Chapters+14-22+Support+Data


 * 1940**


 * 1. German Blitzkrieg**

German blitzkrieg (lightning warfare) [today we call it "shock and awe"]

Germans invaded Denmark (9 April 1940), Netherlands (10 May 1940), Belgium (10 May 1940), France (10 May 1940)

Blitzkrieg: Germany's Lightning War (BBC) []

Axis Invasions and the Fall of France (Alan Taylor photo essays in //Atlantic Wire//) http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2011/07/world-war-ii-axis-invasions-and-the-fall-of-france/100098/

Remember: Hitler's attacks and conquests in Europe made French, Dutch, and British colonies in Asia vulnerable to Japanese attack.


 * 2. Churchill comes to power as British Prime Minister**

10 May 1940 Churchill takes helm as Germans advance (BBC On This Day) http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/10/newsid_3497000/3497115.stm

Winston Churchill - Blood, Toil, Tears and Sweat (13 May 1940) (American Rhetoric Online Speech Bank) []

Winston Churchill: Defender of Democracy (BBC) []

World War II Conflict Spreads Around the Globe (Alan Taylor photo essays in //Atlantic Wire//) []

Winston Churchill: America’s enduring love for Winnie and his words (Telegraph) http://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/9451741/Winston-Churchill-Americas-enduring-love-for-Winnie-and-his-words.html

3. **Dunkirk** evacuation [Miracle of Dunkirk, Operation Dynamo] 27 May-4 June 1940

British (and French) troops trapped on the beach at Dunkirk. Rescue operation undertaken by British.

Dunkirk (BBC) []

Animated Map: The Fall of France (Dunkirk) Six maps: Fall of France; Germany Attacks; Allies Retreat; Allied Forces Trapped; Evacuation from Dunkirk; Paris Captured []

The miracle of Dunkirk (Telegraph) []

4 June 1940 Dunkirk Rescue Over: Churchill Defiant (BBC On This Day) []

Letter from a Dunkirk hero (BBC) []

Dunkirk Evacuation [Major Source] (BBC) []

Witness, Left Behind at Dunkirk (BBC) []

Witness, Retreat from Dunkirk (BBC) []


 * 4. France conquered**

14 June 1940 German troops enter Paris (BBC On This Day) []

French Sign Surrender at Compiegne 1940 (New York Times) [|http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0622.html#article]

22 June 1940: Hitler Gains Victory Over France (New York Times) []

The Fall of France (BBC) []

Hitler now turned on Britain
 * 5. Battle of Britain**

Four Phases of the Battle of Britain: 10 July-31 October 1940 []

Battle of Britain (Alan Taylor photo essay in //Atlantic Wire//) []

Beginning of what became the Battle of Britain (New York Times) [|http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0710.html#article]

"Eagle Day" Attack Marks Beginning of the Battle of Britain (On This Day, Finding Dulcinea) []

10 July 1940 Luftwaffe [German Air Force] Launches Battle of Britain (BBC On This Day) [] Note: Audio of a dogfight over the British Channel

15 Sept 1940 Victory for RAF in Battle of Britain (BBC On This Day) []

The Battle of Britain (audio and video clips from BBC) []

The Battle of Britain (text) (BBC) []

The Battle of Britain (Major Source) (BBC Archive) []


 * 6. The Blitz** (7 September-31 October 1940)

One Day of the Blitz at Liverpool (This is good!) []

The Blitz (BBC) []

Flames Leap High during London Blitz (New York Times) [|http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/1229.html#article]

Germans Began Blitz on London (New York Times) [|http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0907.html#article]

German Planes Raid London (New York Times) [|http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0907.html#article]

7 September 1940 London Blitzed by German Bombers (BBC On This Day) []

Nazi Germany Begins Blitz Attack of London (Finding Dulcinea, On This Day) []

Coventry Devastated By German Bombing (Finding Dulcinea, On This Day) []

Colour pictures of London blitz (Mail Online) []


 * 1. Will United States be Neutral or Not?**

To get involved or not to get involved

We have debates today (but at a different level of intensity) about whether to get into a war: Libya, Syria

The Great Debate: Internationalists vs. Isolationists (EDSITEment) http://edsitement.neh.gov/lesson-plan/great-debate-internationalists-vs-isolationists#sect-background


 * Yes, Get Into the War**

Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies

Henry Luce and 20th-Century U.S. Internationalism (Historian of the State Department) []

Henry Luce obituary (New York Times) []

Great Debate between internationalists and isolationists (EDSITEment) []


 * No, Don't Get Into the War**

America First Committee

American Isolationism in the 1930s (Historian of the State Department) http://history.state.gov/milestones/1937-1945/AmericanIsolationism

Senator Burton Wheeler speech to keep America neutral []

Charles Lindbergh speech (American Experience) []

Charles Lindbergh's efforts to keep America neutral []


 * 2. Lend Lease** (11 March 1941)

From Kennedy Book Ch. 15: To the Brink, 465-515

465 "But for all the apparent inevitability of Anglo-American cooperation against the Nazi threat, in actual practice the transatlantic partnership was devilishly difficult to forge."

Let's analyze how this partnership evolved.


