HIST+151+Exam+4+F17


 * SECOND GREAT AWAKENING**

Theme: What were the causes, characteristics, and consequences of the Second Great Awakening?

Began around 1800 Democratized American religion—as voting was being democratized Rejected doctrine of predestination


 * Second Great Awakening**

Began around 1800 Democratized American religion—as voting was being democratized Rejected doctrine of predestination

Video: Second Great Awakening (2:30) Professor Christine Leigh-Heyrman https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=Sjt392m36yo


 * A. On the frontier: West and South**

Focus on individual salvation; no impulse to reform society

Baptist lay preachers and Methodist circuit riders


 * 1. Camp meetings**

Attended by thousands

Most notable one: Cane Ridge (1801): 10,000 participants

Video: Cane Ridge, Kentucky (700 Club) (1:32) http://youtu.be/i5gUY6Eoh_A

Video: Cane Ridge: Leaders and legends (10:440 http://youtu.be/tAQyZvF0BZo


 * 2. Circuit riders**

Nothing but Crows and Methodist Preachers http://www.forgottenword.org/crows.html

Video: Circuit Riders (3:07) http://youtu.be/Jv9Hi-pN_nA


 * B. In the north**

Congregationalists and Presbyterians Small to medium-sized towns Northern revivals led to an impulse to reform society


 * Charles G. Finney**

Key name in Second Great Awakening

Charles Finney (God in America, PBS) http://www.pbs.org/godinamerica/people/charles-finney.html

New York lawyer Converted (1821) Finney became a full–time evangelist "I have a retainer from Jesus to plead his case" Focused initially on the small towns in western New York.

A more democratic version of Christianity than predestination. Any person who wanted to be saved could be saved.
 * Arminianism**==Free will

Finney's evangelistic approach: New Measures


 * New Measures**: controversial for its time

a. Protracted meetings. Revivals continued nightly for a week or more.

b. Anxious bench

"Almost saved" would sit up front Made an object of special prayer.

c. Women allowed to speak aloud and pray for male relatives


 * Converts organized into voluntary associations**


 * a. 1810—Foreign Missions Board**

Students at Williams College: Haystack Prayer Meeting

Video: Haystack prayer meeting (2:56) http://youtu.be/8SCsQYueXN4

Video: Haystack prayer meeting (3:52) http://youtu.be/OtA2QizrMgQ

b. 1816—**American Bible Society**—distributed Bibles in the West

2016 was the 200th anniversary of the founding of the American Bible Society.

c. 1825—**American Tract Society**—to seamen and urban poor


 * Antislavery**

//**We should all ask ourselves the question: Would I have been an abolitionist?**//

Compare to feelings about immigration these days.

Antislavery was not a unified movement at first

Its adherents differed over several issues:
 * a. How hard to push the issue
 * b. The rights of women
 * c. The place of free blacks in American society

The issue of slavery eventually became so compelling that it consumed all the other reforms we have discussed.


 * Gradual emancipation**:

1. American Colonization Society (founded in 1816) http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part3/3p1521.html

2. Advocated gradual emancipation of former slaves

3. Suggested resettlement in Africa

4. Liberia was set up for this purpose

Its capital, Monrovia, named for President James Monroe


 * Immediate emancipation**

Immediatism surpassed gradualism as dominant anti-slavery approach
 * a. Immediate—right now
 * b. Complete—no other labor contract
 * c. Uncompensated—owners not paid a thing

Contrast between: "old" abolitionism: American Colonization Society "new" abolitionism: Garrison and American Anti–Slavery society

[]
 * William Lloyd Garrison**

William Lloyd Garrison []

Videos: William Lloyd Garrison https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s8GT2yNPJQ8&feature=youtu.be https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=glOAGZqIKbQ&feature=youtu.be

Garrison was a white abolitionist

He argued for immediate emancipation

His newspaper, //The Liberator//, began publication in 1831 []


 * Women abolitionists**
 * Women more prominent in abolition than other movements
 * Women could not vote
 * Women expected to "keep their place" in the background

