Course+Content


 * HISTORY AND POLITICS OF THE NON-WESTERN WORLD**
 * MEXICO**

This page is still under construction!


 * Reaction for Tuesday, January 24:**

By noon Saturday, **look here** for the assigned topic and readings. Here it is!


 * BEGIN HERE FOR THE REACTION FOR TUESDAY, JANUARY 24**

Read completely the following articles to whet your appetite for this exciting topic:

Inside the Homes of Mexico’s Alleged Drug Lords - NYTimes.com http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/19/garden/inside-the-homes-of-mexicos-alleged-drug-lords.html?ref=americas&pagewanted=all

Mexico Drug War Bloodies Areas Thought Safe - NYTimes.com http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/19/world/americas/mexico-drug-war-bloodies-areas-thought-safe.html?_r=1&hp=&pagewanted=all

Mexico’s changing drug war: Shifting sands | The Economist http://www.economist.com/node/21540289

Mexican Soldiers Are Outgunned by Drug Traffickers - The Daily Beast http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2010/05/18/outmatched.html

U.S. Widens Its Role in Battle Against Mexico’s Drug Cartels - NYTimes.com http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/07/world/07drugs.html?pagewanted=all

Mexico’s drug war: Not so fast | The Economist http://www.economist.com/node/21543183

Continuing the requirements for the Tuesday, January 24 reaction.

Let's begin with a portion of the website we will use for the next three class sessions.

http://www.findingdulcinea.com/guides/Reference/The-Mexican-Drug-War.xa_1.html
 * Origins of the Mexican Drug Conflict (Finding Dulcinea)**

Read this entire screen


 * SECTION ONE: Origins of the Mexican Drug Conflict**

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/drugs/cron/
 * A. PBS FRONTLINE**

Just scan this one.

CRS Report for Congress: Mexico's Drug Cartels (October 2007) http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL34215.pdf
 * B. Congressional Research Service (CRS)**

Read this completely.

In Mexico's Drug War, Bad Cops Are a Mounting Problem http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1861296,00.html
 * C. TIME magazine**

Read this completely.

Add to your knowledge by clicking on the Photo collection icons on the left side of the article.


 * END OF REQUIREMENTS FOR TUESDAY, JANUARY 24 REACTION**


 * Our upcoming schedule**:

I took the advice you gave me on Tuesday concerning your main interests.

Using **Sweet Search**, I came up with numerous exciting **resources** but have not yet had a chance to sort through them all and decide in what order to go at them.

We will spend the next few sessions working on the drug war, immigration, education, oil, and tourism. Later in the semester we will dig into the history piece of our course.

Side note: Let's have at least two Sweet Search/**Google Jockey** students for each of our future class sessions.


 * Thursday, January 19**

Work through the material assigned as reaction topic.

A. Those think tanks sites were not as helpful as I had hoped.

1. Skip this one. Institute for Mexico and the United States University of California (Riverside) http://ucmexus.ucr.edu/

2. Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies University of California (San Diego) http://usmex.ucsd.edu/

Serendipity: http://usmex.ucsd.edu/research/21st-century-us-mexico-project/

3. Katz Center for Mexican Studies University of Chicago http://mexicanstudies.uchicago.edu/

Serendipity: Mexico Resources: Library catalogs http://mexicanstudies.uchicago.edu/page/mexico-links

Digression: **Value Added**: HLAS Library of Congress: Handbook of Latin American Studies online http://lcweb2.loc.gov/hlas/

Hispanic Reading Room Home Page (Library of Congress) []

B. Spend most of our **class time** on these two articles:

1. Remittances to Mexico are rebounding - latimes.com []

2. Young U.S. Citizens in Mexico Up Early to Learn in the U.S. - NYTimes.com []

Students will comment first, using their reactions.


 * What to look for in our assignments**:

What major themes can we pull out of the articles we read? What is your feeling on how much more we should study those themes? What links can we follow up on or what people should we learn more about?

Then we will sort back through the articles, noting whatever else might be of use.


