Civil+War


 * CIVIL WAR MODULE**

Learning Objectives:

Explain the strengths and weaknesses of the combatants. What factors led to northern victory and southern defeat?

To what degree did slavery justify the war to Northerners/Southerners? Would a different approach to emancipation have led to a different result?

Discuss the impact of military life and wartime experiences on Confederate/Union soldiers.

Discuss "King Cotton Diplomacy." What might the South have done differently to gain foreign recognition or support? How would that support have changed the war's outcome?


 * Photography**

Making sense of documentary photography []

Making sense of photos []

Analyzing Nineteenth Century Daguerreotypes http://historymatters.gmu.edu/mse/sia/photo.htm

Daguerreotypes at Harvard http://preserve.harvard.edu/daguerreotypes/

Making sense of documentary photography http://historymatters.gmu.edu/mse/photos/

Camera goes to Civil War http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/photo-gallery/lincolns-camera/

Civil War photographers http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/general-article/lincolns-camera/

Civil War Photography http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/phcw/hd_phcw.htm

Photos: 3 part series: In Focus by Alan Taylor in The Atlantic magazine http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2012/02/the-civil-war-part-1-the-places/100241/ http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2012/02/the-civil-war-part-2-the-people/100242/ http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2012/02/the-civil-war-part-3-the-stereographs/100243/


 * Special features:**

//Washington Post// Special Series on the 150th anniversary in 2011 of the start of the Civil War []

//New York Times// Special Series: Opinionator--Disunion []

Ken Burns' //Civil War// PBS []
 * [use a lot of clips from here]**

Civil War cartoons http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/photo-gallery/lincolns-cartoons/


 * Ken Burns**

Episode Guide http://www.pbs.org/kenburns/civil-war/about/episode-guide/

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Civil_War_(TV_series)

Maps http://www.pbs.org/kenburns/civil-war/war/maps/#/detail/the-confederate-states-of-america

Photo gallery http://www.pbs.org/kenburns/civil-war/photo-gallery/

Biographies http://www.pbs.org/kenburns/civil-war/war/bios/#/detail/clara-barton


 * Music**

See separate wiki page http://thelearningprofessor.wikispaces.com/Music

http://www.nps.gov/abpp/battles/bystate.htm
 * Civil War Battle Summaries** index (by state)

Battle Summary: Wilderness, VA [highlight index page] []

Battle Summary: Atlanta []

Battle Summary: Antietam []

Battle Summary: Vicksburg []

Battle Summary: Gettysburg []

Battle Summary: Shiloh []

Battle Summary: Chancellorsville []

Battle Summary: Fredericksburg []

Battle Summary: Bull Run []


 * War aims**

North: Preserve the Union. Not free the slaves

South: Preserve slavery==the southern way of life


 * Names used to describe each side**:

North=Federals=Yankees=Union=Billy Yank=Blue

South=Confederates=Rebels=Secessionists=Johnny Reb=Gray


 * Key Leaders/Generals**

Meet the Civil War Commanders interactive http://www.teachingamericanhistory.org/neh/interactives/cmdrs/

Civil War Generals http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/general-article/grant-generals/


 * North**:

Abraham Lincoln (see section below)

Ulysses Grant (Encyclopedia of Virginia) http://encyclopediavirginia.org/Grant_Ulysses_S_1822-1885

Ulysses Grant (Today in History, Library of Congress) http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/apr27.html

Ulysses Grant obituary (New York Times) http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0427.html

William Tecumseh Sherman (PBS) http://www.pbs.org/weta/thewest/people/s_z/sherman.htm http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/biography/grant-sherman/

George Meade (Encyclopedia of Virginia) http://encyclopediavirginia.org/Meade_George_Gordon_1815-1872

George McClellan (Encyclopedia of Virginia) http://encyclopediavirginia.org/McClellan_George_B_1826-1885


 * South**:

