HIST+386+WWII


 * MODERN AMERICA FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE**


 * WORLD WAR TWO**

Please write your answer in pen.

You can use a 4x6 card.


 * The World in the 1930s**

What was happening in 1930s America/Germany? What examples of isolationism in America as a result of remembrance of WWI? What examples of dictators on the march? How did each country make its geopolitical calculations based on prior events and new events?


 * Events preceding World War II in Asia**


 * Context**: summary of our relationship with Japan since the Russo-Japanese war


 * 1931**


 * Japanese seized Manchuria (18 September 1931)**

Japanese seizure of Manchuria (Mukden Incident and the Stimson Doctrine) https://history.state.gov/milestones/1921-1936/mukden-incident

American response: Stimson Doctrine of nonrecognition

Mere moral lecture U.S. had neither the means nor will to use military force

Japan's Quest for Empire 1931-1945 (BBC) http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/japan_quest_empire_01.shtml


 * 1933**

Both Roosevelt and Hitler came to power in 1933 within about a month of each other. They both died in 1945 within about a month of each other. I think the U.S. got the better deal.

Adolf Hitler: became Chancellor of Germany (30 January 1933) Franklin Roosevelt: became President of the United States (4 March 1933)

Japan (February 1933) and Germany (October 1933) withdrew from the League of Nations


 * U.S. recognized Soviet Union** (16 November 1933)

To increase trade. To halt Japanese expansion.

Recognition of the Soviet Union https://history.state.gov/milestones/1921-1936/ussr


 * 1935**


 * U.S. Neutrality Acts** (1935-1939)

Neutrality Acts an expression of isolationist sentiment. Congress sought to protect the nation by outlawing the contacts that had compromised U.S. neutrality during World War I.

Compare to the issues in the last few years of whether or not we should be involved in various revolutions in Middle East. And at the moment, Syria.

In 1933, U.S. was not the world leader as it is today.

Neutrality Acts https://history.state.gov/milestones/1921-1936/neutrality-acts

What were the various "methods short of war" that U.S. employed? Analyze each. What might be some comparisons in 2012—our approach to Iran, for instance?

How did FDR and Churchill work each other?

How did FDR zig and zag as he tried to move us to be ready for war. What were the obstacles facing him? How did we attempt to balance U.S. needs versus those of our allies? What were the obstacles in this endeavor?


 * 1935**


 * Italian invasion of Ethiopia** (3 October 1935)

Abyssinia [Ethiopia] (BBC) http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/history/mwh/ir1/manchuriarev1.shtml http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/history/mwh/ir1/manchuriarev3.shtml


 * 1936**

Germany reoccupied the Rhineland 7 March 1936 (BBC) http://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/higher/history/roadwar/rhine/revision/1/ http://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/higher/history/roadwar/rhine/revision/2/

Rome-Berlin **Axis** (1 November 1936)


 * Anti-Comintern** Pact (25 November 1936): Germany and Japan against USSR


 * Tripartite Pact** (Germany, Italy, Japan): 27 September 1940


 * Olympic Games** (August 1936)

50 stunning Olympic moments: Jesse Owens's four gold medals (Guardian) http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/london-2012-olympics-blog/2011/dec/21/jesse-owens-four-gold-medals


 * 1937**


 * 7 July 1937: Japanese invade rest of mainland China: Beginning of World War II in Asia**


 * Remember: Pearl Harbor is not until 7 December 1941**

China then was a U.S. ally. Chiang Kai–Shek, and Chinese communists under Mao Zedung, will both fight against the Japanese invaders.

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7140357.stm
 * Nanking Massacre** (December 1937)


 * Civil war in Spain** (**1936-1939**)

Spanish Civil War summary http://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/higher/history/roadwar/spancivil/revision/1/

General Franco (right-wing) supported by Germany and Italy (fascists)

Foreign involvement in the Spanish Civil War Democratic (left-wing) Spanish government supported by Soviet Union and international mercenaries.

