HIST+152+Today+TR+F17


 * In class today: new material**


 * PRESIDENT BILL CLINTON**

Video: Bill Clinton bio https://youtu.be/w2yX0JAn10Y

Video: 60-Second Presidents (PBS) Bill Clinton https://youtu.be/6ZaEOeoHJw8


 * Election of 1992**

Campaign commercials website (Living Room Candidate) http://www.livingroomcandidate.org/commercials/1992

1. Republican George H.W. Bush (Bush #41). Incumbent President Seemed to lack the "vision thing." Faulted for concentrating on foreign policy.

2. Democrat Bill Clinton. Arkansas governor. "New democrat." More toward center. Democrats countered: "it's the economy, stupid."

3. Ross Perot. Texas billionaire led a third–party bid.

Video: Giant Sucking Sound - Ross Perot 1992 Presidential Debate http://youtu.be/Rkgx1C_S6ls

4. Clinton won electoral college (with only 43% of popular vote)


 * Somalia ("Black Hawk Down") 1993**

Video: Inside the Real Black Hawk Down | No Man Left Behind http://youtu.be/O1uvpakorog

Somalia, 1992–1993 https://history.state.gov/milestones/1993-2000/somalia

Ambush in Mogadishu (FRONTLINE) http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/ambush/

Interviews with Rangers on the Black Hawk Down mission http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/ambush/rangers/


 * 1994 Congressional elections**

Republicans won both houses of Congress for the first time since 1954.

Newt Gingrich became the outspoken/controversial House Speaker.

Republicans offered a "Contract with America": a list of reforms to be passed during the first One Hundred Days.


 * Government Shutdowns (1995-1996)**

Congressional Republicans shut down government over balanced budget https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_federal_government_shutdowns_of_1995%E2%80%931996

They were seen by many as ideologically inflexible.


 * Presidential Election of 1996: Clinton ran for a second term**

President Clinton seen as reasonable and moderate Protector of certain federal programs that Congress attacked. Gained support of women, who benefited from such programs.

Campaign commercials (Living Room Candidate) 1996 http://www.livingroomcandidate.org/commercials/1996


 * War in Europe: Kosovo**

Map: The Breakup of Yugoslavia/Civil War in Bosnia http://wps.ablongman.com/wps/media/objects/1483/1518969/DIVI725.jpg

Balkans War: a brief guide http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-17632399

Republicans will later be against any idea of nation-building.


 * Impeachment attempted over the Monica Lewinsky affair**

President Clinton Admits to Affair With Monica Lewinsky []

Video: The Clinton-Lewinsky Scandal | National Geographic http://youtu.be/9M9TZ1ebQCA

Impeachment summary (BBC News) http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/events/clinton_under_fire/timeline/168540.stm


 * Bill Clinton legacy**

"Breathtakingly bright but capable of doing really dumb things."

Hillary Clinton's present and future role.


 * PRESIDENT GEORGE W. BUSH (BUSH #43)**

Video: George W. Bush bio https://youtu.be/lAvv-zPLurs

Video: 60-Second Presidents (PBS) George W. Bush https://youtu.be/lEzWhB6BPcY

Campaign commercials http://www.livingroomcandidate.org/commercials/2000 http://www.livingroomcandidate.org/commercials/2004

Election of 2000 http://wps.ablongman.com/wps/media/objects/1483/1518969/DIVI730.jpg


 * PRESIDENT BARACK OBAMA**

Video: Barack Obama bio http://youtu.be/1-IgxSn21jU

Video: 60-Second Presidents (PBS) Barack Obama https://youtu.be/tZO37dPaSQw

Campaign commercials http://www.livingroomcandidate.org/commercials/2008 http://www.livingroomcandidate.org/commercials/2012


 * Four Spiritual Laws**

4 Spiritual Laws (Campus Crusade) https://crustore.org/fourlawseng.htm

Self-Directed Life https://mudpreacher.files.wordpress.com/2009/08/self-directed-life.jpg?w=614