 * Reaction required for Thursday, January 19**

Base your 500-word reaction on the following:

1. Work through each of these three think tank sites:

Institute for Mexico and the United States University of California (Riverside) http://ucmexus.ucr.edu/

Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies University of California (San Diego) http://usmex.ucsd.edu/

Katz Center for Mexican Studies University of Chicago http://mexicanstudies.uchicago.edu/

2. Read these two articles:

Young U.S. Citizens in Mexico Up Early to Learn in the U.S. - NYTimes.com []

Remittances to Mexico are rebounding - latimes.com []


 * Tuesday, January 17 **

Work through the Mexico Institute website Mexico Institute http://www.wilsoncenter.org/program/mexico-institute


 * Thursday, January 12**

A. My wife, Carole, will drop by this morning. http://www.apu.edu/clas/faculty/clambert/

Go to the following section on my ABOUT page: "A Summer Job at Jamestown leads to the Blessing of a Wonderful Wife" http://thelearningprofessor.wikispaces.com/About+Me

B. Friday Songs (on Thursday) http://thelearningprofessor.wikispaces.com/Friday+Songs

C. Info card http://thelearningprofessor.wikispaces.com/Info+Card

On info card, add this question as #10: Mention if you can handle material in Spanish, and if you have been to Mexico/Mexicali.

D. Our class wiki http://thelearningprofessor.wikispaces.com/Wiki+help

http://mexicospring2012.wikispaces.com/

I have to figure out how best to invite those who are not on the roster whom I emailed this morning. Can you just go to the link and ask to be a member. Or should I get your email address and invite you?

E. How to lay out your reactions on the wiki page

500-words (minimum) per reaction

1. Check the format of your page.

2. Please put the most recent reaction on top.

3. Separate each reaction with a horizontal line.

4. If you didn't do an entry, put the title in anyway and leave the rest blank.

5. Please title each entry (like the examples below) with the reaction number, the day of the week, the date, and the topic:

Reaction #1 Tuesday 1/17 Mexico Institute

Reaction #2 Thursday 1/19

Reaction #3 Tuesday 1/24

F. Reaction required for Tuesday, January 17

Mexico Institute http://www.wilsoncenter.org/program/mexico-institute

Review the website by working your way through each part of it.

Which items interest you the most as subjects you want us to cover this semester.

G. Grading Memo http://thelearningprofessor.wikispaces.com/Grading

H. Mexicali Go to Google News Select Spanish language version for Mexico Search on "Mexical" Set up an "Alertas Google" that comes to your email

See specific links below under Mexicali section entitled as follows: Items from Mexican Newspapers (using Alertas Google)


 * January 10**

I. Why me? Why am I teaching a course about Mexico?

II. Mexico candidate Enrique Pena Nieto is not off to a good start - latimes.com Let's go through this article in detail []

III. Supporting items arising out of that article and my stream of consciousness therefrom:

Elección 2012 México: Candidatos a la Presidencia, Elecciones y Encuestas: AMLO, Enrique Peña Nieto, Josefina Vázquez Mota []

<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">Google Images <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]

<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">Him and his wife ( Angélica Rivera) <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[] <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]

Telenovelas <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]

Betty La Fea (Ugly Betty) <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]

<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">Her Google Images page <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]

Her website <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]


 * BEGIN COURSE MATERIAL HERE**


 * GENERAL WEBSITES**

Mexico : Country Studies - Federal Research Division, Library of Congress <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[] <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">Cannot bookmark search results from this site.

Mexico: A Country Study (LOC) http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/mxtoc.html

Go to the timeline on the Borders website to get the details on chronology http://www.pbs.org/kpbs/theborder/history/index.html

Mexico (NY Times Topics) http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/international/countriesandterritories/mexico/index.html

Vista's internet links page <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]

Library of Congress/HLAS Online Home Page <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]

Hispanic Reading Room Home Page (Library of Congress) <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]

NationMaster http://www.nationmaster.com/index.php

Mexican Military data, statistics, facts and figures <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]

Mexico: Economist <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]

Economist Intelligence Unit Mexico Economy, Politics and GDP Growth Summary <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Columbian_Mexico
 * PRE-COLUMBIAN PERIOD**

Mexico: A Country Study (LOC) http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/mxtoc.html

Go to the timeline on the Borders website to get the details on chronology http://www.pbs.org/kpbs/theborder/history/index.html

The Aztecs (Royal Academy of Arts exhibition) http://www.aztecs.org.uk/en/index.html

Vistas: Visual Cultures in Spanish America, 1520-1820 http://www.smith.edu/vistas/index.html

Tenochtitlan | Thematic Essay | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History | The Metropolitan Museum of Art <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]


 * CONQUEST**

1519-1521 Hernan Cortes conquers central Mexico.