Britain, France, and U.S. looked the other way. U. S. arms embargo. Franco eventually won. Compare to some of the conflicts today: whether we intervene or not; if so, how

Abraham Lincoln brigade from America. http://www.writing.upenn.edu/~afilreis/88/abe-brigade.html

Last American survivor of Abraham Lincoln Brigage dies at age 100 http://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/03/us/delmer-berg-last-survivor-of-abraham-lincoln-brigade-dies-at-100.html

John McCain letter saluting the last survivor of the Abraham Lincoln brigade http://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/25/opinion/john-mccain-salute-to-a-communist.html?_r=0


 * 1938**


 * German annexation of Austria** (Anschluss) (12 March 1938)

German Annexation of Austria (called the Anschluss) (12 March 1938) http://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/higher/history/roadwar/anschluss/revision/1/


 * Munich agreement** (30 September 1938)

British Prime Minister **Neville Chamberlain** and Adolf Hitler (BBC) http://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/higher/history/roadwar/munich/revision/1/

http://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/higher/history/roadwar/munich/revision/1/
 * Germany got the Sudetenland portion of Czechoslovakia**
 * Germany occupied the remainder of Czechoslovakia shortly thereafter**

http://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/higher/history/roadwar/appease/revision/1/
 * Appeasement** (BBC)


 * Hitler's Persecution of the Jews within Germany**

We won't do much with this aspect of the war.

http://www.time.com/time/photogallery/0,29307,1857458,00.html
 * Kristallnacht** [9-10 November 1938] Photo essay (TIME magazine)


 * 1939**


 * German-Russian Non-Aggression Pact** (23 August 1939)

The odd couple: fascists and communists. Germany and USSR agreed not to attack each other. Hitler wanted to keep USSR off his back while he turned on other countries.

Nazi-Soviet Pact (BBC) http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/history/mwh/ir1/nazisovietpactrev1.shtml


 * 1 September 1939**


 * Germany Invaded Poland: Beginning of World War II in Europe**

Invasion of Poland (Alan Taylor photo essays in //Atlantic Wire//) http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2011/06/world-war-ii-the-invasion-of-poland-and-the-winter-war/100094/


 * U.S. declared neutrality** (5 September 1939)

President Roosevelt Declares Neutrality (BBC) http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1999/08/99/world_war_ii/430187.stm

U.S. still trying to stay out of war


 * Phony War**

Sitzkrieg=not much happening

Lasted from invasion of Poland (September 1939) to the invasion of France (May 1940)


 * 1940**


 * German Blitzkrieg**

German blitzkrieg (lightning warfare) [today we call it "shock and awe"]

Germans invaded Denmark (9 April 1940), Netherlands (10 May 1940), Belgium (10 May 1940), France (10 May 1940)

Blitzkrieg: Germany's Lightning War (BBC) []

Axis Invasions and the Fall of France (Alan Taylor photo essays in //Atlantic Wire//) http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2011/07/world-war-ii-axis-invasions-and-the-fall-of-france/100098/


 * Remember: Hitler's attacks and conquests in Europe made French, Dutch, and British colonies in Asia vulnerable to Japanese attack.**


 * Churchill became Prime Minister of Britain**

10 May 1940 **Churchill takes helm** as Germans advance (BBC On This Day) http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/10/newsid_3497000/3497115.stm

Winston Churchill: Defender of Democracy (BBC) [Good] http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/churchill_defender_01.shtml

Winston Churchill: America’s enduring love for Winnie and his words (Telegraph) http://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/9451741/Winston-Churchill-Americas-enduring-love-for-Winnie-and-his-words.html

[Miracle of Dunkirk, Operation Dynamo] 27 May-4 June 1940
 * Dunkirk** **evacuation**

British (and French) troops trapped on the beach at Dunkirk. Rescue operation undertaken by British.

