HIST+152+Exam+2+S18


 * GREAT DEPRESSION**

Video: The Century: America's TIme - 1929-1936: Stormy Weather (45:00) http://youtu.be/zSfzFWU5LbY


 * Business did well in the 1920s**

1. Presidents.

All three were Republicans: Warren Harding, Calvin Coolidge, and Herbert Hoover.

a. Warren Harding

b. Calvin Coolidge

All three were pro–business ("The business of America is business").

2. Supreme Court.

Protected business and private property as it had in the Gilded Age. Sheltered business from government regulation Hindered organized labor from striking.

3. Congress. Responsive to corporate lobbying.

4. Welfare capitalism.

Corporations countered the appeal of unions by offering pensions, profit–sharing, picnics, and company-sponsored sports teams.

5. Consumerism

Consumer society.

Number of consumers increased by advertising (increased sophistication plus increased expenditures), credit, and higher wages

6. Automobile

Ford Model T

a. The car altered American life as much as the railroad had 75 years earlier. b. Car registrations went from 8 to 23 million in the 1920s. c. Car prices more affordable: mass production and competition

Automobile industry fostered growth of other industries
 * Items to make cars: steel, glass, rubber, textiles.
 * Roads: "good roads" movement.
 * Motels and diners
 * Oil drilling
 * Gas stations.


 * 1928 Presidential Election**

Hoover won the 1928 election against Al Smith

Herbert Hoover (60-second Presidents) http://youtu.be/-qVoI9FrFO4

Herbert Hoover bio (Miller Center) https://millercenter.org/president/hoover/life-before-the-presidency

Not too successful. Remedies relied upon self–help, not government assistance. Traditional: tried to balance the budget Vetoed several relief measures.
 * Hoover's administration**

Hoovervilles=shanty towns Hoover blankets=newspapers Hoover flag=an empty pocket turned inside out


 * Bonus Army March** (1932)

Video: Bonus March on Washington (3:12) http://youtu.be/i91huA98Q8s

Bonus Expeditionary Force

World War I veterans (15,000) marched to and camped in Washington

They demanded payment immediately of promised (1945) World War I cash bonuses

President Hoover ordered the army to evict the veterans

Army, commanded by Douglas MacArthur, operated harshly

"Cheered in 1917, Jeered in 1932"


 * GREAT DEPRESSION**


 * Stock Market Crash** (1929)

Video: The Great Crash (5:00) []

Most of the 1920s saw an upbeat business climate. Then things went south.

Business context

1. Increasing flow of consumer goods: autos, radios, and household appliances

2. Installment credit increased sales

3. Optimism in the air Unlimited prosperity would never end

Key song representative of the upbeat atmosphere: []
 * Blue Skies** Are Smiling on Me(1927)

4. But the consumer–goods revolution contained seeds of its own collapse.


 * Factories produced more than country could consume.
 * Workers had insufficient purchasing power.
 * Farmers were particularly suffering.

5. Stock market crash in October 1929 burst the bubble.

Black Tuesday, Stock Market Crash Ushers in Great Depression (On This Day, Finding Dulcinea) []


 * Beginning of the depression.**

1. Between 1929 and 1932, industrial production declined by almost 45% Decline of production led to plant closings and unemployment.

2. Unemployment rose quickly:
 * 1930—5 million (15% unemployment)
 * 1931—9 million (25%)
 * 1932—12 million (40%)

3. Bank failures rose steadily.

4. Protectionism

Difficult for other countries to sell their products in U.S. Difficult for them to earn dollars to buy American products. Other countries raised their tariffs in retaliation.
 * Smoot–Hawley tariff** raised U.S. import duties to an all–time high.

5. Depression dominated American life for 10 years (1929–1939).

a. People postponed marriage; married couples postponed having children. b. Malnutrition and deteriorating diets made people susceptible to disease. c. Out–of–work fathers felt ashamed of their diminished roles.


 * 1932 Presidential Election**

Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) defeated Herbert Hoover

Video: Promise of change in 1932 election (FDR Library) (2:12) http://youtu.be/SFnMAnxqVAs

Video: **FDR's 1932 campaign song:** Happy Days are here again https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gt2Rmx-h84I


 * President Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) (1933-1945)**

Paralyzed nation strengthened by physically–handicapped President

Franklin Delano Roosevelt http://www.findingdulcinea.com/features/profiles/r/franklin-delano-roosevelt.html

Video: Franklin Roosevelt bio (4:56) https://youtu.be/qK42SUseTwM


 * First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt**

Eleanor Roosevelt []

Video: Eleanor Roosevelt (4:27) http://youtu.be/QMBRgDErlVw

Great advocate of social justice; admired by African-Americans. Example: Marion Anderson concert at the Lincoln Memorial, 1939 Example: Tuuskegee Airmen


 * NEW DEAL**


 * First 100 Days**

Congress was in session for one hundred days before it adjourned. During this period, FDR went fifteen for fifteen in major legislation. Subsequent presidents are measured by this impossible standard.

