World+War+I

WORLD WAR I MODULE

Add for next time:

Assign this for homework World War One: The Human Face of War (9 stories) http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwone/humanfaceofwar_gallery.shtml

Q & A: Armenian Genocide Dispute http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-16352745

Hunt for Pancho Villa https://youtu.be/fdXE0wKJeDE

Author’s Corner: Woodrow Wilson: Ruling Elder, Spiritual President https://thewayofimprovement.com/2016/07/28/the-authors-corner-with-barry-hankins/

Teaching World War I With The New York Times http://learning.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/09/10/teaching-world-war-i-with-the-new-york-times/

Learning Objectives:

Why did the United States try to remain neutral and then enter the European war in 1917? To what extent did U.S. participation influence the outcome? Were the Espionage and Sedition Acts justifiable in a time of war? Why or why not? What was the impact of the war on the American home front? Examine the debate over ratification of the Treaty of Versailles and American entry into the League of Nations, and explain the Senate's rejection of the treaty.

The teenage soldiers of World War I http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-29934965

Woodrow Wilson, World War I, and American idealism http://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/14/opinion/woodrow-wilson-world-war-1-and-american-idealism.html

When the Americans turned the tide http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/27/world/europe/world-war-i-second-battle-of-the-marne.html?_r=0

In Sarajevo, divisions that drove an assassin have only begun to heal http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/27/world/europe/in-sarajevo-gavrilo-princip-set-off-world-war-i.html

The Battle of the Somme: 141 days of horror http://www.bbc.co.uk/timelines/ztngxsg

How World War I eventually saved lives http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20160630-how-one-of-historys-bloodiest-wars-eventually-saved-lives

Last U.S. veteran of World War I turns 109 - CNN.com []

BBC History for World War One [Expand each of the categories] []

Animated map, 1914-1918 []


 * Initial line–up**

Allies: Britain, France, Russia, Japan, and Italy Central Powers: Germany, Austria–Hungary, Turkey Initially, the United States attempted to remain neutral

1. Large armies (web of alliances) dominated European continent
 * War Beginnings**

2. In Sarajevo, the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne was assassinated.

[|Archdukes, Cynicism, and World War I: Crash Course World History #36 - YouTube]

Archduke Ferdinand assassinated in Sarajevo (Today in History, Library of Congress) http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/jun28.html

Austria Sends Ultimatum to Serbia which will lead to WWI (New York Times) http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0723.html#article

Austria Declares War on Serbia (New York Times) http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0728.html#article

Britain Declares War on Germany 1914 [great headline] (New York Times) http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0804.html#article

3. America's initial reaction: Wilson urged "impartiality in thought and action

President Woodrow Wilson (Miller Center, University of Virginia)

a. Read the portion "The Campaign and Election of 1916" http://millercenter.org/president/wilson/essays/biography/3

b. Read the portions "Federal Wartime Authority" and Civil Liberties during the War Years" http://millercenter.org/president/wilson/essays/biography/4

c. Read the portions "Neutrality in World War I," "End of Neutrality," "American Troops in the War," and "Wilson and the 14 Points" http://millercenter.org/president/wilson/essays/biography/5

4. America not sure whom to root for: we had immigrants from many places Those of British heritage cheered for Britain Irish hoped Britain's troubles would permit Irish independence French remembered fondly for help in American Revolution German-Americans rooted for Germany

1. England and France bought huge amounts of arms, grain, and clothing 2. American bankers helped finance purchases Loans to Allies exceeded $2 billion; Loans to Germany: only $27 million U.S. was not exactly neutral
 * American financial assistance to the Allies**


 * German submarine (U-boat) warfare**

1. A real threat to freedom of the seas came from German submarines

2. (Feb 1915) Germans declared the waters around British Isles a war zone Threatened to sink any ship there

3. (May 1915) Germans sank passenger liner Lusitania Among 1,198 dead were 128 Americans PR impact: comparable to Maine in Havana harbor America protested through diplomatic notes

Lusitania (Today in History, Library of Congress) http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/may07.html

4. (1 Feb 1917). Germans decided on unrestricted submarine warfare To sink any ship found in waters around France and England Major German miscalculation Germany hoped to defeat Allies before American troops reached Europe

US Breaks Relations with Germany (3 February 1917) (New York Times) http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0203.html#article

Feb. 3, 1917 | U.S. Breaks Relations With Germany and Plans to Declare War (New York Times) []


 * Zimmermann telegram** (25 Feb 1917)

1. Germany asked Mexico to be their ally—and perhaps even invade a part of the U.S.—if U.S. entered the war against Germany.