Angelina and Sarah Grimke []

White daughters of a South Carolina slave owner Moved to the North Became involved in anti-slavery and women's rights Attacked the concept of subordination of women to me


 * Free blacks**

Almost 250,000 in south by 1860

Highly discriminated against by whites Legal status somewhere between slave and free Whites feared free blacks would lead slave uprisings States enacted "Black codes" to control movement of free blacks


 * Black abolitionists**

Much of abolitionism was run by free blacks

By 1830, blacks had organized some 50 abolitionist societies


 * Notable free blacks**:


 * 1. Frederick Douglass**

Frederick Douglas Noted escaped slave Famous for his Autobiography

Video: Frederick Douglass bio https://youtu.be/Su-4JBEIhXY

Frederick Douglass []


 * 2. Harriet Tubman: "the Moses of her people"**

Harriet Tubman []

Harriet Tubman | National Women's History Museum http://www.nwhm.org/education-resources/biographies/harriet-tubman

Video: Harriet Tubman bio http://youtu.be/CCkuph8zHsU


 * 3. Sojourner Truth: "Ain't I a woman"**

Sojourner Truth []

Video: Sojourner Truth bio https://youtu.be/q-HfiryNoXY


 * Underground Railroad:**

Underground Railroad (Africans in America) http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p2944.html


 * Opposition to abolitionists:**


 * Murder of Elijah Lovejoy**

Many white Americans violently opposed abolitionism They did not want to compete with freed blacks Hostile whites threatened abolitionist editors and speakers An example of this opposition was the murder of Elijah Lovejoy He was a white abolitionist newspaper editor Murdered by a mob in Alton, Illinois (1837).

Northerners outraged: Not because they supported abolition But because they wanted to preserve free speech

In the South, mobs blocked distribution of antislavery pamphlets


 * Gag rule**

Many Northern church women signed anti-slavery petitions

Sent these petitions to Congress

From 1836 to 1844, Congress refused even to open or read the petitions Southerners were happy

Northerners felt their free speech was violated.


 * SLAVERY MODULE**

Video: Slavery: All Night Forever (Ken Burns Civil War video) []


 * North American slave trade**

Slavery and sugar shifted focus of world economy from Asia and the Mediterranean to the Atlantic. Being black did not initially mean being a slave. By the 1670s, mainland colonists imported large numbers of Africans Only a few Quakers had any moral problem with using slaves. Slave trade made many merchants wealthy.

The middle passage: voyage from Africa to America.


 * John Newton** was a slave trader who converted to Christianity and wrote the hymn entitled "Amazing Grace."

Check out this map on where slaves came from and to where they were sold: []


 * Slavery in the South**

By 1720, Africans were 20% of overall population.

Relationship between the large number of slaves in South Carolina and the survival of African culture.


 * Slavery in the north**

North had fewer slaves (personal servants; dock workers) In some cities, slaves 10 % of population. Low northern slave population accentuated differences with South


 * Description of the South**

Old South or Antebellum South (before the Civil War) (1800-1860)

North grew and changed

South just grew
 * Remained a rural, agrarian society
 * Thin population distribution
 * Few cities
 * Small number of factories


 * Rise of the Cotton South**

Several factors increased the growth of slave–supplied cotton plantations:

1. Cotton gin [before gin:10 hours for 1 pound; after: 1000 pounds/day]

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part3/3h1522.html
 * Eli Whitney**'s Cotton Gin (Africans in America)

2. Short–staple cotton

3. English and northern U.S. textile factories need for cotton


 * Southern society**

Remember: Some 75% of white southern families owned NO slaves at all.

But the slave society influenced all aspects of southern culture.

Planters: Most planters owned fewer than 10 slaves. Big planters set the tone for southern society.