Video: The First 100 Days (FDR Library) http://youtu.be/oyePw4CtUAE


 * Saving the Banks: Emergency Banking Relief Act**

Context: prior bank failures FDR issued a decree closing all banks in America This approach called a "banking holiday"

Emergency Banking Relief Act: Provided for government supervision and assistance to banks Strong ones would be reopened with federal support Weak ones would be closed Deposit insurance ($5,000) would be available


 * Fireside chats**

FDR made great use of radio to reach public.

Video: FDR's first Fireside Chat (Gwyn Ifell) http://youtu.be/YOPm4H2k81s


 * Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)**

Video: Rural Reforms (FDR Library) http://youtu.be/ECeGqd9XiEw

Three million people left farms in the 1930s. Agricultural Adjustment Act was designed to help farm problems:

Overproduction Low prices paid for crops Low income of farmers Difficulty of paying mortgages Rise in farm foreclosures

The act provided for the following: Government paid subsidies to farmers who a) Restricted crop acreage: wheat, cotton, corn, rice, or tobacco b) Reduced number of livestock, particularly pigs.


 * Dust Bowl**

Drought and poor farming techniques led to dust storms.

Many from Oklahoma (Okies) and Arkansas (Arkies) fled to California over Route 66.

Woody Guthrie was the key singer about the Dust Bowl []

Dust Bowl []

http://americanhistory.si.edu/onthemove/exhibition/exhibition_10_1.html
 * Route 66**

Ran from Chicago to Los Angeles

The People's Highway

John Steinbeck in Grapes of Wrath called it the Mother Road


 * John Steinbeck wrote the Grapes of Wrath about the Dust Bowl migration to California**

Grapes of Wrath novel written by John Steinbeck []

Video: Grapes of Wrath "Two for a Penny" http://youtu.be/CPI7QbqPj9E


 * Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)**

Job corps for young men, aged 18–25. Supervised by U.S. army. Workers paid $30 per month, of which $25 had to be sent to family. Pumped $2 billion into economy (equivalent to $200 billion today). Work planned by National Park Service: Tree planting (North Dakota to Texas), flood control, road construction.


 * Opposition to the New Deal**

a) Conservative critics.

Republicans did not like government control of the economy.

b) Liberal critics:

1) **Father Charles Coughlin**

Catholic priest from Detroit Weekly radio sermons (30 million audience) Criticized the New Deal Proposed a National Union for Social Justice to counter the New Deal. Anti-Semite: depression caused by international Jewish bankers. Expressed support for Hitler's approach to running Germany.

2) **Dr. Francis E. Townsend** []

Proposed an Old Age Revolving Pensions plan Every person over age 60 would get a $200 per month pension. His plan would cost 50% of national income to help 7% of population.

3) **Huey Long**.

Huey Long https://www.ssa.gov/history/hlong1.html

Former Governor of and Democratic Senator from Louisiana. Proposed a Share Our Wealth Society Tax rich people heavily Furnish each family an annual income of $2,500

Assassinated in 1935


 * Social Security Act**

Video: Social Security (FDR Library) (2:33) http://youtu.be/hk3H72iIhXs

FICA deduction today. Designed to prevent more radical alternatives (Townsend and Long) Workers required to pay into it Answer to critics of "relief" Worker's payment matched by employer

Social Security Act []

Frances Perkins (Secretary of Labor) was the first woman Cabinet Secretary in US History [|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Perkin]


 * Works Progress Administration (WPA)**

Video: Jobs and Relief (FDR Library) (3:19) http://youtu.be/WbI3sVR7Qu4

Emphasized under-consumption. Massive public works programs for the jobless Home relief (the dole) versus work relief.

Employed 3 million men as manual laborers: roads, hospitals, bridges.