2. In return, Germany would help Mexico get back territory U.S. received from the Treaty of Guadalupe (1848) ending the Mexican War.


 * Wilson's war message**

1. Wilson wanted to make the world "safe for democracy." Idealism, progressivism, "city on a hill" 2. America: a special sense of mission—to reform world politics 3. Wilson believed taking part in the war necessary to guarantee U.S. a seat—and an insider's voice—at the peace table.

April 2, 1917 | Woodrow Wilson Asks For Declaration of War Against Germany (New York Times) http://learning.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/04/02/april-2-1917-woodrow-wilson-asks-for-declaration-of-war-against-germany/


 * MOBILIZING AND MANAGING THE HOME FRONT**

Mobilization of the nation for war altered American life War cost $32 billion—U.S. yearly budget only $1 billion Centralized planning boards: New Deal and World War II precedents

(1) **War Industries Board** Key name: Bernard Baruch Coordinated the national economy

(2) **Food Administration** Key name: Herbert Hoover Meatless and wheatless days Victory gardens

(3) **Fuel Administration** Daylight savings time Gasless days

(4) **Committee on Public Opinion**

Key name: George Creel Propaganda agency to get America behind the war effort 75,000 four-minute speakers Anti-German sentiment became pronounced in U.S. Schools stopped teaching the German language Sauerkraut became "liberty cabbage" Saloons removed pretzels German composers were not played

Stopped people from speaking out Compare to Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798 Espionage Act (1917)—limited First Amendment rights Sedition Acts (1918)—further limited free speech
 * Espionage and Sedition Acts**:

[] Go to Posters, United States. Click through the posters on each of the 4 pages. What is the intended audience? What does the government want people to do?
 * Posters in World War One**


 * U.S. IN WORLD WAR I: THE FIGHTING PHASE**


 * American Expeditionary Force** (AEF)

1. Name given to the American armies in France 2. Commanded by General John "Black Jack" Pershing 3. U.S. came in on the side of the Allies: Britain and France


 * General Pershing**

Leadership, Personal Courage, Devotion to Troops Won for Pershing Affection of Nation []

General Pershing (Today in History, Library of Congress) http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/today.html


 * A soldier's life**

I. Read these articles to get a clear picture of a soldier's life in the trenches during World War One

a. First World War.com -Life in the Trenches []

b. Trench Warfare Photos (History Channel) [|http://www.history.com/topics/world-war-i/photos#world-war-i-trench-warfare]

II. Read each of the following articles (I tried to select ones I thought you might enjoy):

First World War.com -No Man's Land []

First World War.com - Observation Balloons []

First World War.com -Poison Gas []

First World War.com -Creeping Barrage []

First World War.com -Big Bertha []

First World War.com -Tanks []

First World War.com - Snipers []

First World War.com - Wiring Parties []

First World War.com - A Night Counter-attack []

First World War.com - Alvin C. York [] Internet Movie Data Base: Sergeant York (played by Gary Cooper) http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0034167/

First World War.com - Women and WWI []

First World War.com - Hun []

First World War.com - Hitler in WWI []

III. Songs from the FirstWorldWar.com website (they are organized by year): http://www.firstworldwar.com/audio/index.htm

Most Famous Song in U.S.: Over There http://www.firstworldwar.com/audio/overthere.htm Bio of George M. Cohan http://www.firstworldwar.com/bio/cohan.htm

Other noteworthy WWI songs: http://www.firstworldwar.com/audio/mademoisellefromarmentieres.htm http://www.firstworldwar.com/audio/packupyourtroubles.htm http://www.firstworldwar.com/audio/keepthehomefiresburning.htm http://www.firstworldwar.com/audio/theresalonglongtrailawinding.htm http://www.firstworldwar.com/audio/katy.htm http://www.firstworldwar.com/audio/howyagonna.htm http://www.firstworldwar.com/audio/ohhowihatetogetupinthemorning.htm http://www.firstworldwar.com/audio/youreagrandoldflag.htm

Map: The Western Front: U.S. Participation, 1918
 * Major battles** (all in 1918) involving Americans:

1. Arrival of U.S. forces was just in time

2. As a result of Bolshevik Revolution, Russia had gotten out of the war Germans shifted their troops from Russia to France Germans launched a major offensive in March 1918

3. Americans fought at

Belleau Wood and Chateau-Thierry Marne Saint Mihiel Meuse-Argonne

4. By November 1918, Germany was retreating all along the front

Fighting ceased on 11 November 1918: our current Veterans' Day

Armistice Signed 11/11/18 (New York Times) http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/1111.html#article