Christ-Directed Life https://cdn1-www.cru.org/content/dam/migration/cru/imagesGraphicsSet/2013/oct/24/10-basic-steps-step-123.jpg.pagespeed.ce.MLbJi3kbRr.jpg


 * In class today: new material**


 * PRESIDENT RONALD REAGAN**

Video: Ronald Reagan bio http://youtu.be/MOzg83FFY9o

Video: 60-Second Presidents (PBS) Ronald Reagan https://youtu.be/KzmrxK3BOSA

Ronald Reagan (Miller Center, University of Virginia) http://millercenter.org/president/reagan

Reagan Library https://www.reaganfoundation.org/?gclid=CI_K9onGldMCFUhcfgod5dMKAg


 * Election of 1980**

Reagan accused President Carter of letting America be kicked around in world affairs. Reagan's bold conservatism scared many voters Reagan elected largely as a reaction against Carter. Reagan's theme of "Stand Up, America" resonated with the electorate.

Campaign commercials (Living Room Candidate) []


 * Assassination attempt (March 1981)**

Reagan's courageous response to assassination attempt (during first 100 days) increased his political power.

Video: Assassination attempt []

John Hinckly, Jr., Shoots President Reagan and James Brady http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/March/John-Hinckley-Jr--Shoots-President-Reagan-and-James-Brady.html


 * Reagan's administrative agenda**

1. Cut taxes

2. Cut government red tape

3. Cut government spending on domestic programs

4. Increase defense spending

5. Stand up to communism

Reagan pictured Soviet Union as "evil empire." [Axis of Evil??]

Believed intense military buildup needed to confront Soviets.

Video: "Evil Empire" speech []

6. Negotiate with the Soviets

Video: "Tear Down This [Berlin] Wall" speech []

Reagan Urges Soviets to Tear Down Berlin Wall (New York Times) http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0612.html#article


 * Republican party coalition**

Made up of ideologically diverse constituencies:

1. Economic conservatives who had always voted Republican

2. Cultural conservatives

Fundamentalist and evangelical Christians Advocated family values Opposed abortion and homosexuality

The Christian Right (NHC) []

3. "Reagan Democrats"

Blue–collar workers who supported family values

4. White voters in South (no longer the Solid Democratic South)

5. Young Americans (18–30) activated during Reagan years

6. Suburban voters (anti-taxes and anti-government).


 * Reaganomics**

Video: Reaganomics (Alanis Morissette's "Ironic" parody) (Mr. Betts Class) http://youtu.be/BdaLrYTCE7g

Supply–side economic policies.

Cut federal spending on domestic programs

Cut taxes for the wealthy and for corporations

Free up investment capital and encourage new job creation

Investment income to offset loss of tax revenue caused by tax cuts.

Money freed up by tax cuts would "trickle down" to less wealthy

Did not work.

We got tremendous economic deficits.


 * Foreign policy events during the Reagan Administration**


 * 1. Beirut (Lebanon) barracks bombing (1983)**

Video: Beirut bombing http://youtu.be/KgyTb6O3gwI

1983 Beirut Bomb Still Reverberates Today []


 * 2. Invasion of Grenada (1983)**

Video: U.S. Invades Grenada - 1983 | Today in History | 25 Oct http://youtu.be/F4aSfX47Mgo

Trouble spots in Central America and the Caribbean http://wps.ablongman.com/wps/media/objects/1483/1518969/DIVI695.jpg


 * 3. Reagan Doctrine**

U.S. would openly support all anticommunist fighters.

Reagan Doctrine, 1985 https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/rd/17741.htm


 * Presidential Election (1984)**

President Reagan easily re-elected over Walter Mondale.

Campaign commercials (Living Room Candidate) http://www.livingroomcandidate.org/commercials/1984


 * Iran–Contra scandal**

Two sides to the issue: Contras in Nicaragua and US arms sales to Iran

U.S supported those fighting against (contra) the communists in Nicaragua.

After Vietnam and Watergate, Congress anxious to oversee foreign policy

Congress ordered Reagan not to continue support of Contras. Reagan disobeyed.

