HIST+151+Exam+2+F17


 * FRENCH THREAT**


 * Albany Congress** (1754)

Albany Plan of Union (Historian of the State Department) []

Join or Die cartoon (Teaching History.org) []

Plan of union proposed by Benjamin Franklin (but not approved):
 * Supreme governor chosen by England
 * Supreme assembly represented by colonists.
 * Plan could possibly have averted Revolution.
 * Same plan later used with Canada and Australia.


 * New France**

New France http://www.ushistory.org/us/8a.asp


 * French and Indian War (Seven Years' War), 1754-1763**

The Seven Years War and the Great Awakening: Crash Course US History #5 End at 7:44 []

Who was on each side in the war? Really a French versus British war with Indian allies on both sides.

French began to encircle the British colonies.

French—from today's Canada—claimed the Great Lakes and Mississippi Valley.

French established New Orleans to anchor the southern end of the Mississippi River.

French claimed the Pittsburgh area (originally called Fort Duquesne by the French, Fort Pitt by the British).

Three rivers come together at Pittsburgh: Allegheny, Monongahela, and Ohio


 * Various battles in the French and Indian War**

Map http://wps.ablongman.com/wps/media/objects/1483/1518969/DIVI084.jpg


 * George Washington's role in the war**

Video (4:49) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cwphq86i7rI&feature=youtu.be

Fort Necessity was Washington's first battle and the opening battle of the entire war in America. [] http://www.nps.gov/fone/battle.htm

Braddock Campaign http://www.nps.gov/fone/braddock.htm


 * Battle of the Plains of Abraham/Battle of Quebec (1759)**

This crucial British victory won the war. http://www.britishbattles.com/battle-of-quebec.htm
 * British victory at Quebec on the Plains of Abraham was the turning point. It was a major battle in history.

Quebec Politics: France vs. Britain - The Plains of Abraham []

Both commanding generals were killed in the battle: Wolfe (British) and Montcalm (French)

Famous painting: The Death of Wolfe https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Death_of_General_Wolfe Video explanation https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y0jPXX8uvAI&feature=youtu.be


 * Peace Treaty of Paris** (1763)

Great Map! http://www.rebelhistory.com/french-and-indian-war.html

France is entirely ousted from the North American continent France will want to get back at Britain for this defeat France will therefore be willing to help us win the American Revolution.

After the war, British colonists no longer feared a French threat. Indians could no longer play European powers against one another.


 * ROAD TO REVOLUTION**

Major themes along the Road to Revolution:
 * Development and spread of the colonial resistance movement
 * British actions
 * Colonists' responses


 * King George III** (1760–1820)

New young king; various prime ministers. [I can't find a good, short video about him.]


 * Pontiac's uprising** (1763)

Indian chief led Indian uprisings in the Ohio region to kick out colonists. British troops unable to defend the frontier against him.

Good map

Pontiac's Rebellion (History.com | 5/7/1763)) http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/pontiacs-rebellion-begins


 * Proclamation Line of 1763**

Good map https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Proclamation_of_1763

Video: Proclamation of 1763 []

Proclamation Line of 1763 (Historian of the State Department) https://history.state.gov/milestones/1750-1775/proclamation-line-1763

British tried to keep colonists out of land west of Appalachian Mountains British wanted to protect Indians British wanted to slow down land speculation . But many colonists had already settled west of the Proclamation Line They refused to respect the line.


 * Ideological conflicts between Britain and the North American colonies**


 * a) Conflict over the nature of political representation**


 * English view**:
 * Parliament collectively represented the entire nation
 * Member of Parliament voted on best interests of nation not his district.
 * Virtual representation: colonists were represented even if not there in person


 * Colonists' views**:
 * Advocated individual representation.
 * Legislator instructions
 * Represented only the regions that had elected them.


 * b) Conflicts over the role of a national government.**

1. Colonists saw conspiracies in England that threatened to take away their liberties.

Colonists believed that a central government should have only limited authority over people.

Colonists felt the need for perpetual vigilance to ensure that monarchs do not corrupt and oppress the people, encroach on their liberty, and seize their property

2. Colonists believed that there was an important link between liberty and property rights:


 * Excessive and unjust taxation could take away personal freedom.
 * No taxation without representation idea, but more subtle.
 * Not so much the amount of taxation, but who did the taxing.