 * Lend Lease** (11 March 1941)

From Kennedy Book 467-475 Lend-Lease

Lend Lease debated for weeks in Congress. Explain what the Lend-Lease program did and which countries it aided. Analyze the way FDR presented the program to the public, the political spin surrounding the passage of the Lend-Lease Act.

Lend-Lease Act (March 1941) (Milestone Documents) []

Lend Lease (Historian of the State Department) []

Lend Lease (Today in History, Library of Congress) []

U.S. became the "arsenal of democracy" by lending and leasing American military goods to those fighting against the Axis powers.

468-469 "Arsenal of Democracy" issue (December 1940) Evaluate the domestic and international implications of America's new role as "the arsenal of democracy."

American unemployment dropped as our industries geared up to produce war material.

G.I. Pamphlet series []

FDR and the Lend-Lease Act (EDSITEment) [] Activity 1. The Debate over Lend-Lease

The Great Debate: Internationalists vs. Isolationists (EDSITEment) [] [|http://edsitement.neh.gov/lesson-plan/great-debate-internationalists-vs-isolationists#sect-background] Activity 2. The Drift toward War

Lend Lease (Behind Closed Doors) [] Snapshot Lesson: [This one is good]: Supporting the Allies: The Lend–Lease Act []

US announces Cash and Carry law (YouTube) []

War material shipment from US (YouTube) []

President Signs Lend Lease bill 11 March 1941 (New York Times) [|http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0311.html#article]

U.S. Lend Lease to Soviets (New York Times) [|http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0611.html#article]


 * 3. German Invasion of the Soviet Union** (22 June 1941)


 * Remember: Pearl Harbor is not until 7 December 1941**

From Kennedy Book 482-483 Complication for the Allies: Germany invaded the USSR (22 June 1941)

Reversed the Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact

Problem for the United States: Should we ally ourselves with the "devil" (the Soviets)? The enemy of our enemy is our friend (at least for the time being).

22 Jun 1941: Hitler invades the Soviet Union (BBC News On This Day) []

German invasion of Soviet Union (Alan Taylor photo essay in //Atlantic Wire//) []

Hitler and 'Lebensraum' in the East (BBC) []

Hitler's Invasion of Russia in World War Two (BBC) []

German invasion (Behind Closed Doors) [|http://www.pbs.org/behindcloseddoors/in-depth/stalin-stands.html#Germany]

Witness, Operation Barbarossa (BBC) []

The Soviet Union Joins the Allies [Major Source] (BBC) []

70th anniversary of the Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union (Sacramento Bee Photo Blog) []


 * 4. Battle of the Atlanti**c

How can the United States move supplies across the Atlantic ocean to Britain in spite of German submarines.

From Kennedy book 488-500 Battle of the Atlantic (good map on page 48) 565-572 +Pages 588-590. Battle of the Atlantic.

Analyze it.

The Battle of the Atlantic (BBC) []

Battle of the Atlantic Interactive (BBC) [] My Website Spotlight blog post []

The Battle of the Atlantic Game (BBC) []

Battle of Britain and Blitz gave way to the Battle of the Atlantic How did FDR zig/zag?

491 Analyze this page carefully.

492 Greenland and Iceland. What do we know about each one today?


 * US Navy convoy escort duty**

From Kennedy Book 497-500 Look closely at this analysis of the escort policy.

Navy report of all three ships []

497 **Greer** Incident (4 September 1941)

FDR Fireside Chat #18: The Greer Incident (Miller Center, University of Virginia) []

499 USS **Kearny** (17 October 1941) []

499 USS **Reuben James** (31 October 1941) (National Archives) []


 * 5. Atlantic Charter**

From Kennedy Book 496 Famous meeting in Newfoundland between FDR and Churchill.

14 Aug 1941 Secret meetings seal US-Britain alliance (BBC On This Day) []

Issue--even today--of the special relationship between the U.S. and Great Britain.


 * 1. Road to war with Japan**

From Kennedy Book 500-515 Follow the ins-and-outs of US/Japan geopolitical moves leading to the outbreak of war.

Particular importance of China and the Stimson Doctrine

Was the US too unyielding to Japan?

What will future historians say about current US policy toward Iran and North Korea?

The Growth of U.S.-Japanese Hostility, 1915-1932 (EDSITEment) [] http://edsitement.neh.gov/lesson-plan/growth-us-japanese-hostility-1915-1932#sect-background Activity 1. The United States, Japan, and the "Open Door" in China Activity 2. Japan's Grievances Activity 3. The United States and the Manchurian Crisis, 1931-32

Japan's Fourteen-part Message (December 1941) (Milestone Documents) []


 * 1941**


 * 2. Pearl Harbor (7 December 1941)**

From Kennedy Book Ch. 16: War in the Pacific, 516-564

516-526 Analyze the events up to/including/following Pearl Harbor.

