Exploration


 * EXPLORATION MODULE**


 * Vikings**

Viking Routes (Royal Museums, Greenwich) http://www.rmg.co.uk/upload/pdf/Viking_routes.pdf

Vikings (BBC History) http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/vikings/index.shtml

Vikings landed in Newfoundland in 1001.

No real connection--that we know so far--between the Vikings in America and the voyages of subsequent explorers.

The Saga of Eric the Red (American Journeys) http://www.americanjourneys.org/aj-056/summary/index.asp

L’Anse aux Meadows National Historic Site http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/4

The first European settlement in the New World http://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20170629-the-first-european-settlement-in-the-new-world

L'Anse aux Meadows (Google Images) http://bit.ly/TIFNvr

Vikings (Seas and Ships Fact File, Royal Museums, Greenwich) http://www.rmg.co.uk/explore/sea-and-ships/facts/ships-and-seafarers/the-vikings

Viking boat burial discovery 'a first' (BBC) []

The Vikings (NOVA) http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/vikings/ My Website Spotlight blog post http://thelearningprofessor.blogspot.com/2011/09/website-spotlight-vikings-nova.html

Vikings: The North Atlantic Saga (Smithsonian) http://www.mnh.si.edu/vikings/start.html My Website Spotlight blog post http://thelearningprofessor.blogspot.com/2011/09/website-spotlight-vikings-north.html


 * European exploration:**

Collections - National Maritime Museum http://collections.rmg.co.uk/collections.html#!cbrowse

Explore by theme | Royal Museums Greenwich http://www.rmg.co.uk/discover/explore

Great explorers | Royal Museums Greenwich http://www.rmg.co.uk/discover/explore/exploration-endeavour/great-explorers

American Journeys Home Page: Eyewitness Accounts of Early American Exploration and Settlement http://www.americanjourneys.org/index.asp

Luxury goods in Asia: silk, dyes, perfumes, jewels, and gold.

Spices in Asia: pepper, cloves, cinnamon, and nutmeg.

Spice Islands [Moluccas in today's Indonesia] (Royal Museums, Greenwich)

The Spice Islands | Explore Royal Museums Greenwich []

Earlier role of Italy as middlemen in European overland trade with China.

Marco Polo's //Travels// (1275) to China. Published in 1477.

Marco Polo (BBC) http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/polo_marco.shtml

Constantinople (1453). Fell to the Muslim Turks.

Muslims then controlled overland trade routes from Catholic Europe to Asia.

Europeans sought all–water trade route to Asia to outflank Muslims.


 * Voyages of Exploration**:

Early Explorations 1400

[|Columbus, de Gama, and Zheng He! 15th Century Mariners. Crash Course: World History #21 - YouTube]


 * Portugal**

Will try to reach Asia by sailing east. The other European countries will try to reach Asia by sailing west America gets in their way and becomes the heart of our story. Portugal began explorations first: Portuguese sailed around Africa to reach Asia

Prince Henry the Navigator http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part1/1p259.html

Bartolomeu Dias: Cape of Good Hope (1488) http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/bartholomew-alternate-spelling-bartolomeu-dias http://www.catholic.org/encyclopedia/view.php?id=3832 http://www.history.com/topics/bartolomeu-dias

Vasco da Gama: India (1498) http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/explorer-and-navigator-vasco-da-gama-completes-his-voyage-round-cape-good-hope-india http://www.history.com/topics/vasco-da-gama http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/da_gama_vasco.shtml Da Gama extended article (BBC History) http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/tudors/vasco_da_gama_01.shtml

Spanish exploration next Spanish colonization of the Americas
 * Spain**

Extremadura, Spain: Land of the Conquistadors (Telegraph) http://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/spain/9458239/Extremadura-Spain-Land-of-the-Conquistadors.html


 * Christopher Columbus** (1492)

Columbus & the New World (Jay-Z's "Empire State of Mind Parody) http://youtu.be/z7oe8TD_Vn0

Christopher Columbus (Royal Museums, Greenwich) http://www.rmg.co.uk/explore/sea-and-ships/facts/explorers-and-leaders/christopher-columbus

Christopher Columbus and his legacy (BBC History) http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/tudors/columbus_legacy_01.shtml

Spanish Inquisition http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/March/Jews-Banished-From-Spain-During-Spanish-Inquisition.html

Sailed west to reach Asia. Landed in Bahamas on first voyage. Four voyages in all Believed he reached East Indies—called the natives "Indians." Never realized he discovered a whole new world.