Dunkirk (BBC) http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/ff2_dunkirk.shtml

Animated Map: The Fall of France (Dunkirk) Six maps: Fall of France; Germany Attacks; Allies Retreat; Allied Forces Trapped; Evacuation from Dunkirk; Paris Captured []

The miracle of Dunkirk (Telegraph) []


 * France conquered by Germans** (10 May-25 June 1940)

The Fall of France (BBC) http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/fall_france_01.shtml


 * Battle of Britain**

Now Hitler turns on Britain

Battle of Britain http://www.historyanimated.com/wwiianimated.com/BritainAnimation.html

Battle of Britain (Alan Taylor photo essay in //Atlantic Wire//) http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2011/07/world-war-ii-the-battle-of-britain/100102/

The Battle of Britain (text) (BBC) http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/ff3_battlebritain.shtml


 * The Blitz**

7 September-31 October 1940

One Day of the Blitz at Liverpool (This is good!) []

The Blitz (BBC) http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/ff3_blitz.shtml

Colour pictures of London blitz (Mail Online) http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2016667/Colour-pictures-revealed-London-blitz-Nazi-bombers-World-War-II.html

U.S.-British partnership issues Neutrality debate Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies America First Committee Yes, get in No, don't get in German invasion of Soviet Union Atlantic Charter Lend Lease

Battle of the Atlantic: How to get supplies to Britain Atlantic Charter August 1941 U.S. Navy escort policy (Greer, Kearny, Reuben James were precedents)


 * Will United States be Neutral or Not?**

Kennedy 471 To get involved or not to get involved

We have debates today (but at a different level of intensity) about whether to get into a war: Libya, Syria


 * Yes, Get Into the War**

Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies

Henry Luce and 20th-Century U.S. Internationalism https://history.state.gov/milestones/1937-1945/internationalism

Great Debate between internationalists and isolationists (EDSITEment) http://edsitement.neh.gov/lesson-plan/great-debate-internationalists-vs-isolationists#sect-background


 * No, Don't Get Into the War**

America First Committee

American Isolationism in the 1930s https://history.state.gov/milestones/1937-1945/american-isolationism


 * Lend Lease** (11 March 1941)

Kennedy 467-475 Lend-Lease

Kennedy book PDF Help! I can't figure out how to put the link to the PDF in here.

Lend Lease debated for weeks in Congress. Explain what the Lend-Lease program did and which countries it aided. Analyze the way FDR presented the program to the public, the political spin surrounding the passage of the Lend-Lease Act.

Lend Lease https://history.state.gov/milestones/1937-1945/lend-lease

U.S. became the "arsenal of democracy" by lending and leasing American military goods to those fighting against the Axis powers.

Kennedy 468-469 "Arsenal of Democracy" issue (December 1940) Evaluate the domestic and international implications of America's new role as "the arsenal of democracy."

American unemployment dropped as our industries geared up to produce war material.


 * German Invasion of the Soviet Union** (22 June 1941)

[Remember: Pearl Harbor is not until 7 December 1941]

Kennedy 482-483 Complication for the Allies: Germany invaded the USSR (22 June 1941)

Reversed the Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact

Problem for the United States: Should we ally ourselves with the "devil" (the Soviets)? The enemy of our enemy is our friend (at least for the time being).

German invasion of Soviet Union (Alan Taylor photo essay in //Atlantic Wire//) http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2011/07/world-war-ii-operation-barbarossa/100112/

Hitler and 'Lebensraum' in the East (BBC) http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/hitler_lebensraum_01.shtml

Hitler's Invasion of Russia in World War Two (BBC) http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/hitler_russia_invasion_01.shtml


 * Battle of the Atlanti**c

The World at War video series [thanks to Zach Fuhr for reminding me of these!] Video #9: Wold Pack https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RE3hDbqJaWc&feature=youtu.be

How can the United States move supplies across the Atlantic ocean to Britain in spite of German submarines.

Kennedy 488-500, 565-572, 588-590 Battle of the Atlantic (good map on page 489)

Here is another Battle of the Atlantic map https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/736x/8c/ca/65/8cca653cb7c4a99b4bd8fa580dab1b93.jpg

The Battle of the Atlantic (BBC) http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/battle_atlantic_01.shtml

Battle of Britain and Blitz gave way to the Battle of the Atlantic How did FDR zig/zag?

Kennedy 491 Analyze this page carefully.


 * Atlantic Charter**

Kennedy 496 Famous meeting in Newfoundland between FDR and Churchill.

The Atlantic Conference and Charter, 1941 https://history.state.gov/milestones/1937-1945/atlantic-conf

Issue--even today--of the special relationship between the U.S. and Great Britain.


 * U.S. Navy convoy escort policy**

Kennedy 497-500 Look closely at this analysis of the escort policy.