Pearl Harbor 7 December 1941 (New York Times) [|http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/1207.html#article]

U.S. Declares War 8 December 1941 (New York Times) [|http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/1208.html#article]

7 Dec 1941 Japanese planes bomb Pearl Harbor (BBC On This Day) []

Pearl Harbor (Alan Taylor photo essay in //Atlantic Wire//) []

December 7 This is no Drill (National Archives) []

Photos: The 70th Anniversary of Pearl Harbor (The Denver Post Photo Bog) []

Pearl Harbor photos (Boston Globe Photo Blog) []

Remembering Pearl Harbor (Teaching with Historic Places) Context http://www.nps.gov/nr/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/18arizona/18facts1.htm Map: Japan to Hawaii http://www.nps.gov/nr/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/18arizona/18locate1.htm

Pearl Harbor Conspiracy Theories Live On http://www.defensemedianetwork.com/stories/pearl-harbor-conspiracy-theories-live-on/

Pearl Harbor advance-knowledge conspiracy theory http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Harbor_advance-knowledge_conspiracy_theory


 * 3. Germany and Italy declare war on the United States**

11 December 1941 U.S. At War With Germany and Italy (New York Times) [|http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/1211.html#article]

11 Dec 1941 Germany and Italy declare war on US (BBC On This Day) []

Check out their pictures using Google Images
 * Allies** [that means us, the United States--from our view of history]

U.S. (FDR)

Great Britain Winston Churchill (Behind Closed Doors) []

Winston Churchill obituary (New York Times) []

Churchill Galvanizes Congress in Fight Against Nazism (Finding Dulcinea, On This Day) []

Churchill (PBS) []

Soviet Union Josef Stalin (Behind Closed Doors) []

Josef Stalin Obituary (New York Times) []

China

Chiang Kai-Shek []

Chiang Kai–Shek obituary (New York Times) []

Madame Chiang Kai-Shek (Finding Dulcinea) []

Madame Chiang Kai–Shek obituary [she died at age 105] (New York Times) []


 * Axis**

Germany Adolf Hitler (Behind Closed Doors) []

Adolf Hitler obituary (New York Times) []

The Rise of Adolf Hitler (BBC News) []

Hitler Endorsed in a Referendum (New York Times) [|http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0819.html#article]

Why Was Hitler Popular in Germany? (New York Times) [|http://learning.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/10/19/claiming-responsibility-understanding-the-rise-and-popularity-of-hitler/#more-37333]

Hitler Assassination Plan (The National Archives UK) []

Italy Benito Mussolini http://www.history.com/topics/benito-mussolini http://www.firstworldwar.com/bio/mussolini.htm

Japan Emperor Hirohito (American Experience) http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/macarthur/peopleevents/pandeAMEX97.html

Emperor Hirohito obituary (New York Times) []

General Hideki Tojo http://www.history.com/topics/tojo-hideki


 * Japanese initial victories** (December): Philippines, Malaya, Thailand, Hong Kong.

War between China and Japan going on simultaneously.

Japan on a roll.

15 Feb 1942 **Singapore** forced to surrender to the Japanese (BBC On This Day) []

Daring Raids and Brutal Reprisals (Alan Taylor photo essay in //Atlantic Wire//) Doolittle Raid; Bataan Death March; Surrender of Singapore []

526-531 **Philippines**. MacArthur. Bataan.


 * Douglas MacArthur**

MacArthur bio sketch []

FDR Tells MacArthur to Leave the Philippines []

MacArthur leaves the Philippines 11 March 1942 []

Macarthur Returns to Philippines 20 October 1944 [] His radio message from the beachhead []

The War (Ken Burns) The Philippines (Bataan) []

Daring Raids and Brutal Reprisals (Alan Taylor photo essay in //Atlantic Wire//) Doolittle Raid; Bataan Death March []


 * Bataan Death March**

Bataan Memorial Death March - White Sands New Mexico - March 27, 2011 []


 * 1942**

1. Philippines http://www.pbs.org/thewar/detail_5209.htm

2. Doolittle raid (18 April 1942)

Doolittle Raid http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f25-FnGkiwo

Doolittle Raid: Animated Map [] Do all six parts: Prelude, Preparations, Deployment, Approach, The Raid, Aftermath

3. Battle of Midway (6 June 1942)

U.S. wins. Turning point in Pacific war.

7 Jun 1942 Japanese beaten in Battle of Midway (BBC On This Day) []

Battle of Midway (Teaching with Historic Places) []

Animated Maps of the Battle of Midway: [] Work your way through each of the parts of this animation: Early 1942, Battle of the Coral Sea, Midway Island, Japanese Deployment, American Deployment, Fleet Movements, Action June 3, Action June 4-7

Battle of Midway (Alan Taylor photo essay in //Atlantic Wire//) []

The Battle of Midway (BBC) []


 * Cryptography (Code Breaking)**

[]
 * U.S. Codebreaking: MAGIC**

Cryptography in WWII (National Museum of the U.S. Air Force) []


 * British Codebreaking: Enigma**

How Poles cracked Nazi Enigma secret (BBC News) []

Breaking Germany's Enigma Code (BBC) []

Enigma machine (Crypto Museum) []

Decoding Nazi Secrets: Mind of a Codebreaker (NOVA) []


 * Other neat spy material**:

Double Cross - MI5 in World War Two (Double Agents) (BBC) []

British Special Operations Executive (SOE): Tools and Gadgets Gallery (BBC) []

Training SOE Saboteurs in World War Two (BBC) []

SOE Quiz: Destination D-Day (Game to See If You Can Make It as a Secret Agent) (BBC) []


 * 4. Guadalcanal**

From Kennedy Book 544-561 Guadalcanal

Naval strategy comparisons between US/Japan

History Animated interactive map of the Guadalcanal campaign: []

Our Men In Drives On Guadalcanal (New York Times) [|http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/1112.html#article]

Guadalcanal Is Ours (New York Times) [|http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0209.html#article]

Japanese Soldier Describes Horrors of Guadalcanal (History Now) []

559 Death calculation.

560 **Sullivan brothers**. [] []

561 **Racial animosity**

Japanese like animals. Is that a fair assessment?