Spanish conquest http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire

Conquistadors: Cortes http://www.pbs.org/conquistadors/cortes/cortes_flat.html

Conquest of Mexico (Nancy Fitch) http://www.historians.org/tl/LessonPlans/ca/Fitch/index.htm


 * COLONIAL PERIOD**

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain

New Spain (Colonial Mexico) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_Mexico

When Worlds Collide <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]

Caste system:

Espanoles (Spaniards born in Spain) Criollos (Mexican-born, but with Spanish blood) Mestizos (Spanish and Indian) Indigenes, the Indians

Summary in this section originated at the following URL: http://www.geographia.com/mexico/mexicohistory.htm

Following the Mexican declaration of war in 1810, protracted fighting erupts cross the country until Independence is won in 1821.

War leaves Mexico in a state of disorder and deterioration; slowly the Mexicans begin building their social and political infrastructure to make way for republican government.

This process is interrupted by a U.S. invasion of Mexico in 1846; by the terms of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848), Mexico cedes a large portion of its northern territory to the U.S.

In the mid-1850s, important steps are taken in the democratic evolution, including a new constitution that separates church and state (in effect until 1917). Under the leadership of the first Indian president of the Americas, Benito Juárez (1806–1872), Mexico drives the French out and founds a democratic republic that survives until Juárez's death in 1872.

In 1876, Porfirio Díaz (1830–1915) leads a military takeover of Mexico City and assumes the presidency (1876–80; 1884–1911). To the detriment of indigenous Mexicans, he promotes railroad construction, increased trade, and modernization by concessions to foreign investors.

Reaction against this Porfiriato, as his rule is called, precipitates the Revolution of 1910.


 * MEXICAN INDEPENDENCE FROM SPAIN**

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_War_of_Independence

Mexico: A Country Study (LOC) http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/mxtoc.html

Go to the timeline on the Borders website to get the details on chronology http://www.pbs.org/kpbs/theborder/history/index.html

1819 Adams Onis treaty establishes the border between the United States and Spain (soon-to-be Mexico) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adams%E2%80%93On%C3%ADs_Treaty

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo will further define the border.

1821 Mexico wins independence from Spain.

1824 Mexico becomes a republic.

1821-1847: Missions, Ranchos, and the Mexican War for Independence Calisphere http://www.calisphere.universityofcalifornia.edu/calcultures/eras/era3.html

Cry of Dolores (Mexican Independence) Today in History (LOC) 16 September http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/sep16.html

Mexican Independence (Texas A&M) http://www.tamu.edu/faculty/ccbn/dewitt/mexicanrev.htm

War of Independence http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_War_of_Independence

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grito_de_Dolores

http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/Americas/2009/september/Mexico-Commemorates-199-Years-of-Independence.html


 * TEXAS**

Mexico: A Country Study (LOC) http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/mxtoc.html

Go to the timeline on the Borders website to get the details on chronology http://www.pbs.org/kpbs/theborder/history/index.html

1821 Mexico permits Stephen F. Austin to start Texas colonization.

1835-1836 Struggle Over Texan Independence.

Coahuila and Tejas http://www.tamu.edu/faculty/ccbn/dewitt/dewitt.htm

Stephen Austin http://www.pbs.org/weta/thewest/people/a_c/austin.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_F._Austin

Mexican Texas (this is good) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Texas

War with Texas http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Revolution

Santa Anna http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_López_de_Santa_Anna

http://www.pbs.org/weta/thewest/people/s_z/santaanna.htm

http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fsa29

[]
 * Manifest destiny**.

Term first used by editor John L. O'Sullivan (1845).

American expansion westward and southward was Inevitable Just Divinely ordained

The Religious Origins of Manifest Destiny http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/tserve/nineteen/nkeyinfo/mandestiny.htm

Racism in American society a. Justified slavery in the South b. Accepted discrimination in the North c. Supported expansion in the West

In accordance with this view: Native Americans: savages, best eliminated Hispanics: inferior peoples, best controlled or conquered

Territorial Acquisitions Map <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">

<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">See also:

Monuments, Manifest Destiny, and Mexico (Prologue NA) 2 parts http://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2005/summer/mexico-1.html http://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2005/summer/mexico-2.html


 * Texas**

Map: []

Americans move into Spanish, then Mexican Tejas Panic of 1819 pushed some Americans westward Mexico gained its independence from Spain (1821)

Empresarios Spain gave land grants to Moses Austin Mexico continued the same deal with Stephen Austin (1824) []

Americans not happy with three aspects of life in Mexico. a. Catholicism: Settlers either converted superficially or ignored requirement b. Slavery (in 1829 Mexico freed its slaves)(colonists freed slaves but signed them to lifelong indentured servant contract c. Self government