American dead totaled 100,000
 * Casualties**


 * SPANISH FLU**

Influenza epidemic killed some 20 million people world–wide (700,000 Americans)

The Influenza Pandemic of 1918 []

National Archives pictures [|The Influenza Epidemic of 1918]

First person accounts from the History Matters website:

[|There Wasn't a Mine Runnin' a Lump O' Coal] A Kentucky Coal Miner Remembers the Influenza Pandemic of 1918-1919 [|He'll Come Home in a Box] The Spanish Influenza of 1918 Comes to Montana Please, [|Let Me Put Him in a Macaroni Box] The Spanish Influenza of 1918 in Philadelphia

American Experience: Influenza 1918 https://youtu.be/ueBnbTRJzJg


 * THE BOLSHEVIK REVOLUTION AND THE RED SCARE**


 * Bolshevik Revolution** (1917)

1. Bolsheviks (Communists under Lenin) overthrew the Czar

2. March 1918: Treaty of Brest Litovsk—Russia pulled out of the World War Germany could move its troops to France Summer 1918: along with Allies, U.S. began intervention

3. Civil war erupted between Bolsheviks (Red Russians) and their internal enemies (White Russians)


 * U.S. Intervention in Russia (1918-1920)**

1. Wilson sent 15,000 U.S. troops to Soviet Union 2. American aim was to defeat Bolsheviks (Red Russians) in civil war against White Russians 3. American troops remained in Russia until 1920 4. Created bad blood between U.S. and Soviets

U.S. Army in Russia during World War One (National Archives magazine) http://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2002/winter/us-army-in-russia-1.html http://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2002/winter/us-army-in-russia-2.html http://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2002/winter/us-army-in-russia-3.html

Main website on the Red Scare: []
 * Red Scare**

Provoked by fear of Bolshevik influence Remember: Russian Revolution in 1917 Fear in America of a similar social revolution Much labor violence in America; many saw it as Bolshevism

Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer coordinated raids on alleged Communists, whose civil liberties were denied. Seeds of McCarthyism planted during these years
 * Palmer raids**

Palmer Raids (Stanford History Education Group) http://sheg.stanford.edu/upload/Lessons/Unit%209_WWI%20and%20the%201920s/Palmer%20Raids%20Lesson%20Plan.pdf

Rise of J. Edgar Hoover and the FBI American Legion. War veteran organization stood for 100% Americanism, social conformity, and anticommunism. [Red Scare evaporated by 1920, but reappeared in the 1950s.]

[]
 * PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE (VERSAILLES)**

Treaty of Versailles (Today in History, Library of Congress) http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/jun28.html

Versailles Peace Treaty Signed (New York Times) http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0628.html#article

1. British and French demanded harsh approach to defeated Germany 2. Wanted defeated Germany disarmed 3. Wanted Germany's colonies: Africa, Asia 4. Wanted monetary payback (reparations) of Allied war costs 5. Hoped reparations would cripple Germany forever ($33 billion) 6. Severity of reparations a main cause of World War II


 * Wilson's program (Fourteen Points)**

World peace based on American principles. Highly idealistic. Some of his points were as follows:

Open diplomacy Freedom of the seas Removal of trade barriers Reduction of armaments Impartial adjustment of colonial claims Evacuation of occupied lands National self-determination


 * League of Nations**

League of Nations the most important point to Wilson To police the world: forerunner of United Nations Article 10: required major power intervention against aggressors U.S. unwilling to commit to such potential intervention abroad


 * U.S. Senate rejection of the peace treaty**

1. Senate has to approve any treaty by 2/3 vote Wilson was a Democrat Senate had 96 members: 49 Republicans, 47 Democrats Close party balance as in 2001 Most Republicans opposed the treaty as written

2. Wilson stubbornly refused to work with his Republican opponents Took his case to the American people: tiring speaking tour Wilson suffered a stroke

3. Senate rejected the peace treaty

U.S. Senate Rejects Treaty of Versailles (New York Times) http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0319.html#article

March 19, 1920 | Senate Rejects Treaty of Versailles for Second and Final Time (New York Times) []

4. America did not join the League of Nations


 * U.S. POST-WORLD WAR I FOREIGN POLICY**

1. Major foreign policy debate 2. Collective security versus unilateralism 3. Most Americans preferred historical tradition of nonalignment 4. Willing to act unilaterally in world to achieve national interests 5. Reluctant to take on binding commitments to collective action