John Dower. //War Without Mercy//. []

5. John F. Kennedy and PT-109

John F. Kennedy and PT-109 (John F. Kennedy Presidential Library) http://www.jfklibrary.org/JFK/JFK-in-History/John-F-Kennedy-and-PT109.aspx http://www.jfklibrary.org/JFK/JFK-in-History/John-F-Kennedy-and-PT109.aspx?p=2 http://www.jfklibrary.org/JFK/JFK-in-History/John-F-Kennedy-and-PT109.aspx?p=3

From Kennedy Book 563 **PT-109** of **John F. Kennedy** fame.

John F. Kennedy and PT-109 (John F. Kennedy Presidential Library) []

JFK Rescuers Honored at Emotional Reunion (National Geographic) []

Sixty Years Later, the Story of PT-109 Still Captivates (National Archives magazine) []

In Class Today

1. Life in the Infantry http://www.pbs.org/thewar/at_war_infantry.htm

Click through the personal recollections on the right-hand sidebar

2. Face of Battle a. Training http://www.pbs.org/thewar/at_war_battle_training.htm b. Combat http://www.pbs.org/thewar/at_war_battle_combat.htm Sidebar: role of medics c. Aftermath http://www.pbs.org/thewar/at_war_battle_aftermath.htm

3. Fighting for Democracy a. Japanese-Americans [read each of these] http://www.pbs.org/thewar/at_war_democracy_japanese_american.htm http://www.pbs.org/thewar/at_home_civil_rights_japanese_american.htm

Internment of Japanese-Americans (Alan Taylor photo essay in //Atlantic Wire//) http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2011/08/world-war-ii-internment-of-japanese-americans/100132/

b. African-Americans [read each of these] http://www.pbs.org/thewar/at_war_democracy_african_american.htm http://www.pbs.org/thewar/at_home_civil_rights_minorities.htm

c. Latinos and Native Americans http://www.pbs.org/thewar/at_war_democracy_latino.htm

4. Other Home Front topics a. War Production http://www.pbs.org/thewar/at_home_war_production.htm Also read the sidebar on "Buying War Bonds"

b. News and Censorship http://www.pbs.org/thewar/at_home_communication_news_censorship.htm

c. Letters and Diaries http://www.pbs.org/thewar/at_home_communication_letters_diaries.htm

Good material about V-Mail

Rationing (Ames, Iowa, Historical Society) [] [] [] []

Rationing during World War II http://learni.st/users/37886/boards/7852-silk-stocking-and-other-rationing-during-wwii

d. Family http://www.pbs.org/thewar/at_home_family.htm

Women at War (Alan Taylor photo essay in //Atlantic Wire//) []

e. Propaganda []

Powers of Persuasion: Posters from WWII (U.S. National Archives) [] Use my Website Spotlight blog post []

In class today


 * Maps to refer to as we close out our semester:**

World War II in Europe http://wps.ablongman.com/wps/media/objects/1483/1518969/DIVI585.jpg

World War II in the Pacific http://wps.ablongman.com/wps/media/objects/1483/1518969/DIVI578.jpg

1. **Back to Europe: Dieppe Raid** precedent for a cross-channel attack

19 Aug 1942 Allies launch daring raid on Dieppe (BBC On This Day) []

Dieppe Raid (BBC) []

Dieppe Raid (BBC) []

In a Little-Known WWII Battle [Dieppe], a Father's Experience Becomes a Daughter's Journey (New York Times) []


 * Twitter Feed: @ukwarcabinet**

Attlee: The planning and execution of this raid reflects "the greatest credit on all concerned"

Mountbatten: Lessons learnt in this large-scale raid will be "invaluable" in planning for future operations

Mountbatten reports on "very satisfactory" #Dieppe raid. Naval losses "extremely light", air support "faultless"

Chief of Combined Operations Lord Louis Mountbatten to report on outcome of #Dieppe raid to Deputy Prime Minister and War Cabinet at 1800

Wireless reports suggest Dieppe withdrawal still continuing under great difficulties. Feared casualties may be heavy


 * North Africa Theater: British versus Germans**

4 Nov 1942 Rommel goes on the run at El Alamein (BBC On This Day) http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/4/newsid_3564000/3564385.stm


 * Americans Invade North Africa**

Operation Torch: Great map http://www.homeofheroes.com/wings/part2/04_map_torch.jpg


 * Casablanca Conference**

What about the idea of "unconditional surrender?" Was it the right approach in retrospect?

Casablanca Conference, 1943 (Behind Closed Doors) http://www.pbs.org/behindcloseddoors/in-depth/the-conferences.html Under "The Conferences" in right sidebar, click on "Casablanca"


 * Continuing issues between FDR/Churchill/Stalin over war strategy**

From Kennedy Book Ch. 17: Unready Ally, Uneasy Alliance, 565-614

How Grand and Allied was the Grand Alliance? (EDSITEment) [] Activity 1. Map Exercise Activity 2. The Goals of the Grand Alliance Activity 3. Competing National Objectives Activity 4. Summing Up

Uneasy Allies (Behind Closed Doors) [] Three Allies, Three Sets of Objectives Negotiations at the Allied Conferences The Inevitable Postwar Tensions

Quebec Conference, 1943 (Behind Closed Doors) [] Under "The Conferences" in right sidebar, click on "Quebec"

USSR wanted a second front in France sooner than the Brits would permit. Brits got their way (North Africa and Italy) initially--until the US became the senior partner.