Texas part of Mexican Coahuila (Texas outnumbered 3 to 1) Americans demanded a Mexican state of their own

Dictator Santa Anna abolished separate Mexican states (1834) [] []


 * Texas revolution** (1836)

[] By 1835, Texas population: 30,000 Americans; 3,000 Mexicans "War party" declared Texas independent in1836 Guests who rebelled against their hosts

Texas Must be Ours http://www.americanheritage.com/content/%E2%80%9Ctexas-must-be-oars%E2%80%9D?page=show

Main battles of the Texas Revolution:

a. Alamo: 187 all died (Davy Crockett, Jim Bowie, William Travis) []

[]

http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/Feb/On-this-Day--The-Alamo-Came-Under-Attack.html

Davy Crockett [] Jim Bowie [] William Travis []

b. Goliad: 350 captured Americans were massacred []

c. San Jacinto: [] []

Sam Houston attacked Mexicans during a siesta 630 Mexicans killed Santa Anna captured

[]
 * Texas: the Lone Star Republic** (1836–1845)

Texas a separate country

Sam Houston the first president. []

Population increased from 30,000 to 142,000 Annexation delayed until 1845: volatility of the slavery issue

Territorial Acquisitions Map <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">


 * WAR WITH THE UNITED STATES (1846-1848)**

Mexico: A Country Study (LOC) http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/mxtoc.html

Go to the timeline on the Borders website to get the details on chronology http://www.pbs.org/kpbs/theborder/history/index.html

1846 The U.S. Mexico war begins.

1848 The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo brings the U.S.-Mexican War to an end.

Territorial Acquisitions Map <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">

The Mexican-American War and the Media http://www.history.vt.edu/MxAmWar/INDEX.HTM

Establishing Borders: The Expansion of the United States, 1846-48 Lesson 2: Mexican and American Views of Texas http://www.smithsonianeducation.org/educators/lesson_plans/borders/lesson2.html

U.S.-Mexican War: A Guide (Library of Congress) http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/mexicanwar/

PBS video See separate page on our wiki: (set up a page on regular, not practice, wiki) http://www.pbs.org/kera/usmexicanwar/index_noflash.html http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/alamo/

[]
 * MEXICAN WAR (1846–1848)**

Mexican War Animated Map http://www.civilwaranimated.com/mexico

Regular Map: []

1. Mexico felt annexation of Texas cause for war American sent forces into disputed region to provoke a Mexican attack Mexicans did attack America declared war

Some in U.S. opposed war: New England Whig party: Henry Clay; Abraham Lincoln

See also:

U.S.-Mexican War (AE)

Mexican-American War and the Media | Teachinghistory.org http://teachinghistory.org/history-content/website-reviews/14739 http://www.history.vt.edu/MxAmWar/INDEX.HTM

2. American interest in California:

New England clipper ships traded with the area in the 1830s Bartered manufactured goods for cowhides Boston companies set up resident agents in California Agents' reports back East sparked interest in California

a. Richard Henry Dana's //Two Year Before the Mast//: a best seller (1840) Dana Point. Ship visit. Richard Henry Dana, Jr. [] [] [|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilgrim_(brig])

With Dana Before The Mast http://www.americanheritage.com/content/dana-mast?page=show

b. Sutter's Fort. Sacramento. At end of Overland Trail. John Sutter []

3. When war with Mexico seemed likely, U.S. claimed California []

a. California Republic (Bear Flag) [] John C. Frémont [] Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo []

b. Bear Flag Revolt (June 14, 1846) Key names: Sonoma; William B. Ide; John Fremont; Mexican Governor Vallejo Separate country for less than a month

Frémont Steals California http://www.americanheritage.com/content/fremont-steals-california?page=show

c. Two battles took place in what is now California:

Battle of San Pasqual (Escondido and Wild Animal Park) []

Battle of Rio San Gabriel []

4. U.S. Forces in Mexico

a) General Zachary Taylor: invaded Mexico from north Battle of Buena Vista []

b) General Winfield Scott: invaded Mexico from seacoast Battle of Chapultepec []

Halls of Montezuma Marines raised U.S. flag over National Palace in Mexico City

5. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. [] []

Map: U.S. Territorial Acquisitions

Map: Mexican Cession in the Mexican View

U.S. paid Mexico $15 million

Present states: California, Utah, New Mexico, Nevada, Arizona

U.S. territory enlarged by 20%

Territorial Acquisitions Map <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">