Reagan Endorses CIA Support of Nicaraguan Contras []

Video: President Ronald Reagan - Address on Iran-Contra http://youtu.be/R67CH-qhXJs

Iran-Contra Scandal Breaks http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/November/Iran-Contra-Scandal-Breaks-in-a-Lebanese-Magazine.html

Role of Oliver North. Sold arms to Iran (illegal) and our enemy. Used profits to send to the Contras to keep fighting Communists

Video: Oliver North hearing http://youtu.be/dZw8PzLZn2s


 * PRESIDENT GEORGE HERBERT WALKER BUSH (BUSH #41)**

Video: George H.W. Bush bio https://youtu.be/-cGgBQsG5WA

Video: 60-Second Presidents (PBS) George H.W. Bush https://youtu.be/XBi-rFFkotQ

George H.W. Bush (Miller Center, University of Virginia) http://millercenter.org/president/bush

Video: World War Two heroism []

Video: Parachute jump on his 83rd birthday []


 * Presidential election of 1988**

In Reagan's footsteps. Accused of the 'wimp factor" Peace abroad and a stable domestic economy

Campaign commercials 1988 (Living Room Candidate) http://www.livingroomcandidate.org/commercials/1988


 * Bush Presidency**

Bush against government action to solve economic & social problems. Carried his approach too far and defended it too insensitively. Many voters want to limit government in the abstract Most want to keep safety net of government transfer payments

"Read my lips: no new taxes." Assertion made during the 1988 presidential campaign

Broke his promise to get Congress to help balance the budget


 * Fall of the Berlin Wall (October 1989)**

Video: The Berlin Wall Falls https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jnCPdLlUgvo

Fall of Communism in Eastern Europe, 1989 https://history.state.gov/milestones/1989-1992/fall-of-communism The Berlin Wall Comes Down http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/November/The-Berlin-Wall-Comes-Down.html


 * End of the Cold War**

Map: The End of the Cold War http://wps.ablongman.com/wps/media/objects/1483/1518969/DIVI703.jpg

The Collapse of the Soviet Union https://history.state.gov/milestones/1989-1992/collapse-soviet-union
 * Tiananmen Square**

Tiananmen Square, 1989 https://history.state.gov/milestones/1989-1992/tiananmen-square Chinese troops crush the protests http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/May-June-08/On-This-Day--Chinese-Troops-Overtake-Tiananmen-Square.html Video: Tank Man: (start at 3:02) http://youtu.be/SACHK-W4o1E


 * Invasion of Panama (December 1989)**

Video: U.S. Invades Panama - 20 December 1989 https://youtu.be/MDZMseL6G10

US Forces Invade Panama []


 * Persian Gulf War (Operation Desert Storm) (1991)**

Successful effort to push Iraq out of Kuwait. Decision not to invade rest of Iraq or go after Saddam Hussein Subsequent opinions on whether U.S. made correct choices

The Gulf War, 1991 https://history.state.gov/milestones/1989-1992/gulf-war Video: The Gulf War 1991 http://youtu.be/If71ek0iSIQ

Video: Capt. H.R. McMaster https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aBG_G678Trg

Iraq Invades Kuwait Leading to Persian Gulf War http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/July-August-08/On-this-Day--Iraq-Invades-Kuwait--Leading-to-Persian-Gulf-War.html

Map: Trouble spots in the Middle East http://wps.ablongman.com/wps/media/objects/1483/1518969/DIVI694.jpg


 * 1992 Presidential election loss to Bill Clinton**

Campaign commercials (Living Room Candidate) http://www.livingroomcandidate.org/commercials/1992

Dana Carvey impersonates Bush #41 and Ross Perot https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z851sZXYq5g&feature=youtu.be


 * In class today: new material**


 * Post–Watergate restrictions on executive power**

Congressional reactions to "imperial Presidency

It is interesting to see how our government balances itself over time.

1. War Powers Act—President must consult with Congress before sending American troops into foreign wars.

2. Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act—prohibited the impounding of federal appropriations.

3. Freedom of Information Act—to aid citizens who were the victims of dirty–tricks campaigns and by giving people greater access to government documents.