Catch up on Japanese side

War chronology: Switch back and forth between Europe and Pacific US operated pretty much alone in Pacific

Pacific Theater: Strategy: island hopping Road to Pearl Harbor Pearl Harbor Doolittle Raid Battle of Midway Guadalcanal PT-109 John F. Kennedy


 * Pearl Harbor**

516-526 Analyze the events up to/including/following Pearl Harbor.

Pearl Harbor animated map http://www.nationalgeographic.com/pearlharbor/ax/frameset.html

Pearl Harbor photos (Boston Globe Photo Blog) http://www.boston.com/bigpicture/2010/12/pearl_harbor_69_years_ago_toda.html


 * German and Italy declare war on United States**


 * Japanese initial victories** (December): Philippines, Malaya, Thailand, Hong Kong.

War between China and Japan going on simultaneously.


 * Japan on a Roll**

15 Feb 1942 **Singapore** forced to surrender to the Japanese (BBC On This Day) http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/15/newsid_3529000/3529447.stm


 * Doolittle Raid** on Tokyo (18 April 1942)

Doolittle Raid: Animated Map [] http://www.pacificwaranimated.com/Doolittle.html Do all six parts: Prelude, Preparations, Deployment, Approach, The Raid, Aftermath

Daring Raids and Brutal Reprisals (Alan Taylor photo essay in //Atlantic Wire//) Doolittle Raid; Bataan Death March http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2011/08/world-war-ii-daring-raids-and-brutal-reprisals/100127/


 * Battle of Midway** (7 June 1942)

U.S. wins. Turning point in Pacific war.

Animated Maps of the Battle of Midway: http://historyanimated.com/Midway.html http://pacificwaranimated.com/Midway.html Work your way through each of the parts of this animation: Early 1942, Battle of the Coral Sea, Midway Island, Japanese Deployment, American Deployment, Fleet Movements, Action June 3, Action June 4-7

Battle of Midway (Alan Taylor photo essay in //Atlantic Wire//) http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2011/08/world-war-ii-battle-of-midway-and-the-aleutian-campaign/100137/

The Battle of Midway (BBC) http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/battle_midway_01.shtml


 * Neat spy material**:

Cryptography (Code Breaking) U.S. Codebreaking: MAGIC British Codebreaking: Enigma

How Poles cracked Nazi Enigma secret (BBC News) []

British Special Operations Executive (SOE): Tools and Gadgets Gallery (BBC) http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/soe_gallery.shtml

Training SOE Saboteurs in World War Two (BBC) http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/soe_training_01.shtml


 * Guadalcanal**

Kennedy 544-561 Guadalcanal

Naval strategy comparisons between US/Japan

History Animated interactive map of the Guadalcanal campaign: http://www.pacificwaranimated.com/Guadalcanal.html

Japanese Soldier Describes Horrors of Guadalcanal (History Now) []

Kennedy 559 Death calculation.

Kennedy 560 **Sullivan brothers**. http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq72-4.htm http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/sullivan-brothers.htm

Kennedy 561 **Racial animosity**

Japanese like animals. Is that a fair assessment?

Kennedy 563 **PT-109** of **John F. Kennedy** fame.

John F. Kennedy and PT-109 (John F. Kennedy Presidential Library) http://www.jfklibrary.org/JFK/JFK-in-History/John-F-Kennedy-and-PT109.aspx

Sixty Years Later, the Story of PT-109 Still Captivates (National Archives magazine) http://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2003/summer/pt109.html

Kennedy 564 **US island-hopping strategy** in Pacific

Army versus Navy MacArthur versus Nimitz

Kennedy 573 Bolero plan. Main thrust from Britain. USSR wanted a second front in France sooner than the Brits would permit. Brits got their way (North Africa and Italy) initially until the US became the senior partner.

Kennedy 575 Soviet foreign minister Molotov []

Yes, no, second front. Equivalent to Joe Biden's rap on Rudy Giuliani: noun+verb+9/11

Kennedy 576-577 Churchill argued for a "periphery" strategy.