 * Legacy of the Mexican-American War**

$100 million in military costs

13,000 Americans died

Training ground for military officers later famous in Civil War

Gold discovered in California (1848): a few months before treaty signed

Continuing controversy over extension of slavery in land won from Mexico


 * FRENCH INTERVENTION/CINCO DE MAYO/BENITO JUAREZ**

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_intervention_in_Mexico

Mexico: A Country Study (LOC) http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/mxtoc.html

Go to the timeline on the Borders website to get the details on chronology http://www.pbs.org/kpbs/theborder/history/index.html

1862 France, Britain, and Spain attempt to force Benito Juarez’s government to repay debts owed. Even though Britain and Spain withdraw, the French remain, hoping to establish a new empire. On May 5 (Cinco de Mayo), mestizo and Zapotec soldiers defeat the French army in the Battle of Puebla.

Cinco de Mayo Today in History (LOC) 5 May http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/may05.html#cincodemayo

1867 Napoleon III of France withdraws his support from Maximilian, the Austrian archduke who had been made Emperor of Mexico, and Benito Juárez regains control of Mexico

Benito Juarez http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_Juárez


 * MEXICAN REVOLUTION**

Mexico: A Country Study (LOC) http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/mxtoc.html

Go to the timeline on the Borders website to get the details on chronology http://www.pbs.org/kpbs/theborder/history/index.html

The Revolution: The Storm that swept Mexico http://www.pbs.org/itvs/storm-that-swept-mexico/the-revolution/

Centenniel of the Mexican Revolution (EDSITEment) http://edsitement.neh.gov/centennial-mexican-revolution-1910-2010

Distant Neighbors: The U.S. and the Mexican Revolution (Library of Congress) <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]

Mexico from Empire to Revolution: Introduction <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]

1910 Mexican Revolution begins. Thousands of Mexicans flee across the border for safety.

1911 In Mexico, Porfirio Díaz is forced to dissolve his government because of a successful revolt led by Francisco Madero.

To protect its citizens and property, the U.S. sends troops to the border, where fighting in the Mexican Revolution is so close that U.S. citizens gather to watch.

1914 President Woodrow Wilson sends troops to Veracruz, Mexico, in an effort to depose Victoriano Huerta, who soon resigns.

John Reed’s “What About Mexico?”: The United States and the Mexican Revolution http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/4948/

The United States and the Mexican Revolution: “A Danger for All Latin American Countries,” Letters from Venustiano Carranza http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/4940

Lesson 2: "To Elect Good Men": Woodrow Wilson and Latin America http://edsitement.neh.gov/lesson-plan/elect-good-men-woodrow-wilson-and-latin-america

1914 U.S. Marines are held by Mexican authorities at Tampico, Mexico. Despite Mexico’s apology, President Wilson orders the U.S. fleet to attack and occupy Veracruz, Mexico to assert the rights of Americans.

The Tampico Affair and the Speech from Woodrow Wilson to the American People http://www.pbs.org/kpbs/theborder/history/timeline/15.html

Occupation of Veracruz http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Veracruz

1916 General John J. Pershing leads 10,000 American soldiers into Mexican territory in retaliation for a raid on Columbus, New Mexico by General Francisco "Pancho" Villa. After 11 months, Pershing is forced to return to the U.S. without ever catching sight of Villa.

U.S.-Mexican relations suffer because of the action.

“Avoid the Use of the Word Intervention”: Wilson and Lansing on the U.S. Invasion of Mexico http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/4947

The United States Armed Forces and the Mexican Punitive Expedition http://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/1997/fall/mexican-punitive-expedition-1.html http://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/1997/winter/mexican-punitive-expedition-2.html


 * BRACERO PROGRAM**

1942 The **bracero** program begins, allowing Mexican nationals to temporarily work in the United States –primarily in the agricultural industry. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bracero_Program

1951 The Bracero program is revived.

1953 Operation Wetback: The U.S. Immigration Service deports more than 3.8 million people of Mexican heritage. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Wetback

America on the Move Opportunity or Exploitation: The Bracero Program Smithsonian National Museum of American History http://americanhistory.si.edu/onthemove/themes/story_51_5.html

Bookmark This! Teaching Mexican American History with the Bracero Program (Bittersweet Harvest) National History Education Clearinghouse http://teachinghistory.org/nhec-blog/22879

Bittersweet Harvest: The Bracero Program Smithsonian National Museum of American History http://americanhistory.si.edu/exhibitions/small_exhibition.cfm?key=1267&exkey=770