 * PRESIDENT GERALD FORD**

Gerald Ford (Miller Center, University of Virginia) http://millercenter.org/president/ford

Videos: Gerald Ford bio https://youtu.be/Mf4NBMvksKI http://youtu.be/uAFnTM5qChQ

Video: 60-Second Presidents (PBS) Gerald Ford https://youtu.be/FeclXZWD5xo

Ford was not dumb and klutzy as media often portrayed him Video: Ford trips on helicopter steps http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jlz0he9rtKw

Offered pro football contract after All-American at U. of Michigan.

Went to Yale Law School instead.

Served in House of Representatives (1949-1973); leader of minority party.


 * Gerald Ford became Vice President, then President**

Spiro Agnew was replaced as Nixon's Vice President by Gerald Ford.

Video: Gerald Ford Sworn In as Vice President - 6 December 1973 http://youtu.be/Or9OEUBr0qc

When Nixon resigned as President, Gerald Ford became the new President.

He served out the remainder of Nixon's term.

Ford was defeated by Carter in 1976.


 * Ford Pardoned Richard Nixon (Sept 1974)**

Video: Ford Pardons Nixon - 1974 | Today in History | 8 Sept https://youtu.be/67c-I-yt7s0

President Ford Pardons Richard Nixon http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/September-October-08/On-this-Day--President-Ford-Pardons-Richard-Nixon.html


 * 1976 Presidential election**

Ford was defeated by Jimmy Carter in the 1976 presidential election (New York Times) http://learning.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/11/02/nov-2-1976-carter-defeats-ford-in-presidential-election/

Campaign commercials (Living Room Candidate) 1976 []


 * PRESIDENT JIMMY CARTER**

Jimmy Carter Miller Center (University of Virginia) http://millercenter.org/president/carter

Video: Jimmy Carter bio https://youtu.be/MVlU7F5Gwo8

Video: 60-Second Presidents (PBS) Jimmy Carter https://youtu.be/TmSO9pMWQjA


 * Election of 1976**

Carter took advantage of the reaction against Watergate to defeat Gerald Ford (New York Times) http://learning.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/11/02/nov-2-1976-carter-defeats-ford-in-presidential-election/

Campaign Commercials (Living Room Candidate) []


 * Panama Canal Treaty (1977)**

U.S. gave Canal Zone back to Panama on 12/31/99 Treaty passed Senate by only one vote.

The Panama Canal and the Torrijos-Carter Treaties https://history.state.gov/milestones/1977-1980/panama-canal


 * Camp David Agreements (1978)**

Video: Camp David Accords http://youtu.be/jYASjRMEWeA

Camp David Accords and the Arab-Israeli Peace Process https://history.state.gov/milestones/1977-1980/camp-david

Camp David Peace Treaty 1979 [great front page picture] (New York Times) http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0326.html#article

Sadat and Begin Sign Israel-Egypt Peace Treaty http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/March/Sadat-and-Begin-Sign-Israel-Egypt-Peace-Treaty.html


 * Iran Hostage Crisis (1979)**

U.S. permitted deposed Shah to come to the U.S. for cancer treatment.

Video: The Iranian Revolution: Why It Still Matters Decades Later http://youtu.be/hoFTDPtT_cY

Video: The Revolution That Led to the Iran We Know Today (WSJ) http://youtu.be/P82j90p7hYc

Ayatollah Khomeini Returns From Exile []

Iranian Muslim fundamentalists took members of U.S. embassy hostage.

In pictures: Iran hostage crisis (BBC News) http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/picture_gallery/04/middle_east_iran_hostage_crisis/html/1.stm

Iran Hostage Crisis Begins http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/November/On-this-Day--Iran-Hostage-Crisis-Begins.html


 * Unsuccessful US attempt to rescue hostages in Iran (1980)**

On this day in history, 24 April 1980, the Iranian Hostage Rescue Mission ended in disaster []

Overview map of the operation http://www.helis.com/featured/eagle_claw.php

Iran Hostage rap http://youtu.be/c2Yt5ndQNr0


 * Human Rights**

Carter and Human Rights, 1977–1981 https://history.state.gov/milestones/1977-1980/human-rights

He was accused of a double standard:

Critical of Soviet Union, Argentina, and Chile Willing to tolerate U.S. allies (South Korea, the Shah's Iran, Philippines).