Top Things to Know About Columbus Day (//Time// Magazine) http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2024740_2024739,00.html

See also:

American Journeys http://www.americanjourneys.org/ See my Website Spotlight blog post http://thelearningprofessor.blogspot.com/2012/07/website-spotlight-american-journeys.html

Letter from Columbus to Ferdinand and Isabella Concerning the Colonization and Commerce of Española (American Journeys) http://www.americanjourneys.org/aj-064/summary/index.asp

Seeking Columbus’s Origins, With a Swab (New York Times) http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/08/us/08columbus.html?_r=1&ref=christophercolumbus&pagewanted=all

Christopher Columbus: Introduction to 1492: An Ongoing Voyage (Library of Congress) http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/1492/

Christopher Columbus (Today in History, Library of Congress) http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/aug03.html

Columbus Day (Today in History, Library of Congress) http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/oct12.html

Christopher Columbus (On This Day, Finding Dulcinea) http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/September-October-08/On-this-Day--Columbus-Lands-in-Caribbean.html

Same time as Columbus left Spain,Jews Banished from Spain (On This Day, Finding Dulcinea) http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/March/Jews-Banished-From-Spain-During-Spanish-Inquisition.html

Amerigo Vespucci (History.com) []

Video: Amerigo Vespucci mini bio https://youtu.be/ZSuznTcWcP4

How did America get its name? http://blogs.loc.gov/loc/2016/07/how-did-america-get-its-name/?loclr=ealocb


 * Treaty of Tordesillas** (1494)

Treaty of Tordesillas http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas

Treaty of Tordesillas (Google Images) http://bit.ly/NNoPwc

Pope divided land claims between Portugal and Spain Portugal got Africa and Brazil Spain got remainder of New World


 * Columbian Exchange**

[|The Columbian Exchange: Crash Course World History #23 - YouTube]

The Columbian Exchange - Overview http://thecolumbianexchange.weebly.com/

The Columbian Exchange: Plants, Animals, and Disease between the Old and New Worlds (National Humanities Center) http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/tserve/nattrans/ntecoindian/essays/columbianb.htm

Alfred Crosby on the Columbian Exchange (Smithsonian) http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/Alfred-W-Crosby-on-the-Columbian-Exchange.html

Columbian Exchange (Alfred Crosby) http://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/american-indians/essays/columbian-exchange

Crash Course US History [|The Black Legend, Native Americans, and Spaniards: Crash Course US History #1 - YouTube]


 * Hernán Cortés** (1519–1521)

Conquistadors [particularly Hernan Cortes] (PBS) http://www.pbs.org/conquistadors/ My Website Spotlight blog post http://thelearningprofessor.blogspot.com/2011/09/website-spotlight-conquistadors.html

The Story of the Conquistadors (Michael Wood) http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/tudors/conquistadors_01.shtml

Conqueror of Aztec empire in Mexico

Malinche. Translator and mistress to Cortes Sold by her Aztec mother as a slave to Mayans (where Cortes landed) Caught between several worlds Is she a hero or a traitor to Mexicans?


 * Other explorers to remember**:


 * Ponce de Leon** (1513).