Meet the Civil War Commanders interactive http://www.teachingamericanhistory.org/neh/interactives/cmdrs/

Confederate States of America

Jefferson Davis (Encyclopedia of Virginia) http://encyclopediavirginia.org/Davis_Jefferson_1808-1889

Robert E. Lee (Encyclopedia of Virginia) http://encyclopediavirginia.org/Lee_Robert_Edward_1807-1870

Robert E. Lee http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/biography/grant-lee/

Robert E. Lee obituary (New York Times) http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0119.html

Stonewall Jackson (Encyclopedia of Virginia) http://encyclopediavirginia.org/Jackson_Thomas_J_Stonewall_1824-1863

Stonewall Jackson (Finding Dulcinea) http://www.findingdulcinea.com/features/profiles/j/thomas--stonewall--jackson.html

Stonewall Jackson (Today in History, Library of Congress) http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/jan21.html

J.E.B. Stuart (Encyclopedia of Virginia) http://encyclopediavirginia.org/Stuart_J_E_B_1833-1864


 * Abraham Lincoln** segment:

Lincoln 200th anniversary. []

//History Now// Lincoln's Civil Religion [] //History Now// Lincoln's Religion []

//History Now//. Interactive History Lincoln in the Media http://www.gilderlehrman.org/historynow/12_2005/interactive.php

Civil War side comparisons interactive http://www.teachingamericanhistory.org/neh/interactives/civilwar/lesson1/civil_war.swf

Northern advantages:

Larger population Greater industrial production More railroads and canals

Southern advantages:

Greater emotion

Rare Footage of Civil War Veterans Doing the Rebel Yell http://youtu.be/s6jSqt39vFM

The Birth of 'Dixie' (New York Times) []

Excellent military commanders

[]
 * Union military strategy**

Let's look at one result of the Union naval blockade

American Memory Timeline: Civil War http://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationsandactivities/presentations/timeline/civilwar/ Click on "Presentations" Click on "American Memory Timeline" Click on "The Civil War and Reconstruction" Click on "The South During the Civil War" Read the article entitled "At Christmas People Did Not Have Luxuries"

[]
 * Confederate military strategy**

Offensive defensive:

a. Attack when possible b. Mostly play defense c. Use interior lines of transportation d. Concentrate its forces at crucial points of Union attack

What else could the Confederates have done to win the war?


 * Union diplomatic strategy**

Lincoln tried hard to prevent Britain and France from aiding the Confederacy

Lincoln Foreign Affairs (Miller Center, University of Virginia) http://millercenter.org/president/lincoln/essays/biography/5

Trent Affair (Historian of the State Department) https://history.state.gov/milestones/1861-1865/trent-affair

Preventing diplomatic recognition of the Confederacy (Historian of the State Depaartment) https://history.state.gov/milestones/1861-1865/confederacy

Trent Affair (New York Times) [|http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/12/24/a-fateful-christmas-meeting/?smid=tw-NYTOpinionator&seid=au]


 * Confederate diplomatic strategy**

"King Cotton" diplomacy

Hoped that Britain and France would aid South to get southern cotton It did not happen Both countries developed other supply sources

See also:

Book review of //A World on Fire// How Britain almost supported the Confederacy []


 * Military Life**

a. Soldiers had to deal with mass violence, live on little food and sleep, and endure all kinds of weather.

b. Rifle and the minie ball. Straight–ahead charges were stupid in light of the more effective killing range of the rifle and the power of the minie ball.

