston, Texas)

Video: San Jacinto (0:53) http://youtu.be/uAfUl2yQE8g

Sam Houston attacked Mexicans during a siesta 630 Mexicans killed Santa Anna captured


 * Texas: the Lone Star Republic (1836–1845)**

Texas a separate country during the period 1836-1845

Sam Houston the first president.

Video: Sam Houston (1:44) https://youtu.be/gYRkgA2R4HU

Population increased from 30,000 to 142,000

Annexation to the US delayed until 1845: volatility of the slavery issue

Territorial Acquisitions Map 

http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Wilmot_Proviso?rec=1400
 * Wilmot Proviso (1846)**

a. Many northerners opposed the war with Mexico b. They saw in a war an evil design by slave owners to increase possible slave territory

c. Democrat Congressman David Wilmot of Pennsylvania proposed a bill that would outlaw slavery in any territory won from Mexico. d. His proposal did not pass Congress.

e. **But** the Wilmot Proviso became a rallying cry for abolitionists & those against spread of slavery.

f. Most white northerners were racists, not abolitionists. g. Whites wanted to protect themselves—not southern blacks—from the Slave power. h. They wanted to keep this new land only for free white people


 * Free–Soil Party**

Formed in 1848 to prevent slavery in the territories won from Mexico.

Free Soilers did not necessarily want to abolish slavery.

They simply wanted to prevent its spread into the Western territories.

Party slogan was Free Soil, Free Speech, Free Labor, and Free Men.

Free Soil party was made up of 1. Northern Democrats committed to the Wilmot proviso 2. Antislavery ("Conscience" as opposed to "Cotton") Whigs


 * U.S.-MEXICAN WAR**

Mexican-American War Video (129:00) http://youtu.be/_JjjaMBoSQE

Mexican War Regular Map: []

1. Mexico felt annexation of Texas cause for war

American sent forces into disputed region to provoke a Mexican attack Mexicans did attack America declared war

2. Some in U.S. opposed war:

Many northerners opposed the war with Mexico They saw in a war an evil design by slave owners to increase possible slave territory

Two of those who opposed the war: Henry Clay and Abraham Lincoln

3. American interest in California (then a part of Mexico):

Bartered manufactured goods for cowhides Boston companies set up resident agents in California Agents' reports back East sparked interest in California

a. Richard Henry Dana's //Two Year Before the Mast//: a best seller (1840)

Richard Henry Dana http://www.winthrop.dk/rhdana.html

His ship was named the Pilgrim https://www.ocean-institute.org/general-information/about-pilgrim

b. Sutter's Fort. Sacramento. At end of Overland Trail.

4. Bear Flag Revolt (June 14, 1846)

When war with Mexico seemed likely, U.S. claimed California in the Bear Flag Revolt

Key names in this Revolt: William B. Ide; John Fremont; Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo

Separate country for less than a month

Bear Flag Republic https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Republic


 * U.S. Forces in Mexico**

Army Life: U.S. Army http://www.pbs.org/kera/usmexicanwar/war/army_life_us.html

Army Life: Mexican Army http://www.pbs.org/kera/usmexicanwar/war/army_life_mexican.html

a) US General Zachary Taylor: invaded Mexico from north

Battle of Buena Vista

b) US General Winfield Scott: invaded Mexico from seacoast

Battle of Cerro Gordo Battle of Chapultepec

Halls of Montezuma Marines raised U.S. flag over National Palace in Mexico City


 * Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo**

U.S. paid Mexico $15 million Present states: California, Utah, New Mexico, Nevada, Arizona U.S. territory enlarged by 20% Gold was discovered in California (1848): a few months before treaty signed

Territorial Acquisitions Map 


 * Legacy of the Mexican-American War**

$100 million in military costs 13,000 Americans died Training ground for military officers later famous in Civil War Gold discovered in California (1848): a few months before treaty signed Continuing controversy over extension of slavery in land won from Mexico