Kennedy 577-584 +Page 590. Operation Torch. North African landings. What were the military/political/diplomatic tradeoffs/challenges for the US? Tradeoff with Bolero (invasion of Western Europe)


 * North Africa Theater**

Animated Map: The North African Campaign (BBC) http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/launch_ani_north_africa_campaign.shtml

North African Campaign (Alan Taylor photo essay in //Atlantic Wire//) http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2011/09/world-war-ii-the-north-african-campaign/100140/

Kennedy 578 Read this page carefully

Kennedy 579 U.S. election cycle. This election cycle issue constantly arose in our approach to the war in Iraq.

Kennedy 584-588 Casablanca Conference Analyze it. What about the idea of "unconditional surrender?" Was it the right approach in retrospect?

Casablanca Conference, 1943 https://history.state.gov/milestones/1937-1945/casablanca

Casablanca movie (1942) []


 * Italian Campaign**

Allies used North Africa as a springboard to invasion the island of Sicily, then the Italian boot.

Animated Map: The Italian Campaign http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/launch_ani_italy_campaign.shtml

~Allied invasion of **Sicily**

~Allied invasion of **Italy**

~**Anzio** 22 January 1944

~**Monte Cassino** 18 May 1944

~**Northern Italy**

Second front: invasion of France Preparations in England Where to invade Issues involved in D-Day 6 June 1944 Logistics

America gets into the action

Kennedy 572-573 American way of war. Does it make sense?


 * The Struggle for a Second Front**

Kennedy 609 Analyze the allocation of resources to war effort in Europe/Pacific (now 30%). Compare today to Iraq/Afghanistan.

Kennedy 611-613 Stalin still mad. He may well take most of Europe his way if US doesn't get into the game via France.

Kennedy 669-674 Cairo Conference Stop at Cairo on the way to Teheran Conference Look at interrelationships between FDR/Churchill and Chiang Kai-Shek.

Kennedy 674-686 **Teheran (capital of Iran) Conference**

Important. Major meeting of Allied leaders. FDR stayed at Soviet compound (it was bugged). Personal dynamics of FDR/Churchill/Stalin. Geopolitical issues: Second front, Poland, Eastern Europe, USSR help in war with Japan (would diminish China's importance to US strategy), etc.

Dispute b/n Britain & U.S: when/where Europe invaded. Soviets demanded a second front. Soviets bore brunt of land war until mid–1944. Decision was finally made on a cross-channel invasion against Europe mainland Eisenhower was named to be Supreme Commander of Allied Forces

Tehran Conference, 1943 https://history.state.gov/milestones/1937-1945/tehran-conf

Kennedy 679 Note the quote from FDR: "if the Japanese had not attacked."

Kennedy 683 Who is now the dominant partner in the U.S.-Great Britain alliance?


 * The Battle for Northwest Europe**


 * Second Front: Invasion of France**

Kennedy 686-698 **Operation Overlord (D-Day, Normandy)**

What determined when it would go?

Dwight D. Eisenhower (Ike) to command; what about him. Why not George Marshall?

Rommel to defend. German "Desert Fox"

What determined where Allies would land (Pas de Calais or Normandy) and how Germans would defend?

Kennedy 707-708 Who will run France after the war

The Allies at War [With Each Other over the role of De Gaulle] (BBC) http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/allies_at_war_01.shtml

Americans poured into England. Aircraft carrier metaphor . Kennedy 709-715 The American military buildup characterized.

GI Joe: US Soldiers of World War Two (BBC) http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/us_soldiers_01.shtml

Kennedy 716-725 Preparation for and execution of the Normandy landings.

Biggest invasion armada in world history (5,000 ships, 150,000 men).
 * Normandy invasion=D-Day=Operation Overlord**. (June 6, 1944).

Allied Invasion of Europe (Alan Taylor photo essay in //Atlantic Wire//) http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2011/10/world-war-ii-the-allied-invasion-of-europe/100160/

D-Day: Beachhead (BBC) http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/dday_beachhead_01.shtml

Animated Map: The D-Day Landings (BBC) Four sections: The Atlantic Wall, Concentration of Forces, The Landings, Securing the Beachheads http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/launch_ani_d_day.shtml

Fantastic story of U.S. Paratrooper Joseph Beyrle who fought for both U.S. and Soviets. []


 * Breakout from Normandy**

Animated Map: Operation Overlord (BBC) Seven maps: Operation Overlord, D-Day, The Slog for Normandy, A Slow Advance, The Breakout, The Falaise/Argentan Gap, The Liberation of Paris http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/launch_ani_overlord_campaign.shtml

Operation Overlord: D-Day to Paris (BBC) http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/overlord_d_day_paris_01.shtml

Kennedy 724 **Bocage** as terrain obstacle: hedgerows

Bocage (Google Images) http://bit.ly/fgAG2M

Kennedy 726-728 **Cobra I**

Breakout from the Normandy pocket. Cobra I (compare to Iraq Cobra II).