 * Planter paternalism**

Men treated both women and slaves in a domineering manner Racism in the master–slave relationship Sexism in the male–female relationship

Women raised to be wife, mother, and subordinate companion to men Wives helped oversee the plantation household

Wives had to tolerate husbands' sexual infidelities with female slaves


 * Black codes**

Slaveholders saw free blacks as potential instigators of rebellion Southern states wanted free blacks to move away to the North

Black codes regulated free blacks who remained in the South

Black codes required
 * Black skilled laborers to be licensed
 * Banned blacks form specific jobs (such as river boat captains)
 * Forbade blacks to assemble in public
 * Prohibited teaching blacks to read and write


 * Slave life**

Food generally adequate, but plain and monotonous Slaves owned few clothes and lived in small, one–room cabins

Slaves worth more healthy than sick Women as child bearers were particularly valuable to owner

Slaves treated as property: Pledged for a debt Gambled away in a card game

White crimes against slaves went unpunished Slaves could not testify against whites


 * Slave work routine**

1. House slaves

2. Field slaves

Most field slaves worked in the **gang system** White overseer: compensated on how much he produced Black slave drivers: foremen to keep down dissension

3. Some slaves worked the **task system**

In urban settings and on some rice plantations Assigned daily tasks to complete at their own pace Remainder of the time was their own

4. Slave **hire system**

Some skilled slaves were able to hire themselves out They could keep most of their wages Often used proceeds to purchase their freedom


 * Slave religion**

Most white southerners were religious Most believed they should help slaves become Christians [I wonder how prevalent Islam was among slaves.]

But they did so on their own terms Whites used religion as a form of control: They liked the verses from the Apostle Paul God commanded slaves to serve and obey their masters

Slaves felt there must be a real Bible somewhere One not written by their white owners

Many whites unwilling to accept slaves as brothers and sisters in Christ.

Christianity helped slaves cope with bondage Slaves used religion as a refuge Inner sense of personal worth and dignity Slaves hoped for deliverance from bondage Slaves liked the Moses story Surely in heaven but hopefully in this lifetime


 * Slave family life**

Slaves tried to be monogamous Slave marriages had no legal basis Slaves still had marriage ceremonies Vows were changed to "till death or distance do us part"

Family was central to slave life Worst fear was family separation by sale At any moment, the master could a. Sell a slave husband or wife b. Die in debt, forcing a division of his property c. Give a slave child away as a wedding present

Husbands tried to provide for their wife and children Could not protect the females from sexual exploitation by the master

How Slavery Affected African American Families (National Humanities Center) http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/tserve/freedom/1609-1865/essays/aafamilies.htm


 * Slave attitudes toward whites**

Most slaves suspicious of white motives Slaves hated their oppression Whites stereotyped slaves as docile Sambos

To keep from being whipped Slaves learned to act subservient Slaves spoke respectfully to their masters


 * Slave resistance**

Few violent rebellions Whites had firepower, slave patrols, militia, and federal troops.

Slaves tried to preserve mental independence and self–respect

Coping mechanisms
 * Trickster tales
 * Nonviolent forms of resistance
 * Stealing food
 * Temporarily running away
 * Slacking off at work


 * Nat Turner slave rebellion in Virginia** (1831)

Turner an educated black lay preacher Key slave rebellion—a violent one Caused an intense white reaction in the south

Video: Nat Turner bio (3:35) http://youtu.be/BBH3Xzz3Y3E

Nat Turner []


 * Virginia legislature slavery debate** (1832)

White advocates of gradual abolition of slavery forced a debate Arguing that slavery was injurious to Virginia's modernization Motion favoring abolition lost Last public debate on slavery in the antebellum South


 * THE 1850S**


 * Crucial interplay of several factors**

Acquisition of new territories turned slavery into a major constitutional standoff between 1848-1861.

Slavery's existence and territorial expansion []

Should new states be slave or free? "If slavery was the sore spot in the body politic, territorial disputes were salt rubbed into the wound."


