Civil+Rights


 * CIVIL RIGHTS MODULE**


 * Main websites we will employ in this module**:

1. Finding Dulcinea: On This Day series

2. Eyes on the Prize http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/eyesontheprize/story/index.html

Always work through "Introduction"; "Context"; "Press"; "Video"

Eyes on the Prize (American Experience) http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/eyesontheprize/story/index.html My Website Spotlight blog post http://thelearningprofessor.blogspot.com/2011/12/website-spotlight-eyes-on-prize.html

3. Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute (Stanford University) Online Encyclopedia http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/encyclopedia/encyclopedia_contents

The following extensive chronology will help us tie together the events of the civil rights movement:

Follow with me by using Google Images on your laptop for each person and event.


 * Jim Crow laws (Segregation)**

Rise and Fall of Jim Crow (PBS) http://www.pbs.org/wnet/jimcrow/ My Website Spotlight blog post http://thelearningprofessor.blogspot.com/2012/06/website-spotlight-rise-and-fall-of-jim.html


 * Plessy versus Ferguson** (1896) (Supreme Court decision)

Plessy versus Ferguson (Today in History, Library of Congress) http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/may18.html

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) (Milestone Documents) https://www.milestonedocuments.com/documents/view/plessy-v-ferguson

Separate but equal is ok.


 * W.E.B. Du Bois**

W.E.B. DuBois obituary (New York Times) http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0223.html

W.E.B. Du Bois (God in America) [] In "The Two Nations of Black America": Booker T. and W.E.B []

[|Booker T vs WEB - YouTube]


 * Booker T. Washington**

Booker T. Washington obituary (New York Times) http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0405.html


 * 1948**

Post World War II. Returning black veterans unwilling to accept second–class status back home.


 * Racial desegregation of the armed forces** (1948) by executive order of President Truman.

Executive Order 9981: Desegregation of the Armed Forces (1948) (Milestone Documents) https://www.milestonedocuments.com/documents/view/executive-order-9981


 * Jackie Robinson**

Jackie Robinson obituary (New York Times) http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0131.html

Jim Crow, Meet Lieutenant Robinson: A 1944 Court-Martial (National Archives magazine) http://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2008/spring/robinson.html

Jackie Robinson (Today in History, Library of Congress) []


 * 1954**


 * Brown v. Board of Education (Supreme Court decision)**

Overturned the decision in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896). "Separate facilities are inherently unequal" and therefore unconstitutional.

Argued by Thurgood Marshall on behalf of the NAACP.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954) (Milestone Documents) https://www.milestonedocuments.com/documents/view/brown-v-board-of-education

Thurgood Marshall obituary (New York Times) http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0702.html

Finding Dulcinea: On This Day:Supreme Court Ends School Segregation http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/May-June-08/On-this-Day--Supreme-Court-Ends-School-Segregation.html

Brown versus Board of Education decision (New York Times) http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0517.html#article

Supreme Court Declares School Segregation Unconstitutional in Brown v. Board of Education (New York Times) []

Kenneth Clark "Doll Test" http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/brown/brown-brown.html [] []=

"With an Even Hand": Brown v. Board at Fifty (Library of Congress) []

Separate Is Not Equal - Brown v. Board of Education http://americanhistory.si.edu/Brown/index.html


 * 1955**


 * Emmett Till's Murder** (28 August 1955)

Murder in Mississippi of a young black teenager from Chicago for having insulted a white women.

The Murder of Emmett Till (American Experience) http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/till/ My Website Spotlight blog post http://thelearningprofessor.blogspot.com/2011/12/website-spotlight-emmett-till.html

Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute (Stanford University) Emmett Till http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/encyclopedia/encyclopedia/enc_till_emmett_louis_1941_1955/

Eyes on the Prize Emmett Till Click on "Introduction"; "Context"; "Press"; "Video" http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/eyesontheprize/story/01_till.html

Profile of Emmett Till [] Look magazine published the confession of the men who killed Emmett Till [] Profile of the killers []


 * 1955**


 * Montgomery, Alabama, Bus Boycott (Rosa Parks)**

Rosa Parks arrested on 1 December 1955

Rosa Parks (Today in History, Library of Congress) http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/dec01.html

Rosa Parks Revisited (Charles Blow) http://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/02/opinion/blow-rosa-parks-revisited.html?ref=global-home&_r=0

Finding Dulcinea: On This Day: Supreme Court Outlaws Bus Segregation []

Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute (Stanford University) Montgomery Bus Boycott http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/encyclopedia/encyclopedia/enc_montgomery_bus_boycott_1955_1956/

Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute (Stanford University) Rosa Parks []

Eyes on the Prize Montgomery Bus Boycott Click on "Introduction"; "Context"; "Press"; "Video" http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/eyesontheprize/story/02_bus.html

Encyclopedia of Alabama: Montgomery Bus Boycott []

Blacks' guidelines for how to ride a desegregated bus respectfully. []

Martin Luther King, Jr.