 * Sugar Act** (1764)

Sugar Act (Massachusetts Historical Society) []

Sugar Act (1764) The Sugar Act and Triangular Trade http://youtu.be/SXJ_Zde4hjg

New British Prime Minister George Grenville He felt that colonists should pay a greater share of costs of empire. Particularly pay back costs of French and Indian War.

American protests limited largely to New England merchants Navigation Acts OK Collection of revenue not OK


 * Currency Act** (1764)

[I can't find a good, short video about the Currency Act.]

British merchants complained that Americans were paying their debts in inflated local currencies.

Currency Act outlawed colonial issues of paper money.

The Sugar and Currency Acts hit an economy already in the midst of depression.

Lacking any precedent for a united campaign against Parliament, Americans in 1764 took only hesitant and uncoordinated steps of protest.

Video: Stamp Act ((1765) http://youtu.be/iaZflP5So8o
 * Stamp Act** (1765)

Stamp Act (Massachusetts Historical Society) []

Modeled on a law in effect in Britain for over a century.

Three aspects to remember:

Stamp Act required tax stamps on most printed material: Ship's papers, legal documents, licenses, newspapers, and playing cards were taxed

Tax stamps had to be paid for in cash (scarce) Violators would be tried in vice admiralty courts (no juries).

Boston History in a Minute: Stamp Act Riots Destruction of Thomas Hutchinson's house http://youtu.be/8QRcOIyT1iE


 * Protests against the Stamp Act**

Colonists feeling their way on exactly how to protest British decisions that affected them.

a) James Otis:

[I can't find a good, short video about James Otis.]

How to combat certain acts of Parliament without questioning Parliament's authority over the colonies. He concluded that colonists had to obey British laws. Many Americans, therefore, reluctantly prepared to obey the Stamp Act.

b) Patrick Henry

[Good video below about him debating the Townshend Duties.]

Not all the colonists were resigned to paying the Stamp tax. Patrick Henry did not agree with James Otis He proposed the "Virginia Stamp Act Resolves" These resolves protested Parliament's right to tax Americans without their consent.

Patrick Henry (Today in History, Library of Congress) http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/may29.html

Patrick Henry College http://www.phc.edu/

c) Despite the uproar, most Americans wanted to remain loyal British subjects and were not yet arguing for independence.


 * Stamp Act Repeal** (March 1766)

New British Prime Minister, Lord Rockingham He repealed the Stamp Act **not because** he believed Parliament lacked the power to tax the colonies, **but because** he thought the law unwise and divisive.

Video: Repeal of Stamp Act https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UvxX2qGjKz8&sns=em


 * Declaratory Act** (March 1766)

Linked to the repeal of the Stamp Act. Dangerous implications for the colonists.

Key issue: Asserted Parliament's ability to tax & legislate for the colonies "in all cases whatsoever."


 * Sons of Liberty**

Colonial elites wanted to control the protests against unpopular laws. They created an inter-colonial association, the Sons of Liberty, to protest the Stamp Act. In subsequent U.S. history, groups who want to protest government action often will call themselves Sons of Liberty.

Video: Sons of Liberty http://youtu.be/1llyjAoDYYg

Sons of Liberty []

Sons of Liberty Indian disguise https://www.bostonteapartyship.com/boston-tea-party-disguise

Boston History in a Minute: Flip, a Trendy Colonial Cocktail http://youtu.be/iSFuc71vkzI

Boston History in a Minute: Green Dragon Tavern http://youtu.be/jpuf7sSXkdw

http://www.findingdulcinea.com/features/profiles/a/samuel-adams.html
 * Samuel Adams**

Boston History in a Minute: Samuel Adams http://youtu.be/WA6zBKSZh-w


 * Liberty Tree**

Video: Johnny Tremain: Liberty Tree https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZNzApsp1ZSQ&feature=youtu.be

Liberty Tree http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_Tree

Boston History in a Minute: Liberty Tree http://youtu.be/gVBCq9LyOcE


 * Liberty Song**

Written by **John Dickinson** (he is the one whose plantation is right across from Dover AFB.