 * Frames of reference** of North and South toward each other:

Northerners: feared an evil Southern Slave Power wanting to take over U.S. Southerners: felt that northerners were all abolitionists--wanting to oppress the South

A North–South division was deepening Slavery in the territories colored every other national issue The first sectional battle of the decade involved California California's request to enter Union as free state caused political conflict Compromise of 1850 became a temporary armistice in the slavery issue


 * Compromise of 1850**

Video: Compromise of 1850 (Sound Smart) http://youtu.be/j_Bra5yBh6M

Major provisions of the Compromise of 1850:


 * a**. **California entered the Union as a free state**

California becomes the 31st state in record time (History.com This Day in History | 9/9/1850) http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/california-becomes-the-31st-state-in-record-time

[]
 * b. Popular sovereignty** allowed in Utah & New Mexico Territories

Let the people in each state decide on whether they would permit slavery.

Popular Sovereignty (US History.org) http://www.ushistory.org/us/30b.asp


 * c. Trading and auction of slaves abolished in Washington, D.C.**

Slavery itself was still permitted


 * d. Fugitive Slave Act**

Stronger than past ones Citizens must help capture and return runaway slaves Suspected runaways denied trial by jury

Video: Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 (Sound Smart) []

Video: Fugitive Slave Act and Uncle Tom's Cabin http://youtu.be/RnWokuQ6kcA

Results of the Fugitive Slave Act []


 * Harriet Beecher Stowe**

Video: Who is Harriet Beecher Stowe? http://youtu.be/ijFy4RjYGbQ

Famous as the author of Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852).

Her book a reaction to Fugitive Slave Act

Harriet Beecher Stowe's portrait of slave suffering made southerners mad.

Harriet Beecher Stowe (God in America) []


 * Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852)**

Uncle Tom's Cabin https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncle_Tom's_Cabin


 * Southern defense of slavery: George Fitzhugh**

Southern slaves better off than northern workers Northern workers were "wage" slaves Worked harder than Southern slaves Were laid off if they got sick or too old

George Fitzhugh (Africans in America) http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4h3141.html


 * Missouri Compromise (1820)**

Video: Missouri Compromise https://youtu.be/_yjx_b5MsFA

Map of Missouri Compromise provisions http://wps.ablongman.com/wps/media/objects/1483/1518969/DIVI181.jpg

(1) Missouri was admitted as a slave state and Maine (formerly part of Massachusetts) as free

(2) except for Missouri, slavery was to be excluded from the Louisiana Purchase lands north of latitude 36°30?.


 * Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)**

Video: Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 (Sound Smart) https://youtu.be/QYP854GAPAU

Kansas-Nebraska Act undid the Missouri Compromise which set the 36°30' line of latitude to be the separation of free and slave states

Senator Stephen Douglas Introduced a bill to establish the Kansas and Nebraska territories. Wanted Chicago to be the terminus of a transcontinental railroad; No railroad would build through unorganized land. He needed southern votes The bill used the popular sovereignty formula Effectively implied repeal of the Missouri Compromise.

Shifting Political Landscape Three great maps: Missouri Compromise, Compromise of 1850, Kansas-Nebraska Act http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/general-article/lincolns-political-landscape/

[]
 * Bleeding Kansas**

Popular sovereignty feature of the Kansas–Nebraska Act Civil war erupted in Kansas between Those who wanted to bring slavery to Kansas Those who wanted to prevent slavery there.

Bleeding Kansas http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p2952.html

Video: Bleeding Kansas (Sound Smart) https://youtu.be/TqZJc7B8xsc


 * Republican party** (1854)

New party—not connected to the earlier Jeffersonian Republican party. Formed in reaction to the Kansas–Nebraska Act. A purely sectional third party based in the North. Dedicated to keeping slavery out of the territories.