Citizen Martin Luther King (American Experience) http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/mlk/ My Website Spotlight blog post http://thelearningprofessor.blogspot.com/2011/12/website-spotlight-martin-luther-king.html

Martin Luther King, Jr. obituary (New York Times) http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0115.html


 * 1956**


 * Southern Manifesto**

Document signed by 100 Southern members of Congress saying they would not obey the Brown versus Board of Education decision.

Southern Manifesto (1956) (Milestone Documents) https://www.milestonedocuments.com/documents/view/southern-manifesto


 * White Citizens' Councils**

Brought economic power to bear. []

Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute (Stanford University) White Citizens' Councils []


 * 1957**

[]
 * Southern Christian Leadership Conference** (SCLC)

Grouping of African-American pastors.

Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute (Stanford University) Southern Christian Leadership Conference http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/encyclopedia/encyclopedia/enc_southern_christian_leadership_conference_sclc/

Encyclopedia of Alabama: Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) []


 * Little Rock Central High School**

Central High School desegregated. Governor Faubus. Nine black students. President Eisenhower sent 101st Airborne.

Finding Dulcinea: On This Day: Arkansas National Guard Bars “Little Rock Nine” From School http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/September-October-08/On-this-Day--Arkansas-National-Guard-Bars--Little-Rock-Nine--from-School.html

Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute (Stanford University) Little Rock http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/encyclopedia/encyclopedia/enc_little_rock_school_desegregation_1957/

Eyes on the Prize Little Rock High School Click on "Introduction"; "Context"; "Press"; "Gallery" [check out each photo] http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/eyesontheprize/story/03_schools.html

See also:

Faubus and Little Rock (New York Times) http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0904.html#article

Ike Sends 101st to Little Rock (New York Times) http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0925.html#headlines

Elizabeth and Hazel: Little Rock women struggled after iconic civil rights image – In America - CNN.com Blogs []

Behind the Famous Photograph (Telegraph) http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/8813134/Elizabeth-Eckford-and-Hazel-Bryan-the-story-behind-the-photograph-that-shamed-America.html

Little Rock Nine 50 years later (New York Times) http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2007/10/01/us/20071001_LITTLEROCK_GRAPHIC.html


 * 1959**


 * Non-Violence**

MLK and his wife spent a month in India studying Gandhi's non–violence.

MLK explanation of his philosophy of non-violence [] []

Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute (Stanford University) NonViolent Resistance http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/encyclopedia/encyclopedia/enc_nonviolent_resistance/

Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute (Stanford University) Gandhi []

Gandhi obituary (New York Times) http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/1002.html

Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute (Stanford University) King's Trip to India []


 * 1960**


 * Sit–ins**

Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute (Stanford University) Sit-ins http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/encyclopedia/encyclopedia/enc_sit_ins/

Eyes on the Prize Nonviolent Protests Click on "Introduction"; "Context"; "Press"; "Video" http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/eyesontheprize/story/04_nonviolence.html


 * Greensboro Lunch Counter Sit-in**

Greensboro Sit-in (New York Times) http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0201.html#article

Google Images: Greensboro sit-in http://bit.ly/GEBN8Z

Greensboro Four: Civil Rights Sit-in http://www.pbs.org/independentlens/februaryone/

Greensboro Sit-Ins: Launch of a Civil Rights Movement (Greensboro Sit-in Museum) []


 * Student NonViolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)**

(SNCC—pronounced "snick). Established to coordinate sit–ins across the south. []

Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute (Stanford University) Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/encyclopedia/encyclopedia/enc_student_nonviolent_coordinating_committee_sncc/


 * Nashville sit-ins**

Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute (Stanford University) John Lewis []

Diane Nash []

[]
 * Singing in the Civil Rights Movement**

//History Now// Songs of the Civil Rights Movement []

Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute (Stanford University) Songs and the Civil Rights Movement []


 * MLK jailed** (October).

During the presidential election campaign, concern expressed by both JFK and Robert Kennedy for the arrest and prison sentence of Martin Luther King, Jr., earned Kennedy the black vote.


 * 1961**


 * Freedom Rides**

A group of black and white persons set out by bus from Washington, D.C. to New Orleans to test the "whites only" facilities of southern interstate bus terminals.