From Kennedy Book 575 Soviet foreign minister Molotov

Yes, no, second front. Equivalent to Joe Biden's rap on Rudy Giuliani: "noun+verb+9/11"

576-577 Churchill argued for a "periphery" strategy.


 * North Africa Theater**

Ongoing battles between British and Germans (Rommel)

German General Erwin Rommel (History.com) []

Rommel in the Desert (BBC) []

4 Nov 1942 Rommel goes on the run at El Alamein (BBC On This Day) []

British General Bernard Law Montgomery [] []

The Battle of El Alamein (BBC) []

Animated Map: The Battle of El Alamein (BBC) []

Animated Map: The North African Campaign (BBC) []

North African Campaign (Alan Taylor photo essay in //Atlantic Wire//) []


 * Americans Invade North Africa**

577-584 +Page 590. Operation Torch.

North African landings. What were the military/political/diplomatic tradeoffs/challenges for the US? Tradeoff with Bolero (invasion of Western Europe)

Operation Torch (Google Images) []

Operation Torch (8-10 November 1942) []

Operation Torch: Great map []

End of Africa campaign (New York Times) [|http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0512.html#article]


 * U.S. General George S. Patton**

He and Montgomery will be great rivals throughout the rest of the war.

From Kennedy book 594 Issue of battle fatigue and slapping incident

Patton Museum []

George S. Patton obituary (New York Times) []


 * Casablanca Conference**

From Kennedy Book 584-588 Casablanca Conference (14-24 January 1943)

Analyze it. What about the idea of "unconditional surrender?" Was it the right approach in retrospect?

Casablanca Conference, 1943 (Behind Closed Doors) [] Under "The Conferences" in right sidebar, click on "Casablanca"

Casablanca Conference (New York Times) [|http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0114.html#article]

Casablanca movie (Today in History, Library of Congress) []

Casablanca movie (1942) []


 * Italian Campaign**

Allies used North Africa as a springboard from which to invade the island of Sicily, then the Italian mainland.

Allies used North Africa as a springboard to invasion the island of Sicily, then the Italian boot.

Animated Map: The Italian Campaign []

~Allied invasion of **Sicily**

10 Jul 1943 Western allies invade Sicily (BBC On This Day) []

The War (Ken Burns) Sicily and invasion of Italy []

~Allied invasion of **Italy**

25 July 1943: Italian dictator Mussolini quits (BBC On This Day) []

3 September 1943 Allied troops invade mainland Italy (BBC On This Day) []

8 September 1943: Italy's surrender announced (BBC On This Day) []

13 October 1943 Italy Declared War on Germany (New York Times) [|http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/1013.html#article]

~**Anzio** 22 January 1944

The War (Ken Burns) Italy (Anzio) []

~**Monte Cassino** 18 May 1944

The War (Ken Burns) Italy (Monte Cassino) []

18 May 1944 Monte Cassino Falls to the Allies (BBC On This Day) []

World War Two: The Battle of Monte Cassino (BBC) []

~**Northern Italy**

The War (Ken Burns) Northern Italy (442nd/100th RCT) []

[]
 * Bob Dole** gravely wounded on 14 April 1945

[]

28 Apr 1945: Italian partisans kill Mussolini (BBC) []

Air war issues at different phases in the war Allied bombing: Brits by night; US by day Hard targets versus people targets Firebombing

Eastern front (Soviet Union) Stalingrad

Cairo conference China situation

Teheran conference

From Kennedy Book 609 Analyze the allocation of resources to war effort in Europe/Pacific (now 30%). Compare today to Iraq/Afghanistan.

611-613 Stalin still mad. He may well take most of Europe his way if US doesn't get into the game via France.


 * Air War**

From Kennedy Book (early in the war) 601-608 Analyze the tradeoffs in the Allied bombing offensive (area bombing at night by Brits; "precision"—was it precise?—bombing in day by US).

What problems in planes and men.

What targets (hard v. people).

US Strategic Bombing Survey (European War) []

The War (Ken Burns) The Air War []

The War (Ken Burns) Firebombing (Germany and Japan) []

From Kennedy Book (Later in the war) 742-744 **Air war**.

Bombings of Berlin, Hamburg, Dresden

~Bombing of Dresden in World War II

Firebombing of Dresden (Ken Burns, The War) []

14 Feb 1945 Bombing of Dresden (BBC On This Day) []

How Many Died at Dresden? (Der Spiegel) []

Winston Churchill and the Bombing of Dresden (UK National Archives) []

Remembering the Dresden Bombing (BBC) []

~Bombing of Hamburg in World War II (History.com) []


 * Eastern Front**

Eastern (from the perspective of the Germans)

The Eastern Front (Alan Taylor photo essay in //Atlantic Wire//) []

From Kennedy Book 630-631 **Battle of Stalingrad.**

Understand the battle on its own merits. Then consider how the Soviet victory convinced US that USSR would stay in the war. US capped its military at 90 divisions. How many divisions do we have today?