Florida: Fountain of Youth

Ponce de Leon (Today in History, Library of Congress) http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/sep27.html

Juan Ponce de León http://fcit.usf.edu/florida/lessons/de_leon/de_leon1.htm

Ponce de Leon (American Journeys) http://www.americanjourneys.org/aj-095/summary/index.asp


 * New France** (Canada today)

Will become the initial major enemy of English settlers.

one main point for each explorer


 * Giovanni da Verrazzano** (1524)

Verrazzano (American Journeys) http://www.americanjourneys.org/aj-094/summary/index.asp

Video: Giovanni De Verrazano http://youtu.be/ZpUxqfTmx0s


 * Jacques Cartier** (1534)

Jacques Cartier (American Journeys) http://www.americanjourneys.org/aj-028/summary/index.asp

Jacques Cartier 1534-1542 | Virtual Museum of New France http://www.historymuseum.ca/virtual-museum-of-new-france/the-explorers/jacques-cartier- 1534-1542/

Video: Jacques Cartier http://youtu.be/xeEsNH3w604

Cartier Sailed up the St. Lawrence River (Library of Congress) http://www.americaslibrary.gov/jb/colonial/jb_colonial_cartier_1.html

Jacques Cartier (Today in History, Library of Congress) []


 * Samuel de Champlain (1609)**

Samuel de Champlain (PBS) http://www.pbs.org/empireofthebay/profiles/dechamplain.html

Samuel de Champlain 1604-1616 | Virtual Museum of New France http://www.historymuseum.ca/virtual-museum-of-new-france/the-explorers/samuel-de- champlain-1604-1616/

Video: Samuel de Champlain http://youtu.be/0Ei6ZcP4WQ8

Champlain's Path to Quebec City (PBS) http://www.pbs.org/empireofthebay/maps/champlain.html

Samuel de Champlain, 1604-1608 (American Journeys) http://www.americanjourneys.org/aj-115/summary/index.asp


 * Deerfield (1703)**

France as a major enemy

Put with New France

Deerfield Raid (America's Story, Library of Congress) http://www.americaslibrary.gov/jb/colonial/jb_colonial_deerfld_1.html


 * Topography**:

Key role of St. Lawrence River: Quebec and Montreal

French Jesuit missionaries (Black Robes)

Québec City, the crown jewel of French Canada (BBC Travel--Slideshow) []


 * Ferdinand Magellan** (1519–1522).

Sailed around the globe.

Magellan voyage map (Google Images) http://bit.ly/P8SCtz

Ferdinand Magellan (Royal Museums, Greenwich) http://www.rmg.co.uk/magellan

Ferdinand Magellan (On This Day, Finding Dulcinea) http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/March-April-08/On-this-Day--Explorer-Ferdinand-Magellan-Killed-by-Philippine-Tribe.html

Ferdinand Magellan https://youtu.be/r3f539pYIyU http://exploration.marinersmuseum.org/subject/ferdinand-magellan/

Magellan GPS system http://magellan.factoryoutletstore.com/cat/20606/Magellan-RoadMate-GPS-Systems.html


 * Hernando de Soto** (1539–42).

Southeastern United States

Hernando de Soto Map (Google Images) http://bit.ly/RaL765

Parallel histories exhibit https://memory.loc.gov/intldl/eshtml/es-1/es-1-2-2.html

De Soto Expedition (National Humanities Center) http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/amerbegin/exploration/text1/desoto.pdf

DeSoto's Discovery of the Mississippi (Gilder Lehrman) http://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/exploration/resources/de-soto%E2%80%99s-discovery-mississippi-1541

Hernando de Soto National Memorial http://www.nps.gov/deso/historyculture/index.htm

De Soto reaches the Mississippi (History.com This Day in History | 5/8/1541) []

De Soto dies in the American wilderness (History.com This Day in History | 5/21/1542) []

Hernando de Soto (American Journeys) http://www.americanjourneys.org/aj-021/summary/index.asp http://www.americanjourneys.org/aj-023/index.asp


 * Francisco Vázquez de Coronado** (1540–1542).