Life of the Civil War Soldier in the Army http://www.civilwar.org/hallowed-ground-magazine/winter-2013/life-of-the-civil-war-soldier- army.html

The life of a Civil War soldier - North Carolina Digital History http://www.learnnc.org/lp/editions/nchist-civilwar/5513

Civil War camp life http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/04/14/notes-on-civil-war-camp/?_r=0

American Memory Timeline: Civil War soldiers http://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationsandactivities/presentations/timeline/civilwar/soldiers/


 * Women Soldiers and nurses**

Women soldiers in the Civil War (National Archives magazine) http://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/1993/spring/women-in-the-civil-war-1.html http://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/1993/spring/women-in-the-civil-war-2.html http://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/1993/spring/women-in-the-civil-war-3.html

Disney movie: Mulan http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0120762/

Women in the Civil War http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/general-article/lincolns-women-war/

National Museum of Civil War Medicine []

American Memory Timeline: Civil War http://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationsandactivities/presentations/timeline/civilwar/ Click on "Presentations" Click on "American Memory Timeline" Click on "The Civil War and Reconstruction" Click on "The North During the Civil War" Click on the article entitled "Women in the Union Armies"

Diary of a Civil War Nurse [] Website review: Diary of a Civil War Nurse []


 * Black Union soldiers**

Racism in the Union army was strong. Black soldiers in the Union army (120,000) fought for acceptance from their white comrades


 * Religion**

Was God on the side of the North? Religion in the North during the Civil War (National Humanities Center) []

Was God mad at the South because of slavery? Religion in the South during the Civil War (National Humanities Center) []

Lincoln and the Mormons - NYTimes.com []

Onward Christian Soldiers - NYTimes.com YMCA, Civil War, Second Great Awakening []

Rabbi-Chaplains of the Civil War - NYTimes.com []


 * Emancipation**

a. Lincoln's approach

Hoped to achieve a peace treaty compromise with the South Tried to balance conflicting parts of his Republican party coalition Radical Republicans wanted immediate emancipation Others (especially border slave states) did not Set his priority to preserve the Union, not end slavery But needed to keep Britain and France from aiding the Confederacy

See also:

Emancipation Proclamation (Today in History, Library of Congress) http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/sep22.html

b. Jefferson Davis's approach

Preserving Confederate independence was the key Would free the slaves if it preserved Confederate independence An effort was made to emancipate: too little, too late

The Civil War and emancipation (Africans in America) [] Emancipation Proclamation []


 * Civil War Maps**

Civil War animated maps []

Interactive Map Military Campaigns of the Civil War [|http://www.teachingamericanhistory.org/neh/interactives/civilwar/lesson2]


 * Major Battles of the Civil War**

[]
 * Map of the Civil War, 1861-1862**


 * Bull Run**. South won. Southerners confident. Stonewall Jackson.

Animated Map: Bull Run/Manassas http://www.civilwaranimated.com/first-manassas-east-38

See also:

Bull Run (Today in History, Library of Congress) http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/jul21.html

The First Battle of Bull Run: What Happened? (New York Times) In-depth analysis--with excellent maps--by noted historian Gary Gallagher. http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/07/20/where-ignorant-armies-clash/

Stonewall Jackson profile (Finding Dulcinea) http://www.findingdulcinea.com/features/profiles/j/thomas--stonewall--jackson.html


 * Shiloh**. Union barely won. General Grant removed from command. Large casualties revealed the horrible nature of modern warfare.

Animated Map: Shiloh http://www.civilwaranimated.com/shiloh-west-29

Battle of Shiloh (New York Times) http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0407.html#article

Cyrus F. Boyd: A Union Soldier at Shiloh http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/primary-resources/grant-boyd/

Henry Morton Stanley: A Confederate Soldier at Shiloh http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/primary-resources/grant-stanley/

You're General Grant at the Battle of the Shiloh http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/general-article/grant-general/


 * Antietam**. Battle a draw. First time South invaded North. Antietam and Gettysburg the only major battles outside the South.

Antietam (Today in History, Library of Congress) http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/sep17.html

Animated Map: Antietam http://www.civilwaranimated.com/antietam-east-34


 * Fredericksburg** (December 1862). Union lost big. Made 14 charges against well–entrenched Confederates.