Liberty Song http://www.masshist.org/revolution/doc-viewer.php?old=1&mode=nav&item_id=288

Video: Liberty Song https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OvLdawL3wHM&feature=youtu.be

[]
 * Tarring and Feathering**

Bostonians paying the excise man cartoon Tarring and feathering http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/6806


 * Non-importation association**

The first attempts to use an economic boycott to pressure British exporters to demand repeal of the Stamp Act

Non-consumption and non-importation http://www.masshist.org/revolution/non_importation.php . Boston Non-Importation Agreement []


 * Townshend Acts (1767)**

Townshend Acts (Massachusetts Historical Society) [| http://www.masshist.org/revolution/townshend.php]

Video: Townshend Acts http://youtu.be/ddos2J7pk4I

Video: Patrick Henry: Townshend Duties http://youtu.be/SC0DBVTPV4E

1. British officials searched for new ways to generate revenue to help pay war debts from French and Indian War.

2. The passage of the Townshend Acts drew a swift response from the colonists, who were now less hesitant and better organized.

3. Townshend Acts provided as follows:
 * Duties on goods (glass, lead, paper, paint, and tea) imported from Britain to the colonies
 * Proceeds would pay salaries for some royal officials in the colonies
 * American Board of Customs Commissioners (based in Boston)
 * Added vice–admiralty courts in Boston, Philadelphia, and Charleston


 * Boston "Massacre"** (5 March 1770)

British troops assigned to Boston to protect Customs Commissioners. Tensions in a military garrison town: soldiers took local jobs Was this a "massacre"?

Future US President **John Adams** defended the British troops in the trial.

Boston Massacre (Massachusetts Historical Society) [| http://www.masshist.org/revolution/massacre.php]

Video: Boston Massacre http://youtu.be/I14sSjuC3ms


 * Townshend Duties Repealed (12 April 1770)**

Townshend Duties Repealed/Non-Importation (Massachusetts Historical Society) []

Repeal (History.com) []

Parliament revoked all the duties (glass, lead, paper, and paint) except that on tea.

(This remaining duty on tea will be a cause of the Boston Tea Party)

The other Townshend provisions remained in effect.


 * Committees of Correspondence**

Committees of Correspondence (Massachusetts Historical Society) []

Committees of Correspondence https://www.bostonteapartyship.com/committees-of-correspondence

Widen geographic scope of resistance movement.


 * Boston Tea Party (1773)**

Boston tea party ships and museum home page https://www.bostonteapartyship.com/

Boston Tea Party (Massachusetts Historical Society) []

Video: Boston Tea Party [Has good material on Tea Act, Indian disguise] https://youtu.be/nqsrukfGAo4

Video: Boston Tea Party http://youtu.be/PbEWMDd0rI8

Sons of Liberty Indian disguise https://www.bostonteapartyship.com/boston-tea-party-disguise


 * Tea Act** (May 1773)

Tea Act https://www.bostonteapartyship.com/the-tea-act

1. Monopoly: British East India Company sell off surplus tea to America 2. Patriots were making money smuggling tea from Holland. 3. Patriots feared precedent of paying even a small tax on tea.


 * Tea Party itself:**

Tea destroyed worth almost $1 million. Colonists refused to pay for the tea.

Eyewitness account by George Hewes []


 * Coercive Acts (1774)**

Called Intolerable Acts by the colonists

Coercive Acts (Massachusetts Historical Society) __ [] __

Video: Coercive (Intolerable) Acts http://youtu.be/AA3gvcI58_Q

Intolerable Acts https://www.bostonteapartyship.com/the-intolerable-acts

Americans convinced British planned to take away their liberty.

Port of Boston closed to shipping until tea was paid for: "Lord North is closing the port of Boston."

Lord North (Victorian Web) http://www.victorianweb.org/history/pms/north.html

a. Massachusetts Government Act

Altered the Massachusetts charter Substituted an appointed council for an elected one Increased the powers of the Governor Halted most town meetings.

b. Justice Act

British officials would be sent to England for trial.

c. Quartering Act

British military commanders could house their troops in private dwellings.


