Immigration


 * Political Machines/Political Bosses**

Urban growth strained city government.

Video: Growth, Cities, and Immigration: Crash Course US History #25 []

Political machines and their bosses filled in the cracks for immigrants Solving problems of everyday life: Son arrested Husband needed a job Family needed coal for furnace Traded such favors for votes

Political bosses made money on: Public contracts (trash collection, for example) Utility or streetcar franchises Distribution of city jobs

The New City []

Boss Tweed (William M. Tweed) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_M._Tweed

13 honest facts about Boss Tweed http://mentalfloss.com/article/72252/13-honest-facts-about-boss-tweed

Tammany Hall https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tammany_Hall

Video: Boss Tweed (Justin Bieber's "Baby" Parody) (Mr. Betts) http://youtu.be/BKRkEKi0Qw0

Thomas Nast brought down Boss Tweed https://www.thoughtco.com/thomas-nast-1773654

Thomas Nast Political Cartoons (Harper's Weekly) []

Thomas Nast's crusade against Boss Tweed: exploring the power of the editorial cartoon https://m.youtube.com/watch?feature=youtu.be&v=Xz6I-Nk3Tas

The Sage of Tammany Hall (New York Times) http://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/28/nyregion/thecity/28plun.html?pagewanted=all

George Washington Plunkitt of Tammany Hall (National Humanities Center) http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/gilded/power/text7/plunkitt.pdf

George Washington Plunkett https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Plunkitt

I seen my opportunities and I took them http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5030/

Boss Tweed Escapes from Prison (On This Day, Finding Dulcinea) http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/December/Boss-Tweed-Escapes-From-Prison.html

The Boss and the Reformer (NHC) []

Images of Big City Politics (NHC) []


 * Social workers: Settlement Houses**

Jane Addams obituary http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0906.html

Key name: Jane Addams

Hull House in Chicago (1889).

Located in center–city, immigrant neighborhoods. Staffers: young; middle–class; college–educated; white women.

Emphasis placed on:. English language classes Courses in cooking, sewing, and household skills Infant welfare clinics Bathhouses

Video: Jane Addams []

Jane Addams | National Women's History Museum []

Jane Addams & The Hull House []

Hull House Urban Experience In Chicago: Historical Narrative Contents []


 * IMMIGRATION**

Roman Catholics and Immigration in Nineteenth-Century America (National Humanities Center) []

Video Ellis Island https://youtu.be/8X4CypTaOQs

Antwerp to Ellis Island: Journey of a Lifetime []

Lewis W. Hine, photographs of immigrants, Ellis Island []

Immigration http://projects.vassar.edu/1896/immigration.html

Interactive Map Showing Immigration Data Since 1880 []

Free Technology for Teachers: Interactive Immigration Map []

H-Migration | H-Net []

Immigrant and Ethnic America at HarpWeek.com []

Syllabus HIST 270: Immigration and ethnicity in American history, 1815 to the present []

Family Stories as Secret Text for Immigrants []

Many Immigrants No Longer Change Their Names to Fit In Fewer Immigrants to U.S. Change Their Surnames []

Ellis Island Interactive Tour []

The Best Sites For Learning About Immigration In The United States | Larry Ferlazzo’s Websites of the Day… []

Leaving Home for the "Promised Land", 1894 []

Exploring U.S. History | alien menace []

Tenement Museum | Urban Log Cabin []

Lewis Hine: photos of immigrants (NHC) []

Jacob Riis, How the Other Half Lives (NHC) []

Two Wives (NHC) []

Americanization Movement []


 * Learning Objectives**:

What were the similarities and differences between the immigrants of the period 1880-1920 and previous immigrants?

How did immigrants adjust to and reshape their adopted homeland?

What push (why they left their native country)/pull (why they came to America) factors might have influenced the migration of different immigrant groups: German, Italian, Polish, Jewish, etc.

What influence did the immigrant cultures have on America? What influence did America have on them?

Angel Island http://www.kqed.org/w/pacificlink/history/angelisland/


 * IMMIGRATION: CHINESE IN CALIFORNIA**

Chinese Immigration and the Chinese Exclusion Acts https://history.state.gov/milestones/1866-1898/chinese-immigration

Chinese Exclusion Act (Harvard University) http://ocp.hul.harvard.edu/immigration/exclusion.html

Biography of a Chinaman (NHC) []

Chinese Resist West Coast Discrimination (NHC lesson plan) []

Immigration Act of 1924 (Historian of the State Department) https://history.state.gov/milestones/1921-1936/immigration-act

1. Chinese Immigration to the United States (Library of Congress American Memory Timeline) http://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationsandactivities/presentations/timeline/riseind/chinimms/

Each of the documents are contained on the above page

Mark Twain's Observations About Chinese Immigrants in California http://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationsandactivities/presentations/timeline/riseind/chinimms/twain.html

A Memorial from Representative Chinamen in America to President U.S. Grant http://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationsandactivities/presentations/timeline/riseind/chinimms/briggs.html

Mary Cone Describes the Chinaman in California http://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationsandactivities/presentations/timeline/riseind/chinimms/mcone.html

David Phillips Discusses the "Chinese Question" http://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationsandactivities/presentations/timeline/riseind/chinimms/phillips.html

Hinton Rowan Helper on Chinese Immigration http://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationsandactivities/presentations/timeline/riseind/chinimms/helper.html

"Enactments So Utterly Un-American" http://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationsandactivities/presentations/timeline/riseind/chinimms/cummings.html