Animated Map: Fredericksburg http://www.civilwaranimated.com/fredericksburg

[]
 * Map of the Civil War, 1863-1865**


 * Chancellorsville** (May 1863). Confederates won battle. But lost their great general, Stonewall Jackson.

Animated Map: Chancellorsville http://www.civilwaranimated.com/chancellorsville-east-35

May 2, 1863 | Stonewall Jackson Shot by His Own Men at Chancellorsville (New York Times) []


 * Vicksburg** (July 1863). Union victory. Union gained complete control of Mississippi River. Western part of Confederacy cut off.

Vicksburg (Today in History, Library of Congress) http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/may19.html

Animated Map: Vicksburg http://www.civilwaranimated.com/vicksburg-west-30


 * Gettysburg** (July 1863)

Animated Map: Gettysburg http://www.civilwaranimated.com/gettysburg-east-50

Second time South invaded North. Union victory. "High tide" of Confederacy. Turning point of the war for the South.

Ist day: Union took the high ground; Jeb Stuart's cavalry arrived too late. http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/July-August-08/On-this-Day--Battle-of-Gettysburg-Begins-.html

2nd day: Rebels tried to take Big and Little Round Tops but Union held.

3rd day: Pickett's hopeless charge against the middle of Union lines.

Gettysburg (Today in History, Library of Congress) [the three days] http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/jul01.html http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/jul02.html http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/jul03.html

Battle of Gettysburg Begins (Finding Dulcinea, On This Day) http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/July-August-08/On-this-Day--Battle-of-Gettysburg-Begins-.html

Choices and Commitments: The Soldiers at Gettysburg (National Park Service) []


 * Gettysburg Address**

Gettysburg Address (Today in History, Library of Congress) http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/nov19.html

Reenactment of Gettysburg Address (Read by Jeff Daniels) http://youtu.be/BvA0J_2ZpIQ

President Lincoln Delivers Gettysburg Address (Finding Dulcinea, On This Day) http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/November/President-Lincoln-Delivers-Gettysburg-Address.html

Text of Gettysburg Address https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gettysburg_Address


 * Battle of Atlanta** (1864). Union victory. Ensured Lincoln's reelection.

Animated Map: Atlanta http://www.civilwaranimated.com/march-on-atlanta-west-48


 * Sherman's March through Georgia**

Union victory Sherman operated in deep South Across Georgia: Atlanta to Savannah Destroyed everything in a path 50 miles wide, 200 miles long

Sherman's March to the Sea (Eyewitness to History) http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/sherman.htm

American Memory Timeline: Civil War http://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationsandactivities/presentations/timeline/civilwar/ Click on "Presentations" Click on "American Memory Timeline" Click on "The Civil War and Reconstruction" Click on "The South During the Civil War" Then read the article entitled "Sherman's Army Plunders a Georgia Plantation"

Dec. 22, 1864 | Gen. Sherman Completes March to the Sea, Offers Savannah as a 'Christmas Gift' (New York Times) http://learning.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/12/22/dec-22-1864-gen-sherman-offers-savannah-as-a-christmas-gift-to-president-lincoln/


 * Grant's overland campaign** pursuing Lee's army to Richmond

Animated Map: Grant's overland campaign []


 * Appomattox** (9 April 1865).

Appomatox (Today in History, Library of Congress) http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/apr09.html

Confederate Robert E. Lee surrendered to Union Ulysses S. Grant Lincoln assassination: 14 April 1865

Jefferson Davis captured (Today in History, Library of Congress) http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/may10.html


 * Legacy of the Civil War**

Total deaths 620,000===(360,000 North; 260,000 South)

But new evidence may raise that total at least 20% higher:

Civil War Toll Up by 20 Percent in New Estimate (New York Times)

http://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/03/science/civil-war-toll-up-by-20-percent-in-new-estimate.html?_r=1&hpw=&pagewanted=all

Four million slaves in the South were free. What to do about them?