Freedom Riders (American Experience) http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/freedomriders/ My Website Spotlight blog post http://thelearningprofessor.blogspot.com/2012/06/website-spotlight-freedom-riders.html

Freedom Riders (New York Times) http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0520.html#article

Route taken by Freedom Riders []

In Birmingham, riders attacked by Ku Klux Klan while police and FBI looked the other way. Google Images http://bit.ly/GFRvyE

Finding Dulcinea: On This Day: Freedom Ride Protests Provoke Violent Backlash Across American South http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/May/Freedom-Ride-Protests-Provoke-Violent-Backlash-Across-American-South.html

Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute (Stanford University) Freedom Rides http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/encyclopedia/encyclopedia/enc_freedom_rides/

Eyes on the Prize Freedom Rides Click on "Introduction"; "Context"; "Press"; "Video" http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/eyesontheprize/story/05_riders.html

Letter from a Freedom Rider's Father []

Extended Interview with white Freedom Rider Jim Zwerg. []

Encyclopedia of Alabama: Freedom Rides []

The 50th Anniversary of the Freedom Riders Denver Post Plog (75 incredible photos) http://blogs.denverpost.com/captured/2011/05/31/captured-the-50th-anniversary-of-the-freedom-riders/

What Would the Freedom Riders Have Tweeted? http://blogs.kqed.org/mindshift/2011/08/what-would-the-freedom-riders-have-tweeted/


 * 1962**


 * University of Mississippi Desegregated**

James Meredith desegregated the University of Mississippi.

Finding Dulcinea: On This Day: James Meredith Graduates From Ole Miss http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/Aug/James-Meredith-Graduates-From-Ole-Miss.html

Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute (Stanford University) James Meredith []

James Meredith Graduates from University of Mississippi (New York Times) http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0818.html#article

JFK ordered federal troops to campus.

Profile of James Meredith []


 * 1963**

Project "C" [Confrontation] in **Birmingham**

Birmingham, Alabama (called "Bombingham" by civil rights workers, due to so many unsolved bombings).

Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute (Stanford University) Birmingham Campaign []

Eyes on the Prize Birmingham Click on "Introduction"; "Context"; "Press"; "Video" http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/eyesontheprize/story/07_c.html

1. "Letter from a Birmingham Jail"

Written by MLK while in jail. Response to an ad from white pastors telling him that he was stirring up too much trouble.

Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute (Stanford University) Letter from a Birmingham Jail <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]

Encyclopedia of Alabama: Letter from Birmingham Jail <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]

2. Birmingham Children's march. Police dogs and fire hoses. TV coverage shocked America.

Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute (Stanford University) Childrens' Crusade <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]

3. Sheriff "Bull Connor.

Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute (Stanford University) Bull Connor <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]

4. JFK TV speech.

He was afraid of losing votes of white southern Democrats. He finally spoke out: "Civil rights is a moral issue."


 * Medgar Evers murdered**

Mississippi head of NAACP. []

Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute (Stanford University) Medgar Evers <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]


 * March on Washington**

Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute (Stanford University) March on Washington <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]

Eyes on the Prize March on Washington Click on "Introduction"; "Context"; "Press"; "Video" http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/eyesontheprize/story/08_washington.html

MLK I Have a Dream Speech and March on Washington (New York Times) http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0828.html#article


 * MLK "I Have a Dream Speech"**

One of the great speeches in U.S. history. Delivered as part of the program during a March on Washington (60,000 whites and 190,00 blacks).

Finding Dulcinea: On This Day: Martin Luther King Jr. Delivers “I Have a Dream” Speech <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]

Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute (Stanford University) "I Have a Dream" Speech <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]


 * Sixteenth Street Baptist Church bombing**

Bomb exploded during Sunday School, killing four teenage black girls. The Sunday school lesson for that morning was "A Love that Forgives."

Finding Dulcinea: On This Day: Four Girls Killed in Birmingham Church Bombing http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/Sept/Four-Girls-Killed-in-Birmingham-Church-Bombing.html

Birmingham Church Bombing (New York Times) http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0915.html#article

Sept. 15, 1963 | Birmingham Church Is Bombed by Klansmen (New York Times) http://learning.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/09/15/sept-15-1963-birmingham-church-is-bombed-by-klansmen/


 * John F. Kennedy assassinated**


 * President Lyndon B. Johnson**


 * 1964**


 * Freedom Summer**

Local black leaders aided by white students from elite colleges. Whites saw this activity as "invasion" by outside agitators.

Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute (Stanford University) Freedom Summer <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]

Eyes on the Prize Freedom Summer Click on "Introduction"; "Context"; "Press"; "Video" http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/eyesontheprize/story/09_summer.html

One Volunteer's Freedom Summer [] YouTube: [|http://www.youtube.com/user/captionedvideo#p/u/16/VcbtX-vymf4]

Voter registration

No real power for blacks until they could vote. But risked their lives if they went through with the process.

Alabama Voter Registration form [See if you can fill this out!! I can't.] []


 * Murder in Mississippi (21 June 1964)**

Two white and one black civil rights workers were murdered in Mississippi.