 * Quebec Act (1774)**

Intended to ease strains of British conquest of the former French colony.

Quebec Act map http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_Act http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Province_of_Quebec_1774.gif

Catholics granted greater religious freedom. Representative assembly abolished. Canada boundary extended to Ohio River. Many American colonists coveted this land.


 * Results thus far** in the arguments between the British government and the colonies:

Colonists worried over precedents of Coercive Acts and Quebec Act. Both Acts made colonists fear that Britain had a deliberate plan to oppress the American colonies.

BUT: few people wanted to take hasty action. Most patriots remained loyal to Britain and hoped for reconciliation Colonists agreed to send delegates to Philadelphia to attend a Continental Congress to consider an appropriate response.


 * REVOLUTIONARY WAR**


 * The American Revolution required patriot leaders to do three things** :
 * Establish a coalition in favor of independence
 * Gain foreign recognition.
 * Triumph over the British army


 * First Continental Congress** (Philadelphia, Sept 1774)

First Continental Congress (Massachusetts Historical Society) []

Video: First Continental Congress https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PbGDKitNf04&feature=youtu.be

1. Declaration of Rights and Grievances Colonists would obey normal laws of British Parliament Colonists would not obey taxes in disguise (like Townshend Duties)

2. Continental Association Boycott of English goods

3. Committees of Observation & Inspection Committee members (7000) assigned to monitor boycott, Became, in effect, the local leaders of the American resistance.

Independence was being won at the local level, without formal acknowledgement and without much bloodshed.
 * Provincial conventions** :

Popularly elected congresses took over government in each colony

These conventions
 * a. elected delegates to the Second Continental Congress
 * b. organized militia units
 * c. gathered arms and ammunition
 * d. collected taxes


 * Choosing sides**

Which side do you think you would have been on?

1. **Patriots** (40% of population)

Americans who were against the British

Video: Loyalists and Patriots http://youtu.be/aWWBOStYHQs


 * To win, Patriots had to neutralize or defeat potential internal enemies.**

2. **Neutrals** (40% of population)

Those who tried to remain in the middle


 * Sincere pacifists (Quakers)
 * Those who supported whoever controlled their area
 * Those who simply wanted to be left alone

3. **Loyalists** (20% of population)

Loyalists were Americans who remained loyal to the British:


 * British–appointed government officials
 * Merchants whose trade depended on British connections
 * Anglican (Church of England) ministers

100,000 loyalists left America, many to Canada

4. **African–Americans**

Slaves sought freedom by supporting the British. British eventually took away 55,000 slaves Colonies with highest slave %—less support for revolution.

5. **Indians**

Both British and patriots tried to keep Indians neutral Indians bitter at aggressive expansionism of colonists Most taking sides supported British—less threat than Patriots


 * British military planners made three erroneous assumptions** :

1. Americans would not stand up to professional troops

2. English could fight a conventional war as they would in Europe

3. Military victory would be sufficient to win the struggle


 * Paul Revere's Ride** (April 1775)

Video: Boston History in a Minute: Paul Revere's Ride http://youtu.be/vC2gh0aLzCU

Paul Revere's Ride Three riders were Paul Revere, Samuel Prescott, and Richard Dawes They were hoping to warn John Hancock and Samuel Adams in Lexington. [| http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/March-April-08/Paul-Revere-Begins-Midnight-Ride.html]


 * Battles of Lexington and Concord** (April 1775).

Lexington and Concord (Massachusetts Historical Society) []

Video: Minute Men http://youtu.be/LNCCth1McJ0

Video: General Thomas Gage (new Governor of Massachusetts and military commander) Prior to Lexington http://youtu.be/qdfRNEpme6w

Good map in the Wikipedia account of the battle [scroll 25% of the way down the screen] []

Results: Colonial victory (note casualties and losses)


 * Battle of Bunker Hill** (June 1775)

Results: British victory

Boston History in a Minute: Battle of Bunker Hill http://youtu.be/bHQUJUN9izA

Battle of Bunker Hill (Massachusetts Historical Society) []