Hispanic Americans: Migrant Workers and Braceros (1930s-1964) http://www.calisphere.universityofcalifornia.edu/calcultures/ethnic_groups/subtopic3b.html

The Bracero Program (Calisphere) http://www.calisphere.universityofcalifornia.edu/themed_collections/subtopic5c.html

Researching the Bracero Program http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/kathryn.blackmerreyes/BraceroGuide.pdf

Mexican Immigrant Labor History The Border http://www.pbs.org/kpbs/theborder/history/timeline/17.html

Bracero Program University of Northern Colorado An extensive Power Point presentation http://www.unco.edu/cohmlp/pdfs/Bracero_Program_PowerPoint.pdf

Former bracero recalls program's legacy http://articles.latimes.com/2010/oct/15/local/la-me-tobar-20101015

Bracero History Archive http://braceroarchive.org/

Guestworker Programs for the 21st Century Center for Immigration Studies http://www.cis.org/GuestWorkerProgramReform

Harvest of Loneliness http://harvestofloneliness.com/ http://www.chicanolatinostudies.uci.edu/node/9483


 * MAQUILADORA PROGRAM**

1964 The first **maquiladoras** are established under the Border Industrialization Program; mass employment of cheap labor along the Mexican border by U.S. companies begins.

1982 The largest increase of maquiladoras occurs after devaluation of the Mexican currency.

Maquiladora http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maquiladora


 * NAFTA**

1994 The North American Free Trade Agreement -- **NAFTA** -- comes into affect, stimulating trade between the United States and Mexico. Massive increases in border populations occur due to the treaty.

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement

NAFTA resources http://lanic.utexas.edu/la/mexico/nafta/index.html


 * IMMIGRATION**

1996 Bill Clinton uses a strict approach to limiting **illegal immigration** in his re-election campaign in order to sway large electoral states, such as California and Texas. Under his direction, U.S. Border Patrols are bolstered, sensors are installed and 40 miles of 14-foot fence is built to deter the flow of illegal immigrants.

Mexican Immigration (LOC) http://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationsandactivities/presentations/immigration/mexican.html

New York Times interactive Immigration Upended/Changes at Home http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2011/07/06/world/americas/immigration.html

Far Fewer Enter U.S. Illegally from Mexico http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970203518404577094722741385882.html?mod=WSJ_hp_MIDDLENexttoWhatsNewsSecond

A History of Mexican-Americans in California National Park Service http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/5views/5views5.htm

6 Q's About the News | Of Coyotes, Crossings and Cellphones - NYTimes.com <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]

Should Alabama Schools Help Catch Illegal Immigrants? - Room for Debate - NYTimes.com <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]

Different Ways To Send Money to Mexico : Mexico Living <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]

Three for One program, Mexico <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">[]

Center for Immigration Studies | Low-immigration, Pro-immigrant <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]

USD: KSPS: Trans-Border Institute <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]

Learning About U.S. Immigration With The New York Times - NYTimes.com <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]


 * DRUG WAR**

The Mexican Drug War http://www.findingdulcinea.com/guides/Reference/The-Mexican-Drug-War.xa_1.html

FRONTLINE Search results for Mexico http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/gsearch.html?x=0&y=0&q=Mexico

Mexico Under Siege: The Drug War at our Doorstep LA Times http://projects.latimes.com/mexico-drug-war/#/its-a-war List of past articles http://projects.latimes.com/mexico-drug-war/

New York Times Topics: Mexican Drug Trafficing http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/international/countriesandterritories/mexico/drug_trafficking/index.html

BBC News - Mexico's drugs war: Lessons and challenges [Plus implications for the 2012 elections] <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]

Mexico’s cartels build own national radio system - The Washington Post <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]

Special Report: Federal forces sully Mexico's war on drugs | Reuters <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]

Mexico's Criminal Insurgency <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]

The COIN Approach to Mexican Drug Cartels: Square Peg in a Round Hole | Small Wars Journal <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]

Assailed Mexican State Fires City's Police - WSJ.com <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]


 * RACE RELATIONS**

Mexicans confront racism with white, black doll video - latimes.com <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]

Video of man beating Mexican parking attendant triggers calls for authorities to tackle prejudice | World news | The Guardian <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]

Racism? Mexico's in Denial. (1995) New York Times <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]

Racism Rears Its Ugly Head in Mexico (2005) San Francisco Chronicle <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]

Racism in Mexico rears its ugly head (2010) Los Angeles Times <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]

In Mexico, Times report on network's use of blackface renews racism debate (2010) Los Angeles Times <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]