Criticized by conservatives as make-work


 * Presidential Election of 1936**

FDR won a second term easily


 * FDR attempt at "Court Packing**" (Supreme Court)

Video: Reshaping the Supreme Court (2:38) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6wjAwH_OOmI&feature=youtu.be

Video: New Deal setbacks (FDR Library) (3:36) http://youtu.be/7D0mdt4VG5E

Court Packing []

Court declared AAA and NIRA unconstitutional on 5-4 votes. FDR wanted to appoint pro–New Deal justices Proposed six new ones (one for every member over age 70). Congress (both parties) opposed the plan Felt he was overreaching and looking like a dictator.

Issue became moot: a swing justice (Owen Roberts) changed his voting pattern. The so-called "switch in time that saved nine"


 * Presidential Election of 1940**

War had started in Europe on 1 September 1939 when Hitler invaded Poland.

FDR won historic third term, defeating Wendell Wilkie..


 * New Deal coalition**

Democratic Party then consisted of the following:

Farmers Urban immigrants Organized labor

White southerners

Northern blacks Ever since the Civil War, blacks had usually voted Republican. Big shift occurred during the New Deal: blacks began voting for Democrats

This New Deal coalition held together until the 1960s, when the civil rights movement created internal tension in the Democratic Party.


 * New Deal assessed**

New Deal failed in its fundamental purpose: to put people back to work and end the depression.

Depression only ended due to World War II.

But New Deal gave Americans back their psychological will to overcome.

In the past, federal government had served as an economic regulator. During New Deal, it became an economic guarantor and stimulator as well.

Congressional Republicans are currently trying to limit the size of government, much of which began with the New Deal.


 * WORLD WAR II**

Video: 1936-1941: Over The Edge (Peter Jennings narrated) []


 * World War Two: Our material is arranged by year.**


 * 1931**

Japan became a major threat to U.S. goals in Asia:

Map: Pacific Theater []

(1) Japan's "New Order" in Asia

Wanted a sphere of influence in Asia Similar to United States in Latin America

U.S. unwilling to permit such Japanese influence.

United States had major interests at stake in Asia: Philippines and various Pacific islands Religious missions Trade and investments Open Door in China.

(2) Japanese seized Manchuria (1931)

Video: Japanese invasion of Manchuria and mainland China http://youtu.be/t_aZWY2Pm3g

American response: Stimson Doctrine of nonrecognition It was a mere moral lecture U.S. had neither the means nor the will to use military force to kick out the Japanese from Manchuria.


 * 1933**

Adolf Hitler became Chancellor of Germany (1/30)

Franklin Roosevelt became President of the United States (3/4)


 * U.S. recognized Soviet Union**. To increase trade. To halt Japanese expansion.


 * 1935**


 * U.S. Neutrality Acts**. Neutrality Acts an expression of isolationist sentiment.

Congress sought to protect the nation by outlawing the contacts that had compromised U.S. neutrality during World War I.


 * 1936**

Map: Expansion in Europe by Germany, 1930s http://sturgiswesthistory.weebly.com/uploads/9/5/2/5/9525566/912648586_orig.jpg

Germany reoccupied the Rhineland (3/7)
 * First step** in German expansion:

Jesse Owens wins 4 Gold medals
 * 1936 Summer Olympics** held in Berlin (August)


 * Civil war in Spain**. (**1936-1939**)

Lineup:

Democratically-elected (left-wing) Spanish government: supported by Soviet Union and international mercenaries (Abraham Lincoln brigade from America)

Challenger: General Francisco Franco (right-wing) supported by Germany and Italy (fascists).

Franco eventually won.

Britain, France, and U.S. looked the other way.


 * 1937**


 * Beginning of World War II in Asia.**


 * Japanese invasion of mainland China (7 July 1937)**

China then was a U.S. ally.


 * 1938**

1. Second step in German expansion: German invasion and annexation of **Austria** (12 March 1938)

2. **Munich agreement (Chamberlain/Hitler**) (15 September 1938)

Third step in German expansion: Czechoslovakia **Sudetenland** to Germany.

Video: Munich Agreement Signed - 1938 | Today in History | 30 Sept http://youtu.be/ZWU2cFxhlxQ


 * Appeasement** issue: not stopping a dictator early on

Video: Appeasement (Ariana Grande "One Last Time" Parody) (Mr. Betts) []


 * 1939**

1. Fourth step in German expansion: Germany occupied remainder of Czechoslovakia (March)

2. **German-Russian Non-Aggression Pact** (8/23).

Video: German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact http://youtu.be/hOuh7hCV9_o

The odd couple: fascists and communists. Agreed not to attack each other. They divided up Poland.