Edward Holton's Observations About Denis Kearney, a Leading Advocate of Chinese Exclusion http://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationsandactivities/presentations/timeline/riseind/chinimms/holton.html

Denis Kearney https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Kearney

William C. Pond's Ministry Among Chinese Immigrants in San Francisco http://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationsandactivities/presentations/timeline/riseind/chinimms/pond.html

2. A Chinese Immigrant Makes his Home in Turn-of-the-Century America http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/41/

A Chinese Immigrant Makes his Home in Turn-of-the-Century America []

Don’t think Trump will ever pass a Muslim Exclusion Act? Just ask Sen. James G. Blaine. https://www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2015/12/08/the-gop-front-runner-wants-to-ban-a-whole-group-of-people-this-isnt-the-first-time-thats-happened/

Donald Trump meet Wong Kim Ark, the Chinese American cook who is the father of ‘birthright citizenship’ https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2015/08/31/donald-trump-meet-wong-kim-ark-the-chinese-american-cook-who-is-the-father-of-birthright-citizenship/

Chinese Immigration http://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationsandactivities/presentations/immigration/chinese.html

Angel Island: Chinese immigration http://www.kqed.org/w/pacificlink/history/angelisland/china.html

The Chinese Laundryman: A Study in Social Isolation http://www.amazon.com/The-Chinese-Laundryman-Isolation-Chinatown/dp/0814778747

Confucius [Kong-foo-tsze] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius

Affidavit and Flyers from the Chinese Boycott Case | National Archives []

An "Un-American Bill": A Congressman Denounces Immigration Quotas []

"We Are Not the Degraded Race You Would Make Us": Norman Asing Challenges Chinese Immigration Restrictions []

Locke and Walnut Grove: Havens for Early Asian Immigrants in California []

"We Chinese Are Viewed Like Thieves and Enemies": Pun Chi Appeals to Congress to Protect the Rights of Chinese, ca. 1860 []


 * JAPANESE IMMIGRATION**

A | More | Perfect | Union Japanese immigration []

Japanese immigration http://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationsandactivities/presentations/immigration/japanese.html

"The Senate's Declaration of War": Japan Responds to Japanese Exclusion []

Angel Island: Japanese immigration http://www.kqed.org/w/pacificlink/history/angelisland/japan.html

German Immigration to the United States []

Read these subtopic links at the bottom of the page: Introduction | The Call of Tolerance | Building a New Nation | A New Surge of Growth | Filling the Nation's Breadbasket | Urban Germans | Building Institutions, Shaping Tastes | Shadows of War

"A German Beer Garden on Sunday Evening." []

Whatever happened to German America? [we will go over this in class] http://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/23/opinion/whatever-happened-to-german-america.html?_r=0

Italian Immigration to the United States []

Click through the subtopic links at the bottom of the page:

Introduction | Early Arrivals | The Great Arrival | L’Isola dell Lagrime | A City of Villages | Tenements and Toil | Working Across the Country | Under Attack | A Century in the Spotlight

Irish Immigration to the United States []

Read these subtopic links at the bottom of the page: Colonial Immigration | Irish-Catholic Immigration to America | Adaptation and Assimilation | Joining the Workforce | Religious Conflict and Discrimination | Racial Tensions | Irish Identity, Influence and Opportunity


 * Push factors**:

Wars Unemployment Food shortages Anti–Semitism (Poland and Russia). German Jews versus Polish/Russian Jews


 * Pull factors**:

America as a land of opportunity Patterns of settlement and adaptation. Role of chain migration. Role of return migration.


 * The "new" immigration.**

Change in origin: Scotch-Irish and German earlier Irish during famine time (1848)

Irish and German Immigration [from our online textbook] http://www.ushistory.org/us/25f.asp This connects to the Nativism articles we read for today

The new immigrants (1880-1920) Catholic and Jewish http://www.ushistory.org/us/38c.asp

U.S. has always had immigration: Asylum of liberty.

Source of immigration changed. Prior immigrants: northern and western Europe and the British Isles. New immigrants: eastern and southern Europe.


 * Characteristics of newer immigrants (1890-1900)**

Generally poor Often illiterate Jewish or Catholic Catholicism became largest American religion Had very different customs. Most settled in eastern cities Few settled in South.

Great material from Mapping History website: Immigration and Population Introduction http://mappinghistory.uoregon.edu/english/US/US27-00.html Population Maps http://mappinghistory.uoregon.edu/english/US/US27-01.html Foreign-Born Population http://mappinghistory.uoregon.edu/english/US/US27-02.html Graph of Immigration http://mappinghistory.uoregon.edu/english/US/US27-03.html Summary http://mappinghistory.uoregon.edu/english/US/US27-04.html


 * Immigrant cultures**

Role of ethnic enclaves: preserve culture

Ethnic associations Newspapers Schools (tied to religion: parochial and rabbinical) Churches Restaurants Stores

How to strike a balance between **assimilation and ethnic identity** Melting pot or salad bowl as appropriate metaphor?


 * Generational divide**

First generation: not speak English Second generation: not speak native tongue Third generation: aware of heritage


 * Nativism response**

Distrust of foreigners by "natives" a consistent theme in U.S. history.

New immigrants were particularly seen as utterly alien Threaten "American" values based on their language, religion, and culture.

Immigrant Exclusion (NHC) []

1896: McKinley and the American Protective Association []

Protestant Paranoia: The American Protective Association Oath []

Donald Trump Isn’t The First Know Nothing to Capture American Hearts | The New Republic []

Know Nothings [They came earlier!! []

Immigration and the Rise & Fall of the Know-Nothing Party | RealClearPolitics []