 * Olive Branch Petition**

Video: Olive Branch Petition http://youtu.be/MlZDoBbKaaw


 * Boston siege**

Patriot troops surrounded British in Boston for next year


 * Second Continental Congress**

Convened in May 1775 at Philadelphia

Second Continental Congress (Massachusetts Historical Society) []

a. Became the intercolonial government during American Revolution b. Authorized the printing of money c. Established a committee to supervise relations with foreign countries d. Created the Continental Army e. Washington, from the South, appointed commanding general


 * Washington takes command of the Continental Army**

Washington as Commander (Massachusetts Historical Society) []

George Washington bio https://youtu.be/hvE9fb--Dig


 * Thomas Paine: //Common Sense//** (Jan 1776)

a. Wildly popular book b. Helped Americans accept the idea of separation from Britain c. Advocated creation of an independent republic d. Downplayed benefits of links to mother country e. Insisted Britain had exploited colonies unmercifully f. Americans hated Parliament, but thought King was sympathetic g. Paine disagreed: h. King was a royal brute i. King only pretended to care for the colonist's welfare

Video: Thomas Paine and Common Sense http://youtu.be/rItLF_ulgTo

[]
 * Religion and the American Revolution** (Library of Congress)

Read "Resistance to Tyranny a Christian Duty" Jonathan Mayhew argued that resistance to a tyrant was a glorious Christian duty.

Read "Revolution Understood in Scriptural Terms"

Read "A Fighting Parson" Peter Muhlenberg


 * ALL OF THE ABOVE TOOK PLACE BEFORE ANY DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE**

Declaration of Independence (Today in History, Library of Congress) http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/jul04.html
 * Declaration of Independence** (July 4, 1776)

Video: The Declaration of Independence (The Weeknd's "Can't Feel My Face" Parody) (3:46) http://youtu.be/shwNBBJj15M

Video: "Stay With Me" sung by King George III (3:45) http://youtu.be/L6fOi_1fu80

a. Noted committee members: Jefferson, Adams, Franklin

Thomas Jefferson (Finding Dulcinea) http://www.findingdulcinea.com/features/profiles/j/thomas-jefferson.html

Video: John Adams (60-second President) http://youtu.be/sa-5E1SsEnU

Video: Thomas Jefferson http://youtu.be/m_VdRgpHUMY

Thomas Jefferson bio https://youtu.be/uAt1YLP3T34

Thomas Jefferson’s Bible Teaching https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/04/opinion/thomas-jeffersons-bible-teaching.html?_r=0


 * Jefferson was chosen to draft the Declaration**

He wrote well He had recently drafted the Virginia state constitution

b. Colonists no longer accept legitimacy of Parliament

c. Declaration concentrated on King George III as the villain

The King had attempted to destroy representative government The King oppressed Americans by excessive force

d. All men are created equal: principle to live up to

e. Signers of the Declaration at great risk: treason. John Hancock's big signature: "King won't need his spectacles"

Boston History in a Minute: John Hancock http://youtu.be/zcHCQI_kxKs


 * Lineup of opponents during the war itself** :

a. War took place on several levels

Regular troops: British against Patriots

Irregular troops: Partisan warfare (Patriots versus Loyalists)

b. Fighting moved chronologically from North to South:
 * New England
 * Middle colonies
 * Southern colonies


 * Continental army**

a. Never numbered more than 18,500 men b. Included black (5,000) troops c. Short–term militiamen helped in their own area d. Women traveled with the army

Who: wives and widows of poor soldiers Doing what: cooks, nurses, and launderers


 * Valley Forge: Patriot winter camp (close to Philadelphia)**

Video: Valley Forge Stop at small pox http://youtu.be/T-7pd11Qtfw

Tremendous suffering http://assassinscreed.wikia.com/wiki/Valley_Forge?file=ACIII-Pottsresidence_2.png

Picture: Valley Forge cabin used by soldiers http://flintlockandtomahawk.blogspot.com/2009/12/valley-forge-cabin.html

Time for needed training (**Baron von Steuben**)

General Von Steuben (National Park Service) http://www.nps.gov/vafo/historyculture/vonsteuben.htm