Video: Origin of the Republican Party http://youtu.be/nvbygAr_aTA


 * Nativism: American Party=Know Nothings**

Anti-immigration and anti-Catholic

Video: Know Nothings and nativism http://youtu.be/uHXXfG5f81Y

Know-Nothing Party http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Know-Nothing_Party


 * Sumner–Brooks incident** **(1856)**

Sen. Charles Sumner (Mass.) an abolitionist His antislavery remarks an insult to Rep. Preston Brooks (S.C.) Brooks beat Sumner with a cane—in Senate chamber

South seemed to condone violence to have its way South sent Brooks more canes Northerners shocked at this southern assault on free speech

Video: Caning of Charles Sumner http://youtu.be/ESAszDhxiKk


 * Dred Scott decision (1857)**

Supreme Court attempted to decide issue of slavery in the territories Five of the nine Supreme Court justices were southerners

Dred Scott case (Sound Smart) http://youtu.be/J0OW18pIo8c

The case ruled as follows:
 * Blacks could not be U.S. citizens
 * Congress could not prohibit slavery in a territory
 * This implied a repeal of the Missouri Compromise
 * South delighted; North outraged

Compare to Supreme Court involvement in 2000 presidential election

Supreme Court Rules Against Dred Scott (Finding Dulcinea, On This Day) http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/March/Supreme-Court-Rules-Against-Dred-Scott.html


 * Lincoln-Douglas debates of 1858**

Video: Lincoln-Douglas debates (Sound Smart) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LljCzkPasuk&feature=youtu.be

Lincoln-Douglass Debates Who: Abraham Lincoln, challenger, Republican Free Soil, slavery should not be permitted in territories Slavery a moral evil

Who: Stephen Douglass, incumbent US Senator from Illinois, Democrat Popular sovereignty should decide Did not declare slavery a moral evil

What: 7 debates within Illinois When: 1858 US Senatorial election Where: Illinois Why: How to deal with the possible spread of slavery How: First speaker one hour; rebuttal hour and a half; first speaker half hour Result: Douglass was re-elected to the US Senate

The Lincoln-Douglas Debates Begin (Finding Dulcinea, On This Day) http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/July-August-08/On-this-Day--The-Lincoln-Douglas-Debates-Begin.html


 * John Brown at Harper's Ferry** (1859)

Video: John Brown's raid https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=11gevEoaJsk

John Brown had slain proslavery settlers in Bleeding Kansas Using both whites & blacks, John Brown attacked federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry Brown hoped to arm slaves and trigger a slave rebellion Brown failed: captured, tried, and executed Northern abolitionists saw him as a Jesus figure South bothered by this adulation; thought all northerners endorsed him

The raid on Harpers Ferry []


 * Election of 1860**

Video: Election of Lincoln and Southern Secession http://youtu.be/P-l8FJShCsE

Lincoln got no southern electoral votes but still won the election. []

Lincoln's analysis "You in the south think slavery is right and ought to be expanded. We think it is wrong and ought to be restricted."


 * Secession of the South from the United States**

Secession of South Carolina (December 20, 1860)

After South Carolina, came two waves of secession:

Map of secession: []

a) Deep South: Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas

b) Upper South: Arkansas, Tennessee, North Carolina, Virginia

Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware
 * Several slave states remained committed to the North:**


 * Confederate States of America**

Confederacy was a separate country for these four years.

It had problems similar to those of the Articles of Confederation government we studied earlier.


 * Jefferson Davis** chosen as President of the Confederate States of America.

Video: Jefferson Davis mini bio https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bFxxXKH8VbY


 * Capital of the Confederacy**

Initially in Montgomery, Alabama.

Then moved for remainder of war to Richmond, Virginia.


 * Civil War (1861-1865)**


 * Fort Sumter (South Carolina)**

Lincoln decided to resupply the federal fort in Charleston harbor.

Confederates fired on the fort and thereby began the Civil War.

Video: Fort Sumter (Sound Smart) https://youtu.be/c3IwgtrMKKM


 * War aims**

North: Preserve the Union. Not free the slaves

South: Preserve slavery==the southern way of life


 * Names used to describe each side**:

North=Federals=Yankees=Union=Billy Yank=Blue

South=Confederates=Rebels=Secessionists=Johnny Reb=Gray


 * Key Leader/Generals for the North**:


 * 1**. Abraham Lincoln

Video: Abraham Lincoln bio https://youtu.be/L80_q2tPveo

Video: 60-Second Presidents (PBS) Abraham Lincoln https://youtu.be/eEvnH9M-xOM


 * 2**. Ulysses Grant


 * 3**. William Tecumseh Sherman


 * 4**. George Meade


 * 5**. George McClellan


 * Key Leaders/Generals for the South**: **Confederate States of America (CSA)**

1. Jefferson Davis

Video: Jefferson Davis mini bio http://youtu.be/bFxxXKH8VbY


 * 2**. Robert E. Lee

Video: Robert E. Lee - Mini Bio http://youtu.be/4AVMoo_PT40

http://www.findingdulcinea.com/features/profiles/j/thomas--stonewall--jackson.html
 * 3**. Stonewall Jackson


 * 4**. J.E.B. Stuart


 * Civil War: comparisons of the opposing sides**


 * a. Northern advantages:**

1. Larger population

2. Greater industrial production

3. More railroads and canals


 * b. Southern advantages:**


 * 1.** Greater emotion


 * 2.** Excellent military commanders


 * 3.** Better cavalry at the beginning of the war

[]
 * Union military strategy**

Anaconda plan:

a. Advance along the Mississippi b. Pressure on Richmond and Virginia c. Union naval blockade

[]
 * Confederate military strategy**

Offensive defensive:

a. Attack when possible b. Mostly play defense c. Use interior lines of transportation d. Concentrate its forces at crucial points of Union attack

What else could the Confederates have done to win the war?


 * Union diplomatic strategy:**

Lincoln tried hard to prevent Britain and France from aiding the Confederacy

Video: Threat of foreign intervention in Civil War http://youtu.be/ZKtjpmz3zjA


 * Trent Affair:**

A Union ship stopped the British ship Trent at sea The Union navy took off two Confederate diplomats: James Mason and John Slidell.

Britain protested.

Eventually, the North released the two men.

Video: Trent Affair http://youtu.be/w6_WtS_7b6k

Trent Affair (Historian of the State Department) https://history.state.gov/milestones/1861-1865/trent-affair


 * Confederate diplomatic strategy**

"King Cotton" diplomacy

Hoped that Britain and France would aid South to get southern cotton It did not happen Both countries developed other supply sources


 * Military Life**

a. Soldiers had to deal with mass violence, live on little food and sleep, and endure all kinds of weather.

b. Rifle and the minie ball. Straight–ahead charges were stupid in light of the more effective killing range of the rifle and the power of the minie ball.

Civil War camp life http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/04/14/notes-on-civil-war-camp/?_r=0


 * Women in the Civil War**

Video: Women in the Civil War (Sound Smart) http://youtu.be/BYCF8ALSYZw

Women soldiers in the Civil War (National Archives magazine) http://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/1993/spring/women-in-the-civil-war-3.html


 * Black Union soldiers**

Racism in the Union army was strong. Black soldiers in the Union army (120,000) fought for acceptance from their white comrades

Video: African-Americans in the Union Army http://youtu.be/OCaK8M2Tb2g


 * Religion in the Civil War**

A. Was God on the side of the North? Religion in the North during the Civil War (National Humanities Center) []

1. the special place of America in world history 2. a Northern victory as a prelude to the millennium 3. the issue of slavery.

B. Was God mad at the South because of slavery? Religion in the South during the Civil War (National Humanities Center) []

South believed it was more religious and God-fearing than the North. Role of Stonewall Jackson as a pious example


 * Emancipation of the slaves**

a. Lincoln's approach

Hoped to achieve a peace treaty compromise with the South Tried to balance conflicting parts of his Republican party coalition Radical Republicans wanted immediate emancipation Others (especially border slave states) did not Set his priority to preserve the Union, not end slavery But needed to keep Britain and France from aiding the Confederacy

The Civil War and emancipation (Africans in America) []

b. Jefferson Davis's approach

Preserving Confederate independence was the key Would free the slaves if it preserved Confederate independence An effort was made to emancipate: too little, too late


 * Major Battles of the Civil War**

Map of the Civil War, 1861-1862 []

Map of the Civil War, 1863-1865 []


 * Bull Run (July 1861)**

South won. "Stonewall" Jackson got his nickname.