US Sherman tanks versus German Tiger tanks.

Kennedy 728 **Attempted assassination of Hitler**

20 July 1944 Hitler Survives Assassination Attempt (BBC On This Day) http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/20/newsid_3505000/3505014.stm

Kennedy 732 **Paris liberated**

Great read: //Is Paris Burning?//

25 Aug 1944 Paris is liberated (BBC On This Day) http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/25/newsid_3520000/3520894.stm

Air war issues at different phases in the war Allied bombing: Brits by night; US by day Hard targets versus people targets Firebombing

Market Garden September 1944 Battle of the Bulge December 1944 America and the Holocaust Yalta conference February 1945 Drive toward Berlin FDR and Hitler died April 1945 Victory Europe May 1945

Air War

Kennedy (early in the war) 601-608 Analyze the tradeoffs in the Allied bombing offensive (area bombing at night by Brits; "precision"—was it precise?—bombing in day by US).

What problems in planes and men.

What targets (hard v. people).

Kennedy (Later in the war) 742-744

Bombings of Berlin, Hamburg, Dresden

Remembering the Dresden Bombing (BBC) http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/4257253.stm

Kennedy 733 **Logistics** of US armored thrust into Europe.

Red Ball Express (Google Images) http://bit.ly/OaDcIW

Kennedy 734 Implications for Allied strategy of the trade-off decisions between the "this" of Montgomery and the "that" of Patton.

Montgomery was insistent that he get all resources

Kennedy 735-736 **Operation** **Market Garden**

Movie: A Bridge Too Far http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0075784/

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vKSsuJhkivM&feature=youtu.be
 * Video** for Market Garden (10:30-17:00)

The Battle of Arnhem (Operation Market Garden) http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/battle_arnhem_01.shtml

Animated Map: The Battle of Arnhem http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/launch_ani_arnhem.shtml

Kennedy 739-742 **Battle of the Bulge**. Analyze it from each side. A major setback for Allies but the last gasp of Germans on the Western front.

Video for Battle of the Bulge (27:00-38:50) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vKSsuJhkivM&feature=youtu.be

The Battle of the Bulge (BBC) http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/battle_bulge_01.shtml

Battle of the Bulge (American Experience) http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/bulge/ http://thelearningprofessor.blogspot.com/2011/07/website-spotlight-battle-of-bulge.html

V-Weapons Attack Britain (BBC) [I'm not sure where to put this] http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/ff7_vweapons.shtml


 * America and the Holocaust**

Kennedy 794-797 Are you ok with the US approach to concentration camps?

SS St. Louis: The ship of Jewish refugees that nobody wanted http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-27373131

Kennedy 806 Check out that first paragraph relating to Jewish immigration to Palestine.

American and the Holocaust (American Experience) http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/holocaust/ http://thelearningprofessor.blogspot.com/2011/12/website-spotlight-america-and-holocaust.html

The Holocaust (Alan Taylor photo essay in //Atlantic Wire//) http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2011/10/world-war-ii-the-holocaust/100170/

What did America know as the Holocaust unfolded. Quite a lot, as it turns out. https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/social-issues/what-did-americans-know-as-the-holocaust-unfolded-quite-a-lot-it-turns-out/2016/04/12/ff4f0ec2-fcec-11e5-9140-e61d062438bb_story.html


 * Yalta Conference**

Kennedy 798-808 Yalta conference. Analyze the personalities and issues.

Kennedy 806-807 Did the United States get a raw deal at Yalta?