Film: Enemy at the Gates (Internet Movie Data Base) []

German Surrender at Stalingrad (New York Times) [|http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0202.html#article]

Russians Liquidate Last Stalingrad Pocket (New York Times) [|http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0202.html#article]

2 Feb 1943 Germans surrender at Stalingrad (BBC On This Day) []


 * A Second Front in Western Europe**

From Kennedy Book Ch. 19: The Struggle for a Second Front, 669-686

The Allies at War [With Each Other] (BBC) []

669-674 Stop at Cairo on the way to Teheran. Look at interrelationships between FDR/Churchill and **Chiang Kai-Shek**.

Cairo (Egypt) Conference (late November-early December 1943) (Behind Closed Doors) [] Under "The Conferences" in right sidebar, click on "Cairo"


 * China's situation**:

We are not going to do much with China during this semester.

Claire Chennault, Flying Tigers (National Archives) []

History Animated interactive map of the Burma Campaign []

674-686 **Teheran/Tehran (capital of Iran) conference**

Important. Major meeting of Allied leaders. FDR stayed at Soviet compound (it was bugged). Personal dynamics of FDR/Churchill/Stalin. Geopolitical issues: Second front, Poland, Eastern Europe, USSR help in war with Japan (would diminish China's importance to US strategy), etc.

Dispute b/n Britain & U.S: when/where Europe invaded. Soviets demanded a second front. Soviets bore brunt of land war until mid–1944. Decision was finally made on a cross-channel invasion against Europe mainland Eisenhower was named to be Supreme Commander of Allied Forces

Teheran Conference, 1943 (28 November-1 December 1943) (Behind Closed Doors) [] Under "The Conferences" in right sidebar, click on "Teheran"

Tehran Conference (Historian of State Department) []

Tehran Conference 1943 (New York Times) [|http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/1128.html#article]

1 Dec 1943 Allies united after Tehran conference (BBC On This Day) []

Big Three in Teheran (National Archives) [|http://www.archives.gov/historical-docs/todays-doc/index.html?dod-date=1130#2010]

679 Note the quote from FDR: "if the Japanese had not attacked."

683 Who is now the dominant partner in the U.S.-Great Britain alliance?

Second front: invasion of France Preparations in England Where to invade Issues involved in the battle 6 June 1944 Logistics

Breakout from Normandy Liberation of Paris August 1944

Logistics


 * Second Front: Invasion of France**

From Kennedy Book Ch. 20: The Battle for Northwest Europe, 709-737

Americans poured into England. Aircraft carrier metaphor . 709-715 The American military buildup characterized.

GI Joe: US Soldiers of World War Two (BBC) []

716-725 Preparation for and execution of the Normandy landings.

From Kennedy Book 686-698 **Operation Overlord (D-Day, Normandy)**

What determined when it would go?

Dwight D. Eisenhower (Ike) to command; what about him. Why not George Marshall?

Rommel to defend. German "Desert Fox"

What determined where Allies would land (Pas de Calais or Normandy) and how Germans would defend?

707-708 Who will run France after the war

FDR's views.

Charles de Gaulle obituary (New York Times) []


 * Normandy invasion=D-Day=Operation Overlord**. (June 6, 1944)

Biggest invasion armada in world history (5,000 ships, 150,000 men).

Allied Invasion of Europe (Alan Taylor photo essay in //Atlantic Wire//) []

D-Day Landings (New York Times) [|http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0606.html#article]

6 June 1944 D-Day (BBC On This Day) []

D-Day: Beachhead (BBC) []

Animated Map: The D-Day Landings (BBC) Four sections: The Atlantic Wall, Concentration of Forces, The Landings, Securing the Beachheads []

Interactive Map with D-Day Invasion of Normandy (EDSITEment) [|http://edsitement.neh.gov/student-resource/interactive-map-d-day-invasion-normandy#node-1335]

Paratroopers and their equipment (American Experience) []

Fantastic story of U.S. Paratrooper Joseph Beyrle who fought for both U.S. and Soviets. [] [] []


 * Breakout from Normandy**

Animated Map: Operation Overlord (BBC) Seven maps: Operation Overlord, D-Day, The Slog for Normandy, A Slow Advance, The Breakout, The Falaise/Argentan Gap, The Liberation of Paris []

Operation Overlord: D-Day to Paris (BBC) []

From Kennedy Book 724 **Bocage** as terrain obstacle: hedgerows

Bocage (Google Images) []

726-728 **Cobra I**

Breakout from the Normandy pocket. Cobra I (compare to Iraq Cobra II).

US Sherman tanks versus German Tiger tanks.

From Kennedy Book 728 **Attempted assassination of Hitler**

20 July 1944 Hitler Survives Assassination Attempt (BBC On This Day) []

From Kennedy Book 732 **Paris liberated**

Great read: //Is Paris Burning?//

Paris Liberated (New York Times) [|http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0825.html#article]

25 Aug 1944 Paris is liberated (BBC On This Day) []

Paris Liberated from German Occupation (Finding Dulcinea, On This Day) []

From Kennedy Book

733 **Logistics** of US armored thrust into Europe.