Stonewall Jackson profile http://www.findingdulcinea.com/features/profiles/j/thomas--stonewall--jackson.html


 * Shiloh (April 1862)**

Union barely won. Shiloh means "peace" Large casualties revealed the horrible nature of modern warfare.


 * Antietam (September 1862)**

Battle a draw. First time South invaded North. Antietam and Gettysburg the only major battles outside the South.


 * Fredericksburg** **(December 1862)**

Union lost big.

Made 14 charges against well–entrenched Confederates.


 * Chancellorsville** **(May 1863)**

Confederates won battle.

But lost their great general, Stonewall Jackson, who was killed by friendly fire.

Stonewall Jackson Shot by His Own Men at Chancellorsville []


 * Vicksburg** **(July 1863)**

Union victory. Union gained complete control of Mississippi River. Western part of Confederacy cut off.


 * Gettysburg** **(July 1863)**

Second time South invaded North. Union victory. "High tide" of Confederacy. Pickett's charge Turning point of the war for the South.

Ist day: Union took the high ground; Jeb Stuart's cavalry arrived too late.

2nd day: Rebels tried to take Big and Little Round Tops but Union held.

3rd day: **Pickett's hopeless charge** against the middle of Union lines.

Battle of Gettysburg Begins (Finding Dulcinea, On This Day) http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/July-August-08/On-this-Day--Battle-of-Gettysburg-Begins-.html


 * Gettysburg Address**

President Lincoln Delivers Gettysburg Address (Finding Dulcinea, On This Day) http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/November/President-Lincoln-Delivers-Gettysburg-Address.html


 * Battle of Atlanta** **(July 1864)**

Union victory.

Ensured Lincoln's reelection.


 * Sherman's March through Georgia (March to the sea) (November-December 1864)**

Union victory Sherman operated in deep South Across Georgia: Atlanta to Savannah Destroyed everything in a path 60 miles wide, 200 miles long


 * Appomattox** **(9 April 1865)**

Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered to Union General Ulysses S. Grant


 * Lincoln assassination: 14 April 1865**


 * Legacy of the Civil War**

Total deaths 620,000===(360,000 North; 260,000 South)

Four million slaves in the South were freed.


 * Reconstruction (1865-1877)**


 * Place of ex-slaves in southern society**

Four million slaves in the South were free. What to do about them?

The civil rights movement led by Martin Luther King, Jr., has been called the Second Reconstruction.

Consider also the powerful feelings that arise even today over the issue of affirmative action.


 * Reconstruction Plans:**


 * How to bring the Southern states back into America**

Post World War II comparison: former Nazi leaders

Prodigal son comparison [Luke 15:11-32 NIV] []


 * Presidential Reconstruction Plan**

a. **Lincoln's Reconstruction Plan**

Lincoln was assassinated (April 1865)

Andrew Johnson took over From Tennessee Former slave owner himself

Video: 60-Second Presidents (PBS) Andrew Johnson https://youtu.be/H11SE9M2oMY

b. **Johnson's Reconstruction Plan**

Northerners hoped he would remove Old South leaders from power Through most of 1865, Johnson alone controlled Reconstruction policy Congress recessed shortly before he became President (April) Congress did not meet again until December 1865 Congress angered at lenient presidential Reconstruction policy


 * Congress attempted (unsuccessfully) to impeach Johnson**


 * Congressional reconstruction plan**

Congress believed it had constitutional role in Reconstruction Congress controlled by Republican party Congressional Republicans wanted the Southern states that came back into the Union to be Republican

Radical Republicans (former abolitionists) wanted to go farther than most They wanted to transform southern society (sort of like the issue today of "nation building")

Keep out Southern states until this transformation


 * Election of 1876/Compromise of 1877**

On This Day: Rutherford B. Hayes Named Winner Over Samuel Tilden in 1876 Presidential Election []

This so-called Compromise of 1877 effectively ended Reconstruction