Three Civil Rights Workers Reported Missing (New York Times) http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0621.html#article

Finding Dulcinea: On This Day: Three Civil Rights Workers in Mississippi Go Missing http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/June/Three-Civil-Rights-Workers-in-Mississippi-Go-Missing.html

See also:

Mississippi Burning Trial (Famous Trials) http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/ftrials.htm My Website Spotlight blog post http://thelearningprofessor.blogspot.com/2011/12/website-spotlight-mississippi-burning.html

Murderer finally brought to justice []

Murder In Mississippi (TIME) http://www.time.com/time/archive/collections/0,21428,c_mississippi_murders,00.shtml


 * Civil Rights Act (1 July 1964)**

Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Stanford History Education Group) http://sheg.stanford.edu/upload/Lessons/Unit%2012_Cold%20War%20Culture%20and%20Civil%20Rights/Civil%20Rights%20Act%20Lesson%20Plan.pdf

Civil Rights Act of 1964 passed after lengthy filibuster http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0619.html#article

Johnson signs Civil Rights Act (History.com This Day in History | 7/2/1964) <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]


 * MLK won the Nobel Peace Prize**.

MLK Wins Nobel Peace Prize 1964 (New York Times) http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/1014.html#article


 * 1965**


 * Selma to Montgomery** march. Alabama. "Bloody Sunday".

Finding Dulcinea: On This Day: Selma-to-Montgomery March Begins <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]

Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute (Stanford University) Selma to Montgomery March <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]

Eyes on the Prize Selma to Montgomery Click on "Introduction"; "Context"; "Press"; "Video" http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/eyesontheprize/story/10_march.html

See also:

Selma to Montgomery Bloody Sunday (Today in History, Library of Congress) http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/mar07.html

Selma (New York Times) http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0307.html#article

March 7, 1965 | Civil Rights Marchers Attacked in Selma (New York Times) <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[|http://learning.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/03/07/march-7-1965-civil-rights-marchers-attacked-in-selma/#more-104063]

Encyclopedia of Alabama: Selma to Montgomery March <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]

Encyclopedia of Alabama: Bloody Sunday <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]

New Selma-to-Montgomery march is more than just a reenactment (CNN) <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]


 * LBJ speech**

Asks Joint Session of Congress for sweeping civil rights legislation. Ends speech with "we shall overcome." His southern friends appalled at his sellout.

Text of LBJ speech (History Matters) http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/6336/


 * Watts Riots**

Watts Riots 1965 (New York Times) http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0811.html#article


 * 1967**


 * Black power**

Militant black leaders gained prominence in SNCC, questioned Martin Luther King's philosophy of nonviolence, and forced white members to leave the organization.

Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute (Stanford University) Black Power <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]

Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute (Stanford University) Malcolm X http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/encyclopedia/encyclopedia/enc_malcolm_x_1925_1965/

Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute (Stanford University) Stokely Carmichael <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]


 * Black Panther Party**

Founded in California. Major figures: Eldridge Cleaver, Huey Newton, and Bobby Seale. Advocated violent confrontation with whites.


 * 1968**


 * Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr.** (April in Memphis)

Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute (Stanford University) Assassination of MLK <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]

April 4, 1968 | The Assassination of Martin Luther King (New York Times) <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[|http://learning.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/04/04/april-4-1968-the-assassination-of-martin-luther-king/#more-107753]


 * Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy** (June in Los Angeles)

Robert Kennedy Killed (New York Times) http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0605.html#article

Robert Kennedy obituary (New York Times) http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/1120.html

Finding Dulcinea: On This Day: Senator Robert F. Kennedy Assassinated http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/May-June-08/On-This-Day--Senator-Robert-F--Kennedy-Assassinated.html

April 23, 1969 | RFK Assassin Sirhan Sirhan Sentenced to Death (New York Times) <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]


 * Black Power Salute at Mexico City Olympics**

Mexico City Olympics Black Power issue (New York Times) http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/1018.html#article

Finding Dulcinea: On This Day: U.S. Athletes Give Black Power Salute on Olympic Podium http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/September-October-08/On-this-Day--US-Athletes-Give-Black-Power-Salute-on-Olympic-Podium.html

50 stunning Olympic moments: Tommie Smith and John Carlos salute (Guardian) <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]

The man who raised a black power salute at the 1968 Olympic Games (Guardian) <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]

Black athletes make silent protest (BBC On This Day) http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/17/newsid_3535000/3535348.stm


 * Hispanic School Protests in Los Angeles**

East LA Walkouts http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_LA_walkouts

Walkout: The True Story of the Historic 1968 Chicano Student Walkout in East L.A. []

Sal Castro interview. Watch the first 5 minutes. []