Soviets would control most of Eastern Europe. Germany would be divided. Soviets would fight Japan three months after German surrender

Yalta Conference, 1945 https://history.state.gov/milestones/1937-1945/yalta-conf


 * President Roosevelt Died**

Kennedy 808 Effect of FDR's death on the country and world.

~**FDR died** (12 April 1945)

~**Hitler died** (30 April 1945)

Last known photo of Hitler [thanks to Zach Fuhr] http://www.businessinsider.com/this-is-the-last-known-photo-of-hitler-2015-5?r=UK&IR=T

Kennedy 808-809 **End of WWII—in Europe.** BUT Japan is still in play.

The Battle for Berlin in World War Two (BBC) http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/berlin_01.shtml

The Fall of Nazi Germany (Alan Taylor photo essay in //Atlantic Wire//) http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2011/10/world-war-ii-the-fall-of-nazi-germany/100166/


 * War continues with Japan**

Kennedy 808-809 Even though the end of WWII in Europe, Japan is still in play.


 * American Home Front**

Kennedy 615 Keep in mind the three fundamentals of the war's outcome—time, men, materiel—and their complex interaction.

Kennedy 617 Interesting observation: unused capacity from the Depression made the transition to war more efficient.

Kennedy 618-619 U.S. safe from enemy action. What an important advantage.

Kennedy 620-630 How did FDR gear up the US for war. Think about the issues of inefficiencies/profit potential/waste as compared to US in Iraq war.

Kennedy 631-637 US needed men, but who?

Kennedy 647-653 Synthetic rubber—shows what US can do if we have to.

Liberty Ships. Kaiser shipyards in Richmond and Fontana. Kaiser Health Care.

Kennedy 653-655 Henry Ford. Willow Run. B-24 production compared to Liberty Ships.

Kennedy 655-668 Manhattan Project.

Kennedy 748-760 Japanese-American internment

Japanese-Americans http://www.pbs.org/thewar/at_home_civil_rights_japanese_american.htm http://www.pbs.org/thewar/at_war_democracy_japanese_american.htm

Internment of Japanese-Americans (Alan Taylor photo essay in //Atlantic Wire//) http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2011/08/world-war-ii-internment-of-japanese-americans/100132/

Kennedy 762-776 **Racial issues** http://www.pbs.org/thewar/at_home_civil_rights_minorities.htm

http://www.pbs.org/thewar/at_war_democracy_african_american.htm
 * African Americans**

Blacks move north/white opposition in factories. Racial clashes in cities and on military bases.

Kennedy 773 Tuskegee Airmen


 * Mexican-Americans and Native Americans**

Latinos and Native Americans http://www.pbs.org/thewar/at_war_democracy_latino.htm

Zoot Suit Riots (American Experience) http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/zoot/ http://thelearningprofessor.blogspot.com/2011/12/website-spotlight-zoot-suit-riots.html

Kennedy 770 Zoot Suit Riots Kennedy 777 Bracero Program (Wikipedia)

Kennedy 776-781 Women worker issues.

Kennedy 780 Latchkey children

Kennedy 782-788 Elections during wartime: Congressional ones in 1942; Presidential in 1944.

Kennedy 787 **GI Bill.** Note that only the universities were against it!!

Kennedy 793-794 Issue of showing picture of dead GIs. Compare to today: should we show flag-draped coffins of Iraq and Afghanistan war dead.

The War (Ken Burns)

War Production http://www.pbs.org/thewar/at_home_war_production.htm Also read the sidebar on "Buying War Bonds"

News and Censorship http://www.pbs.org/thewar/at_home_communication_news_censorship.htm

Letters and Diaries http://www.pbs.org/thewar/at_home_communication_letters_diaries.htm Read sidebar about V-Mail

Propaganda http://www.pbs.org/thewar/at_home_communication_propaganda.htm

Powers of Persuasion: Posters from WWII (U.S. National Archives) http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/powers_of_persuasion/powers_of_persuasion_home.html http://thelearningprofessor.blogspot.com/2012/06/website-spotlight-posters-from-world.html

1. Life in the Infantry http://www.pbs.org/thewar/at_war_infantry.htm Click through the personal recollections on the right-hand sidebar

2. Face of Battle

a. Training http://www.pbs.org/thewar/at_war_battle_training.htm

b. Combat http://www.pbs.org/thewar/at_war_battle_combat.htm Sidebar: Role of Medics