Red Ball Express (Federal Highway Administration) []

Red Ball Express (Google Images) []

734 Implications for Allied strategy of the tradeoff decisions between the "this" of Montgomery and the "that" of Patton.

Montgomery was insistent that he get all resources.

Market Garden September 1944

Battle of the Bulge December 1944

America and the Holocaust

Yalta conference February 1945 Drive toward Berlin FDR and Hitler died April 1945 Victory Europe May 1945

From Kennedy Book 735-736 **Market Garden**

Operation Market Garden

The War (Ken Burns) Holland (Operation Market Garden) []

17 September 1944 Airborne invasion of Holland begins (BBC On This Day) []

26 September 1944: Airborne troops retreat from Arnhem (BBC On This Day) [|http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/26/newsid_3523000/3523972.stm]

Movie: A Bridge Too Far []

The Battle of Arnhem (Operation Market Garden) (BBC) []

Animated Map: The Battle of Arnhem (BBC) []

From Kennedy Book 739-742 **Battle of the Bulge**.

Analyze it from each side. A major setback for Allies but the last gasp of Germans on the Western front.

The Battle of the Bulge (BBC) []

The War (Ken Burns) Battle of the Bulge []

17 Dec 1944 Germany attacks in Ardennes (BBC On This Day) []

Battle of the Bulge (U.S. Army Historical Site) []

Battle of the Bulge (American Experience) [] My Website Spotlight blog post []


 * America and the Holocaust**

From Kennedy Book 794-797 Are you ok with the US approach to concentration camps?

Britain Knew Details of Holocaust 17 Dec 1942: Britain condemns massacre of Jews (BBC On This Day) []

From Kennedy book 806 Check out that first paragraph relating to Jewish immigration to Palestine.

American and the Holocaust (American Experience) [] My Website Spotlight blog post []

The Holocaust (Alan Taylor photo essay in //Atlantic Wire//) []

Witnessing the Holocaust [Major Source] (BBC) []

Auschwitz: Inside the Nazi State (PBS) []

Memory of the Camps (FRONTLINE) []

United States Holocaust Memorial Museum []

27 Jan 1945: Auschwitz death camp liberated (BBC On This Day) []

Liberation of Dachau, 7 May 1945 (TIME) []


 * Yalta Conference**

From Kennedy Book Ch. 22: Endgame, 798-851

798-808 Yalta conference. Analyze the personalities and issues. 806-807 Did the United States get a raw deal at Yalta?

Soviets would control most of Eastern Europe. Germany would be divided. Soviets would fight Japan three months after German surrender

Yalta Conference (Historian of State Department) 7 February 1945 []

Yalta Conference, 1945 (Behind Closed Doors) [] Under "The Conferences" in right sidebar, click on "Yalta"

7 Feb 1945 Black Sea talks (Yalta) plan defeat of Germany (BBC On This Day) []

Witness, Yalta (BBC) []


 * President Roosevelt Died**

From Kennedy Book 808 Effect of FDR's death on the country and world.

~FDR died (12 April 1945)

FDR is Dead (New York Times) [|http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0412.html#article]

~**Hitler died (30 April 1945)**

01 May 1945: Germany announces Hitler is dead (BBC On This Day) [|http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/1/newsid_3571000/3571497.stm]

~808-809 **End of WWII—in Europe. BUT Japan is still in play.**

The Battle for Berlin in World War Two (BBC) []

21 Apr 1945: Red Army enters outskirts of Berlin (BBC On This Day) []

The Fall of Nazi Germany (Alan Taylor photo essay in //Atlantic Wire//) []

Russia Celebrates Victory Day 2012 (Boston Globe Photo Blog) []

Annual Russian Victory Day Parade 2012 (Sacramento Bee Photo Blog) []

World War Two: How the Allies Won (BBC) []

V-Weapons Attack Britain (BBC) []

07 May 1945: Germany signs unconditional surrender (BBC On This Day) [|http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/7/newsid_3578000/3578325.stm]

May 7, 1945 | Nazi Germany Surrenders in World War II (New York Times) []

Soviets Announce Fall of Berlin (New York Times) [|http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0502.html#article]

The War in Europe is Ended (New York Times) [|http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0507.html#article]

08 May 1945: Rejoicing at end of war in Europe (BBC On This Day) [|http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/8/newsid_3580000/3580163.stm]

Still at war with Japan U.S. handled the war alone; no coordination needed with our allies

Saipan June 1944 Leyte Gulf October 1944 Bataan Rescue

Iwo Jima February 1945 Code Talkers

Okinawa June 1945 Kamikazes

808-809 **Even through end of WWII in Europe, Japan is still in play.**

The Pacific Islands (Alan Taylor photo essay in //Atlantic Wire//) []

816-818 **Battle of Saipan**

15 June 1944

Civilians leaped to their death.