Southwestern United States

Francisco de Coronado map (Google Images) http://bit.ly/U1PTH3

The West http://www.pbs.org/weta/thewest/ See my Website Spotlight blog post http://thelearningprofessor.blogspot.com/2012/06/website-spotlight-west.html

Coronado's Report to the King of Spain (PBS, The West) http://www.pbs.org/weta/thewest/resources/archives/one/corona9.htm

Francisco Vázquez de Coronado (PBS, The West) http://www.pbs.org/weta/thewest/people/a_c/coronado.htm

Map of his travels (PBS,The West) http://www.pbs.org/weta/thewest/places/trails_ter/coronado.htm

Coronado Expedition (Handbook of Texas online) http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/upcpt


 * English Exploration**

England would not be bound by the Treaty of Tordesillas. But tried to explore initially in areas not claimed by Spanish or Portuguese.

John Cabot (1497) Basis of later English claims. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cabot

John Cabot (Royal Museums, Greenwich) http://www.rmg.co.uk/explore/sea-and-ships/facts/explorers-and-leaders/john-and-sebastian-cabot

Cabot Project (Bristol University) http://www.bristol.ac.uk/history/research/cabot.html

The Voyages of John Cabot (American Journeys) http://www.americanjourneys.org/aj-069/summary/index.asp

John Cabot, Italian Bankers, and the New World (New York Times) http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/19/science/john-cabot-italian-bankers-and-the-new-world.html?pagewanted=all


 * Francis Drake**

Francis Drake (On This Day, Finding Dulcinea) http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/On-this-Day--Francis-Drake-Sets-Out-to-Circumnavigate-the-World-.html

American Journeys: Background on Sir Francis Drake on the California Coast http://www.americanjourneys.org/aj-032/summary/index.asp

Francis Drake (Golden Hind) http://www.goldenhind.co.uk/voyage-golden-hind.php

Account of Sir Francis Drake's landing in California (National Humanities Center) http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/amerbegin/contact/text5/drake.pdf

Drake claims California for England (History.com This Day in History | 6/17/1579) http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/drake-claims-california-for-england

Francis Drake (American Journeys) http://www.americanjourneys.org/aj-032/summary/index.asp

Francis Drake (Royal Museums, Greenwich) http://www.rmg.co.uk/drake


 * Spanish Armada (1588)**

Rivalry between Spain and England Spain was hard–core Catholic Spain hated Protestant England. Spanish naval Armada (fleet) attempted to invade England A major battle in world history. English defeated the Spanish.

Great map showing defeat of the Spanish Armada []


 * Roanoke Island (in present-day North Carolina**

Attempted base from which to harass Spanish treasure fleets. Resupply voyage stopped because of Spanish Armada

Spanish Armada prevented resupply to Roanoke Colony


 * Roanoke Island**

Present-day North Carolina English colonization attempt.

Native America before Columbus https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7FItlStGMY4

England on the Eve of Colonization (Paul Hammer) http://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/imperial-rivalries/essays/england-eve-colonization

Historical Background on Roanoke Island (Time Team America, PBS) http://www.pbs.org/opb/timeteam/sites/ft_raleigh/history.php

Promoted by Sir Walter Raleigh

Sir Walter Raleigh | Explore Royal Museums Greenwich http://www.rmg.co.uk/discover/explore/sir-walter-raleigh

Attempted base from which to harass Spanish treasure fleets. Resupply voyage stopped because of Spanish Armada

Despite three tries, the colony at Roanoke failed.

John White's Attempt to Rescue the Colonists at Roanoke (National Humanities Center) http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/amerbegin/exploration/text6/white.pdf

See also:

Ancient map gives clue to fate of 'Lost Colony' (Telegraph) http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/science-news/9244947/Ancient-map-gives-clue-to-fate-of-Lost-Colony.html

New Clue to Mystery of the Lost Colony (Fox News) http://www.foxnews.com/scitech/2012/05/07/new-clue-to-mystery-lost-roanoke-colony/

The Roanoke Island Colony: Lost, and Found? http://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/11/science/the-roanoke-colonists-lost-and-found.html

Roanoke Colonies (Encyclopedia of Virginia) http://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Roanoke_Colonies_The


 * Spanish Armada**

Great map showing defeat of the Spanish Armada []

Rivalry between Spain and England Spain was hard–core Catholic Spain hated Protestant England. Spanish naval Armada (fleet) attempted to invade England A major battle in world history. English defeated the Spanish.