Video: Baron von Steuben https://youtu.be/acsra7kGC9M

Officers developed intense commitment to the revolutionary cause
 * Treason of Benedict Arnold (21 September 1780)**

Arnold betrayed the cause (History.com) http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/benedict-arnold-commits-treason

Arnold bio sketch [] []


 * Washington "crossed the Delaware" River**

Attacked Trenton This victory cheered American spirits

Video: **German Hessians** were used as mercenaries by the British They were defending the post at Trenton which Washington attacked when he crossed the Delaware. http://youtu.be/MPLvYXBDLBQ

Video: Victory at Trenton http://youtu.be/PcP1bEvKMDA

Video: **Battle of Trenton** http://youtu.be/aikcZZRhR40

Video: Washington's spy network http://youtu.be/k3sY39vH6yM

Painting: Washington crossing the Delaware [] []


 * Battle of Saratoga (September 1777)**

Battle of Saratoga (Today in History, Library of Congress) http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/sep19.html

a. British invaded New York to cut off New England from rest of colonies b. British General Burgoyne surrendered 6,000 troops c. American victory led to French recognition of American independence

Video: Surrender at Saratoga and Treaty with France http://youtu.be/0zmxZCGLkbY

Video: Benedict Arnold: militant patriot Early years http://youtu.be/JIyJU9hXP68

Video: Benedict Arnold: hero of Saratoga http://youtu.be/3qFCwiRdkhY


 * Daniel Morgan**

Daniel Morgan's riflemen (snipers) were crucial at Saratoga Morgan fought in French and Indian War and copied the guerrilla style of the Indians.

Video: Daniel Morgan at Saratoga http://youtu.be/W6nZEXpHHjA


 * Franco–American Treaty of Alliance** (1778)

Treaty of Alliance with France 1778 (Today in History, Library of Congress) http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/feb06.html

Treaty of alliance brought France into war on American side:

a. Americans had mixed feelings b. France had been major enemy in past c. French were Catholic d. But French were anxious to avenge their defeat in the French and Indian War

French help was critically important to the overall Patriot victory against the British.

Guns and ships (Hamilton musical) [] Lyrics http://atlanticrecords.com/HamiltonMusic/

Marquis de Lafayette []

British had taken key cities in the North:
 * Fighting moved to the south**
 * Boston
 * Newport, Rhode Island
 * New York City (their headquarters for most of the war)
 * Philadelphia

But still the British were not stopping the Patriots

British thought they would have better success in the South


 * Charleston** (South Carolina)

Results were the reverse of Saratoga.

Americans surrendered 5,000 troops to the British.


 * Nathanael Greene**

Nathanael Greene (Today in History, Library of Congress) http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/aug07.html

He was a Quaker. He operated effectively against the British militarily. But he was much more than just a military man. He showed tolerance for the problems of loyalists and Indians.


 * British Surrender at Yorktown** (1781)

Yorktown https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown

Cornwallis Surrender at Yorktown (Today in History, Library of Congress) http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/oct19.html

a. British General Cornwallis trapped on Tidewater peninsula

b. American and French armies surrounded him on land.

c. French navy defeated British rescue effort off Chesapeake Bay

d. Great American victory for American commander George Washington.

Video: Victory at Yorktown http://youtu.be/Dx_bzlDaC0o

e. Alexander Hamilton showed great courage leading an assault on a British position at Yorktown

History has its eyes on you (Hamilton musical) [] Lyrics http://atlanticrecords.com/HamiltonMusic/

Yorktown (Hamilton musical) [] 70th Tony Awards "Hamilton" (Obamas intro) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b5VqyCQV1Tg Lyrics http://atlanticrecords.com/HamiltonMusic/


 * Peace Treaty of Paris** (1783)

American diplomats: Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and John Jay Won a tremendous settlement for America

Video: Treaty of Paris (1783) https://youtu.be/fdlkx7QKaPw

a. England recognized American independence b. Britain kept Canada—but reduced to its original boundaries before Quebec Act c. U.S. got all territory east of the Mississippi d. Britain ignored territorial rights of its Indian allies e. French GOT NOTHING out of the peace treaty

Great map: https://www.landofthebrave.info/images/map-north-america-1783-1.jpg