Death before Capture (American Experience) []

822-829 **Battle of Leyte Gulf** (Philippines)

The War (Ken Burns) Philippines (Leyte Gulf) 23-26 October 1944 []

History Animated interactive map of the Battle of Leyte Gulf []


 * Bataan Rescue**

Bataan Death March (American Heritage) []

Daring Raids and Brutal Reprisals (Alan Taylor photo essay in //Atlantic Wire//) Doolittle Raid; Bataan Death March []

Bataan Rescue (American Experience) [] My Website Spotlight blog post []

Surviving Bataan: Ben Steele (American Heritage magazine) []

American POWs on Japanese Ships (National Archives magazine) [] []

Forbidden Diary of American woman prisoner in Philippines (American Heritage magazine) []

829-831 **Battle of Iwo Jima**

U. S. Marines Storm Ashore on Iwo Island (New York Times) [|http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0219.html#article]

23 Feb 1945: US flag raised over Iwo Jima (BBC On This Day) [|http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/23/newsid_3564000/3564547.stm]

History Animated interactive map of the Battle of Iwo Jima []


 * Code talkers (on Iwo Jima particularly)**

Code Talkers (National Archives magazine) []

Code Talkers virtual exhibit (National Museum of the American Indian) [] []

831-835 **Battle of Okinawa**.

Okinawa (Today in History, Library of Congress) []

History Animated interactive map of the Battle of Okinawa []

21 Jun 1945: US troops take Okinawa (BBC On This Day) [|http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/21/newsid_3564000/3564489.stm]

Americans Invade Okinawa (New York Times) [|http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0401.html#article]

Okinawa invasion (New York Times) [|http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0401.html#article]

Ernie Pyle obituary (New York Times) []

[]
 * Kamikaze** Attacks (Finding Dulcinea, On This Day)

Kamikaze attack at Okinawa as experienced by an American (American Experience) []

Kamikaze attack at Okinawa as experienced by a Japanese (American Experience) []


 * Reaction #24: 6 December**

Potsdam conference July 1945

Churchill loses office

Manhattan project got bombs ready

Atomic bombs

Japan finally surrenders From Kennedy book 837-845 **Potsdam Conference**

Analyze the issues and personalities. "Unconditional surrender" approach: helpful or not.

Potsdam Conference (Historian of State Department) []

Potsdam Conference, 1945 (Behind Closed Doors) [] Under "The Conferences" in right sidebar, click on "Potsdam"

16 Jul 1945: Allied leaders gather at Potsdam (BBC On This Day) [|http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/16/newsid_4685000/4685683.stm]

Notes by Harry S. Truman on the Potsdam Conference (Truman Presidential Library) His handwriting is wonderfully legible []

26 Jul 1945: **Churchill loses general election** (BBC On This Day) [|http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/26/newsid_3572000/3572175.stm]

Why Churchill Lost in 1945 (BBC) []


 * Victory against Japan**

An interesting article that doesn't seem to fit elsewhere:

Japanese Balloon Bombs (Finding Dulcinea, On This Day) []

From Kennedy book 845-851 Bombing of Japanese cities

Fall of Imperial Japan (Alan Taylor photo essay in //Atlantic Wire//) []

From Kennedy book 835-837 **Japan's internal deliberations**.

What might be going on within the secret meetings of some of our enemies today?

~Role of **Manhattan Project** in building atomic bomb.

From Kennedy book 655-668 Manhattan Project.

Film "Fat Man and Little Boy." (Internet Movie Data Base) []

Race for the Super Bomb (American Experience) []

J. Robert Oppenheimer obituary (New York Times) []

~**Factors involved in the decision to drop the atomic bombs on Japan**: []

We had two ready--just barely

Fear that the Soviet Union would soon enter the war against Japan

Concern that a land war in Japan would result in massive American casualties

Shoichi Yokoi, the Japanese soldier who held out in Guam for 28 years after WWII ended (BBC News) []

~**First atomic bomb**: U.S. drops atomic bomb on Hiroshima (6 August 1945)

06 Aug 1945: US drops atomic bomb on Hiroshima (BBC On This Day) []

First Atomic Bomb Dropped on Japan (New York Times) [|http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0806.html#article]

Hiroshima (Boston Globe Photo Blog) []

~**Soviets entered war in Pacific** with 1.5 million troops (8 August 1945)

Soviets declare war on Japan; invade Manchuria (History.com This Day in History | 8/8/1945) []

~**Second atomic bomb**: U.S. drops atomic bomb on Nagasaki (9 August 1945)

9 August 1945 U.S. drops atomic bomb on Nagasaki (BBC On This Day) []

Second Atomic Bomb; Soviets enter the War (New York Times) [|http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0809.html#article]

Target Nagasaki: the men who dropped the second bomb (Telegraph) []

[] []
 * Japanese man who survived both bombs**

~**Victory-Japan (VJ) Day**

15 Aug 1945: Allied nations celebrate VJ Day (BBC On This Day) []

~**Japanese surrendered** (2 September 1945)

Japanese surrender; "bitter-enders" almost kept Emperor's message off the air waves.

Surrender of Japan (New York Times) [|http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0814.html#article]

02 Sep 1945: Japan signs unconditional surrender (BBC On This Day) []

~**Emperor allowed to keep his throne**

~**Allied Supreme Commander Douglas MacArthur would rule Japan**

Douglas MacArthur obituary (New York Times) []


 * Afterwards**

24 Oct 1945: **United Nations** Organization is born (BBC On This Day) []

20 Nov 1945: **Nuremberg war crimes trials of Nazis** begins (BBC On This Day) []


 * Death Toll of World War II**

World–wide: 55 million United States: 405,000 Soviet Union: 21 million (one–ninth of Soviet population).


 * Postwar position of the U.S.**

We suffered little damage to our own land. We emerged as the world leader