Spanish Armada prevented resupply to the Lost Colony.

See also:

Elizabeth I and the build-up to the Spanish Armada 1588 | Royal Museums Greenwich Blog http://www.rmg.co.uk/discover/behind-the-scenes/blog/elizabeth-i-and-build-spanish-armada- 1588

Spanish Armada (Royal Museums, Greenwich) http://www.rmg.co.uk/explore/sea-and-ships/facts/navies-and-warships/the-spanish-armada

God Blew and They Were Scattered (UK National Archives) http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/lesson39.htm

Elizabeth I and the Spanish Armada (British Library) http://www.bl.uk/learning/histcitizen/uk/armada/intro.html

Elizabeth I [more on her]

The Spanish Armada (BBC) []

Native Americans

Video: Native America before European Colonization http://youtu.be/7FItlStGMY4

Anasazi flute amerindienne - Native American Magic Flute music - 1 hour http://youtu.be/RpuD1c3fSFE

Indigenous music of North America https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_music_of_North_America

Map: Routes of the First Americans http://wps.ablongman.com/wps/media/objects/1483/1518969/DIVI001.jpg

Native Americans originally came to America from Asia Land bridge from Siberia across the Bering Straits.

Early cultures: fishing, hunting, and gathering for mere subsistence.

Settled agriculture (corn, beans, squash) more sophisticated civilizations.

Indian tribes adapted to different geographic settings.

Map: Location of Major Groups of First Americans http://wps.ablongman.com/wps/media/objects/1483/1518969/DIVI006.jpg

Five million Indians in North America at time of European arrival.

Over two hundred language groups.

Indians not organized into tribes but into hundreds of bands

Seldom did a "chief" hold significant power.

Bands quarreled with each other

Used Europeans to help them fight their enemies

Early North American civilizations:

Mound Builders (Ohio river region) Anasazi (Arizona and New Mexico) Mississippians (Midwest and Southeast U.S.). Cahokia.


 * Use of the term "Indian**

1. "American Indian" or "Native American"? []

2. Smithsonian National Museum of the American Indian []

3. Edward S. Curtis's North American Indian (American Memory, Library of Congress) []

4. American Indians: The Image of the Indian (National Humanities Center) []


 * African Societies**

Map: Trade Routes in Africa http://wps.ablongman.com/wps/media/objects/1483/1518969/DIVI007.jpg

Slavery. An internal traffic in slaves had existed long before European contact.

Trading factories:

Europeans restricted to trading posts on the coast.

Europeans did not venture far inland

Strength of African military groups

Death of Europeans from African diseases [reverse of pattern with Indians]


 * North American slave trade**

Map of the African Slave Trade []

Slavery and sugar shifted focus of world economy from Asia and the Mediterranean to the Atlantic. Being black did not initially mean being a slave. By the 1670s, mainland colonists imported large numbers of Africans Only a few Quakers had any moral problem with using slaves. Slave trade made many merchants wealthy. The middle passage: voyage from Africa to America.


 * Slavery in the South**

By 1720, Africans were 20% of population.

"The Middle Passage" [ushistory.org] http://www.ushistory.org/us/6b.asp

Video: Equiano & the Middle Passage - @MrBettsClass []

Autobiography of Olaudah Equiano gives details of slave life.

Relationship between the large number of slaves in South Carolina and the survival of African culture. Gullah language.


 * Slavery in the north**

North had fewer slaves (personal servants; dock workers) In some cities, slaves 10 % of population. Low northern slave population accentuated differences with South