3. **German invasion of Poland** (1 September 1939).


 * Beginning of World War II in Europe**

Nazi Germany Invades Poland, Starting World War II (On This Day, Finding Dulcinea) []

4. U.S. declared neutrality (5 September 1939). U.S. still trying to stay out of war

The Neutrality Acts, 1930s https://history.state.gov/milestones/1921-1936/neutrality-acts

https://history.state.gov/milestones/1937-1945/american-isolationism
 * American Isolationism** in the 1930s


 * 1940**

1. **German blitzkrieg** (lightning warfare) [today we call it "shock and awe"]

Dive bombers, tanks, mechanized infantry all combined

Blitzkrieg: Germany's Lightning War (BBC) []

2. Germans invade Denmark, Norway, Netherlands, Belgium

3. Dunkirk: over 300,000 British and French evacuated from beach

Video: Dunkirk http://youtu.be/HzYi8VjZKvI

4. France conquered (6/5-6/25)

14 June 1940 German troops enter Paris (BBC On This Day) []


 * [Keep in mind:]**


 * Hitler's conquests and attacks in Europe made French, Dutch, and British colonies in Asia vulnerable to Japanese attack.**

Japan had been at war in China since 1937.

Japan will not attack Pearl Harbor until December 1941.


 * [Return to chronology]**


 * Blitz** and **Battle of Britain**: Britain attacked by air (June-December 1940).

The air attacks by Germany (the Blitz) were Britain's first taste of strategic bombing: raids aimed at civilian morale and industrial production rather than purely military targets.

"Blitz." Prelude to expected German invasion.

7September 1940 London Blitzed by German Bombers (BBC On This Day) []

Video: The Blitz cartoon, 1940-1941 (World War II ) http://youtu.be/6vWiJBlwcT4

Why this was important?

US needs to help Britain hang on against possible Nazi invasion.

US is still neutral (or at least not involved in any fighting) at this point.


 * Arsenal of Democracy**

President Roosevelt said that the U.S. would become the Arsenal of Democracy by sending American military goods to those fighting against the Axis powers.


 * World War II lineup of the leaders:**


 * A. The Allies**

1. United States: Franklin D.Roosevelt

2. Great Britain: Prime Minister Winston Churchill

Remember: Churchill replace Neville Chamberlain in 1940.

3. Soviet Union: Josef Stalin

U.S.-Soviet Alliance, 1941–1945 https://history.state.gov/milestones/1937-1945/us-soviet

"Although relations between the Soviet Union and the United States had been strained in the years before World War II, the U.S.-Soviet alliance of 1941–1945 was marked by a great degree of cooperation and was essential to securing the defeat of Nazi Germany. Without the remarkable efforts of the Soviet Union on the Eastern Front, the United States and Great Britain would have been hard pressed to score a decisive military victory over Nazi Germany."

4. France: Charles DeGaulle

5. China: Chang Kai–Shek


 * B. The other side:**

1. Germany: Adolf Hitler

2. Italy: Benito Mussolini

3. Japan: General Hideki Tojo; Emperor Hirohito


 * 1941**


 * Lend–Lease Act**

U.S. became the "arsenal of democracy" by lending and leasing American military goods to those fighting against the Axis powers.

American unemployment dropped as our industries geared up to produce war material

Video: FDR and the Lend Lease Act http://youtu.be/FTk_v7L4wro


 * Germany invaded Soviet Union (June 22)**

Major mistake.

22 Jun 1941: Hitler invades the Soviet Union (BBC News On This Day) []


 * Japan attacked Pearl Harbor (December 7)**

Japan, China, the United States and the Road to Pearl Harbor, 1937–41 https://history.state.gov/milestones/1937-1945/pearl-harbor


 * Internment of Japanese-Americans**

FDR Executive Order 9066

Photographer Ansel Adams Manzanar(California) was one such internment camp

Photo essay by Ansel Adams: Japanese-American internment []


 * Japanese initial victories**:

Philippines, Malaya, Thailand, Hong Kong.

Remember: the war between China and Japan going on simultaneously.


 * 1942**

US raiders dropped bombs on Tokyo
 * Doolittle raid on Tokyo** (4/18)

Video: Doolittle Raiders https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zxa7MOqwj-g&feature=youtu.be


 * Battle of Midway**


 * U.S. wins**. **Turning point in Pacific war**

7 Jun 1942 Japanese beaten in Battle of Midway (BBC On This Day) []


 * 1943**


 * Stalingrad**


 * Turning point of the war in Europe.**

2 Feb 1943 Germans surrender at Stalingrad (BBC On This Day) []

Soviets can now go on the offensive.