Potsdam Conference July 1945 Churchill loses office Still at war with Japan U.S. handled the war alone; no coordination needed with our allies

Saipan June 1944 Leyte Gulf October 1944 Bataan Rescue

Iwo Jima February 1945 Code Talkers

Okinawa June 1945 Kamikazes

Manhattan project got bombs ready Atomic bombs Japan finally surrenders

The Pacific Islands (Alan Taylor photo essay in //Atlantic Wire//) http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2011/09/world-war-ii-the-pacific-islands/100155/

Kennedy 816-818 **Battle of Saipan** 15 June 1944

Civilians leaped to their death.

Death before Capture (American Experience) http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/biography/pacific-koyu-shiroma/

Kennedy 829-831 **Battle of Iwo Jima**

Iwo Jima animated map http://www.pacificwaranimated.com/Iwo.html


 * Code talkers (on Iwo Jima particularly)**

Code Talkers (National Archives magazine) http://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2001/winter/navajo-code-talkers.html

Code Talkers virtual exhibit (National Museum of the American Indian) http://www.nmai.si.edu/education/codetalkers/ http://thelearningprofessor.blogspot.com/2012/06/website-spotlight-codetalkers.html

Kennedy 831-835 **Battle of Okinawa**.

Okinawa animated map http://www.pacificwaranimated.com/Okinawa.html

Ernie Pyle obituary (New York Times) http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0803.html


 * Kamikaze** Attacks

Kamikaze attack at Okinawa as experienced by an American (American Experience) []

Kamikaze attack at Okinawa as experienced by a Japanese (American Experience) []

Kennedy 837-845 **Potsdam Conference**

Analyze the issues and personalities. "Unconditional surrender" approach: helpful or not.

Potsdam Conference,1945 https://history.state.gov/milestones/1937-1945/potsdam-conf

Why Churchill Lost in 1945 (BBC) http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/election_01.shtml


 * Victory against Japan**

Kennedy 845-851 Bombing of Japanese cities

Fall of Imperial Japan (Alan Taylor photo essay in //Atlantic Wire//) http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2011/10/world-war-ii-the-fall-of-imperial-japan/100175/

Kennedy 835-837 **Japan's internal deliberations**.

What might be going on within the secret meetings of some of our enemies today?

~Role of **Manhattan Project** in building atomic bomb.

Kennedy 655-668 Manhattan Project.

Race for the Super Bomb (American Experience) []

~**Factors involved in the decision to drop the atomic bombs on Japan**: []

An illustrated history of the bombings in Hiroshima and Nagasaki https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/world/hiroshima-nagasaki-illustrated/

We had two ready--just barely

Fear that the Soviet Union would soon enter the war against Japan

Concern that a land war in Japan would result in massive American casualties

Shoichi Yokoi, the Japanese soldier who held out in Guam for 28 years after WWII ended (BBC News) []

~**First atomic bomb**: U.S. drops atomic bomb on Hiroshima (6 August 1945)

Hiroshima (Boston Globe Photo Blog) http://www.boston.com/bigpicture/2009/08/hiroshima_64_years_ago.html

~**Soviets entered war in Pacific** with 1.5 million troops (8 August 1945)

Soviets declare war on Japan; invade Manchuria (History.com This Day in History | 8/8/1945) http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/soviets-declare-war-on-japan-invade-manchuria

~**Second atomic bomb**: U.S. drops atomic bomb on Nagasaki (9 August 1945)

[] []
 * Japanese man who survived both bombs**

~**Victory-Japan (VJ) Day**

~**Japanese surrendered** (2 September 1945)

Japanese surrender; "bitter-enders" almost kept Emperor's message off the air waves.

~**Emperor allowed to keep his throne**

~**Allied Supreme Commander Douglas MacArthur would rule Japan**

Douglas MacArthur obituary (New York Times) http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0126.html


 * Afterwards**


 * Death Toll of World War II**

World–wide: 55 million United States: 405,000 Soviet Union: 21 million (one–ninth of Soviet population).


 * Postwar position of the U.S.**

We suffered little damage to our own land. We emerged as the world leader