 * <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">EDUCATION **

Education in Mexico (NationMaster) <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]

<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Mexico

Education in Mexico: Challenges and Opportunities | RAND <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]

Education in Mexico: Schooling the whole family | The Economist <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]

Higher Education in Mexico <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">[]

Factbox: Facts about Mexico's education system | Reuters <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]

'Jimmy Hoffa in a Dress': Union Boss's Stranglehold on Mexican Education Creates Immigration Fallout | Center for Immigration Studies This article written by College of William and Mary professor George Grayson <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]

Mexico's Universities Struggle to Respond to Demand for Degrees - Chronicle of Higher Education <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]

Education in Mexico: The teacher holds back the pupils | The Economist <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]

Higher education in Mexico: A doctor takes charge | The Economist <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]

Education in Mexico: Testing the teachers | The Economist <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]

Mexicanos Primero <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[] <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">Follow up using the Google Search hits <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]

Analysis: Few pupils learn with Mexico's Teacher | Reuters <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]


 * MILITARY**

Mexican Military data, statistics, facts and figures <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]

U.S. military works with Mexico to fight drug traffickers - USATODAY.com Quotes Roderic Camp <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]

Rebellion in Chiapas and the Mexican Military <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[|http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB109/]

The Blind Man and the Elephant: Reporting on the Mexican Military <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[|http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB120/index.htm]

State Of Veracruz | Mexico's military takes over police duties in Veracruz - Los Angeles Times <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]

Mexican Military Flies Over South Texas | Military.com <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]

Mexico military faces political risks over drug war - Los Angeles Times <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]


 * <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">OIL **

Petroleum nationalization http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_oil_expropriation

Mexico: Historic Reform of Petróleos Mexicanos (PEMEX) and Approval of Renewable and Sustainable Energy Bills - Global Legal Monitor - Law Library of Congress (Library of Congress) <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]

Calderon Vows to Renew Drive in Congress to Boost Pemex Output - Businessweek <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]

BBC Mundo - Noticias - México contempla un futuro sin bonanza petrolera <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]

BBC Mundo | Economía | México: menor fuerza petrolera <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]

Mexico's Oil Dilemma <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]

Mexico’s Oil Politics Is Causing Woes - NYTimes.com <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[] Ties to expropriation 72 years ago.


 * Religion**

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Mexico

Feast Day of the Virgin of Guadalupe http://blogs.sacbee.com/photos/2011/12/feast-day-of-the-virgin-of-gua.html


 * Music**

Mexican music itself http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Mexico

Music About Mexico and South of The Border <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]

<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">**Soccer**

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_in_Mexico http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_football_clubs_in_Mexico


 * POLITICS**

Mexican leftist juggles love and rage in election run | Reuters <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]

Elección 2012 México: Candidatos a la Presidencia, Elecciones y Encuestas: AMLO, Enrique Peña Nieto, Josefina Vázquez Mota <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]

Analysis: Mexico 2012 frontrunner stirs reform optimism | Reuters <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]

BBC News - Mexico's drugs war: Lessons and challenges [Plus implications for the 2012 elections] <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Mexico

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_general_election,_2012

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_México http://www.presidencia.gob.mx/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Mexico

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_Mexico

http://www.senado.gob.mx/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_of_México

http://www.diputados.gob.mx/inicio.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_divisions_of_Mexico

Governments on the WWW: Mexico Great summary of web links: Political parties, etc. http://www.gksoft.com/govt/en/mx.html

Political Parties:

Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI) [Institutional Revolutionary Party] http://www.pri.org.mx/LaFuerzadeMexico/index.aspx

Partido Acción Nacional (PAN) [National Action Party] http://www.pan.org.mx/

Partido de la Revolutión Democrática (PRD) [Party of the Democratic Revolution] http://www.prd.org.mx/portal/

Good summary of voting system http://www.electionguide.org/country.php?ID=140

2006 Election (Washington Post) http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/world/interactives/mexico06/

2006 Election (BBC News) http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/5114662.stm

2006 Election (Ray Suarez--PBS Newshour) http://www.pbs.org/newshour/indepth_coverage/north_america/mexico_election06/

2000 Election (PBS Newshour) http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/latin_america/mexico_index.html

University of Houston professors/Mexican Presidential Elections http://m.uh.edu/news-events/tip-sheets/elections-mexico.php

The 2006 Election and its Aftermath http://www.apsanet.org/imgtest/PSJan07Klesner.pdf