 * Tehran Conference (1943)**

The Tehran Conference, featuring the so-called Big Three: U.S. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin, was held in Tehran, Iran, between November 28 and December 1, 1943.

http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/November/Tehran-Conference.html
 * Roosevelt, Stalin, and Churchill** meet at Tehran

Dispute between Britain & U.S: when/where Europe invaded.

Soviets demanded a second front.

Soviets bore brunt of land war until mid–1944.

Decision was finally made on a cross-channel invasion against Europe mainland

Eisenhower was named to be Supreme Commander of Allied Forces


 * 1944**


 * D-Day==Normandy invasion==Operation Overlord==6 June 1944**

The Allied invasion force which landed on 6 June 1944 was the biggest invasion armada in world history: 5,000 ships, 150,000 men.

Allied Forces land at Normandy http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/May-June-08/On-this-Day--Allied-Forces-Invade-France-on-D-Day.html


 * Battle of the Bulge (December 1944)**

The German offensive in the Ardennes Forest in Belgium in December 1944 was aimed at splitting the Allied armies in half and recapturing Antwerp, the vital Allies supply port.

Map showing the "bulge" https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/564x/c0/a1/a6/c0a1a6a19bbd0648a99184bfa388988b.jpg

17 Dec 1944 Germany attacks in Ardennes (Belgium) []

Video: Battle of the Bulge http://youtu.be/8a8fqGpHgsk


 * Malmedy (Belgium)**: Germans massacred US prisoners during the Battle of the Bulge

Video: Malmedy Massacre during Battle of the Bulge) http://youtu.be/EBHCIEhommQ http://youtu.be/rH-fSPajAEc


 * 1945**

Yalta is located in the Crimea
 * Yalta Conference** (February)

The Yalta Conference (as the Tehran Conference in 1943) was between the so-called Big Three: U.S. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin,

Here is what was agreed upon:

Soviets would control most of Eastern Europe. Germany would be divided. Soviets would fight Japan three months after German surrender

Yalta Conference (BBC On This Day) []


 * Iwo Jima** (February-March)

Video: The story behind the Iwo Jima flag-raising photo which became symbolic for the US https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=DVJVPj-yx-k

23 Feb 1945: US flag raised over Iwo Jima (BBC On This Day) [| http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/23/newsid_3564000/3564547.stm]


 * Okinawa** (April): associated with kamikaze attacks on US ship

The kamikaze (meaning "Divine Wind") campaign was introduced in 1944 as a last ditch effort by the Japanese to ward off the Allied advance.

Attacks by 3,000 kamikaze planes on U.S. fleet. []

Video: Footage of Kamikaze Attack on US Ships http://youtu.be/ypLuXx6SKgU


 * Victory in Europe**

FDR died (12 April 1945)

Hitler killed himself (30 April 1945)

Germany surrendered (7 May)


 * Victory against Japan**

Factors involved in the decision to drop the atomic bombs on Japan:

1. Fear that the Soviet Union would soon enter the war against Japan 2. Concern that a land war in Japan would result in massive American casualties

Chronology:

1. First atomic bomb: Hiroshima (6 August 1945)

Bomb dropped by an American B-29 known as the "**Enola Gay**."

6 Aug 1945: US drops atomic bomb on Hiroshima (BBC On This Day) []

2. Soviets entered war in Pacific with 1.5 million troops (8 August 1945)

3. Second atomic bomb: Nagasaki (9 August 1945)

9 August 1945 U.S. drops atomic bomb on Nagasaki (BBC On This Day) []

4. Japanese surrendered (2 September 1945)

Emperor was allowed to remain in Japan and to keep his throne.

Allied Supreme Commander Douglas MacArthur would rule Japan.


 * American and the Holocaust**

The ship SS St. Louis, filled with Jewish refugees that the US would not permit to land, returned to Europe, where many of its passengers later perished in the Holocaust.

SS St. Louis: The ship of Jewish refugees that nobody wanted []

What did America know as the Holocaust unfolded. Quite a lot, as it turns out. []


 * Death Toll of World War II**

World–wide: 55 million

United States: 405,000

Soviet Union: 21 million (one–ninth of Soviet population).


 * Postwar position of the U.S.**

We suffered little damage to our own land. We emerged as the world leader