Mexico Unmasked This blog is written by Tim Johnson, the Mexico bureau chief for McClatchy Newspapers. http://blogs.mcclatchydc.com/mexico/2011/09/as-2012-vote-nears-news-dries-up.html

Mexico--Brookings http://www.brookings.edu/topics/mexico.aspx

CSIS George Grayson, College of William and Mary http://csis.org/expert/george-w-grayson

Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) Mexico 2012: Tracking Democracy in a Time of Uncertainty "Mexico's 2012 Presidential Election and U.S.-Mexican Relations" Duncan Wood. May 2011 http://csis.org/files/publication/110519_wood_us_mexico_rel.pdf http://csis.org/publication/mexicos-2012-presidential-election-and-us-mexico-relations

Woodrow Wilson Center and Mexico Institute "Mexico's Presidential Elections: Implications for the U.S. Relationship with its Neighbor Next Door" http://www.wilsoncenter.org/event/mexicos-presidential-elections-implications-for-the-us-relationship-its-neighbor-next-door

Mexico Institute (Wilson Center) http://www.wilsoncenter.org/program/mexico-institute

Mexico Institute blog http://mexicoinstitute.wordpress.com/

Mexico Institute 2012 Election Guide http://mexicoinstituteonelections.wordpress.com/

Mexico Institute Facebook page http://www.facebook.com/mexicoinstitute

Council on Foreign Relations U.S.-Mexico Inititative Director: Shannon K. O'Neil, Douglas Dillon Fellow for Latin America Studies http://www.cfr.org/projects/world/us-mexico-inititative/pr1487

University of California (Riverside) Institute for Mexico and the United States http://ucmexus.ucr.edu/

University of California (San Diego) Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies http://usmex.ucsd.edu/

Katz Center for Mexican Studies (University of Chicago) http://mexicanstudies.uchicago.edu/


 * JOURNALISTS**

Coverage in Latin America http://www.confidencial.com.ni/articulo/2270/speech-of-mr-lee-c-bollinger-columbia-university-president


 * Economist**

Topic: Mexico http://www.economist.com/topics/mexico

Tom Wainwright bio http://www.economist.com/mediadirectory/tom-wainwright

Tom Wainwright blog http://wainwriting.blogspot.com/

Economist conference: Mexico 2011: Change from the Bottom Up http://latinamerica.economist.com/event/mexico-summit-2011


 * New York Times**

Randal Archibold http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/a/randal_c_archibold/index.html


 * Wall Street Journal**

Topics: Mexico http://topics.wsj.com/subject/M/Mexico/3271

Who is the bureau chief


 * Los Angeles Times**

Mexico Under Siege: The Drug War at our Doorstep LA Times http://projects.latimes.com/mexico-drug-war/#/its-a-war List of past articles http://projects.latimes.com/mexico-drug-war/

Tracy Wilkinson Daniel Hernandez


 * McClatchy**

Mexico Unmasked This blog is written by Tim Johnson, the Mexico bureau chief for McClatchy Newspapers http://blogs.mcclatchydc.com/mexico/


 * Washington Post**

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<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]


 * <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">TOURISM **

Go to this Wikipedia link to see the names of the capital city of each state: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_capitals_in_Mexico


 * MAPS**

http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/mexico.html

http://www.embassyworld.com/maps/Maps_Of_Mexico/


 * MEXICAN STATES**

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Mexican_state_governors http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_capitals_in_Mexico

The United Mexican States is a federation comprising thirty-one states and a federal district (postal codes are in parentheses):

Aguascalientes Baja California Baja California Sur Chihuahua Colima Campeche Coahuila Chiapas Distrito Federal Durango Guerrero Guanajuato Hidalgo Jalisco Michoacán Morelos México Nayarit Nuevo León Oaxaca Puebla Quintana Roo Querétaro Sinaloa San Luis Potosí Sonora Tabasco Tlaxcala Tamaulipas Veracruz Yucatán Zacatecas

BBC News - Mexico food aid sent to crisis-hit Tarahumara Indians <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]


 * MEXICALI/BAJA CALIFORNIA**

See Mexico through lens of Baja California/Mexicali

Google Earth

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baja_California

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexicali_Municipality,_Baja_California

Congreso del Estado http://www.congresobc.gob.mx/

Baja California http://www.bajacalifornia.gob.mx/portal/site.jsp

Government: Governor of Baja California Senate Chamber of Deputies

Ayuntamiento of Mexicali

Colleges?

Newspapers

Soccer teams?

Pro Baseball

Pro Basketball