Video: Ask President Carter: How can students advance human rights? (Carter Center) http://youtu.be/AtqrV2mBB7Y


 * Soviet invasion of Afghanistan (1979)**

The Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan and the U.S. Response, 1978–1980 []

Video: Soviet-Afghanistan War http://youtu.be/yFQOAwgp2WI


 * Carter Doctrine (1979)**

U.S. would defend the Persian Gulf militarily from any Soviet invasion

Video: The Carter Doctrine announced http://youtu.be/jjcMXKmW28E


 * U.S. boycott of 1980 Olympic Games**

Olympic Boycott, 1980 (Historian of the State Department) http://history.state.gov/milestones/1977-1980/Olympic

Video: The 1980 Moscow Olympics Boycott | Flashback | NBC News http://youtu.be/jL_8vpos-Fk


 * 1980 Presidential Election**

Carter lost the 1980 election to Ronald Reagan

Video: Ronald Reagan on The Misery Index Misery Index: combine the unemployment rate and the rate of inflation http://youtu.be/FcXODiINQoE

Campaign commercials (Living Room Candidate) http://www.livingroomcandidate.org/commercials/1980


 * Assessment of Carter Presidency**

Misery Index: combine the unemployment rate and the rate of inflation

Everything—domestically as well as internationally—seemed to go against him. He is a fantastic ex–president.


 * Carter's Post-Presidency**

Nobel Peace Prize winner

Habitat for Humanity http://www.habitat.org/how/default_jcwp.aspx


 * In class today: new material**


 * PRESIDENT RICHARD NIXON**

Vdeo: Richard Nixon bio https://youtu.be/KrXr1zksNEs

Video: 60-Second Presidents (PBS) Richard M. Nixon https://youtu.be/jOdg3fo_Yo8

Nixon library tour (Yorba Linda) https://www.nixonfoundation.org


 * Nixon as Eisenhower's Vice President (1952-1958)**

1. Nixon's "Checkers" speech (September 1952)

Video: Richard Nixon - "Checkers" Speech http://youtu.be/I9LcAJOsFGg

Richard Nixon Delivers “Checkers Speech” http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/Sept/Richard-Nixon-Delivers-Checkers-Speech.html

2. Nixon in Venezuela (1958)

Video: Today in History | 13 May 1958 https://youtu.be/CI6P_5cgbGQ

3. Nixon debates Khrushchev at a fair in Moscow | 7/24/1959 []

Video: US-USSR Kitchen Debate - 1959 | Today in History | 24 July http://youtu.be/1JVXaEnDGDg


 * Presidential Election of 1960**

Remember: Nixon lost to Kennedy

Video: Kennedy-Nixon debate http://youtu.be/zHGs4535W_o

Nixon-Kennedy Debate (New York Times) http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0926.html#article

Campaign commercials (Living Room Candidate) http://www.livingroomcandidate.org/commercials/1960


 * Presidential Election of 1968**

Campaign commercials (Living Room Candidate) http://www.livingroomcandidate.org/commercials/1968

Video: 1968 Election (Tom Brokaw) http://youtu.be/jQwbJahpQmQ

Video: The 1968 Election (Kip Hughes) http://youtu.be/hfgR17GoTB0

Video: Nixon's law and order campaign ads http://youtu.be/cEdtwQ8OguY http://youtu.be/hM0CBfwI_Ck

1. Democratic Convention (Chicago).

Video: 1968 Democratic National Convention http://youtu.be/6ZlD4Dn_U7U

Johnson surprisingly decided not to run for reelection

The convention nominated Johnson's VP Hubert Humphrey. Chicago police clashed with 5.000 anti-war protestors. Police banged heads

2. Republican Convention (Miami Beach).

Nixon won nomination over Nelson Rockefeller (liberal wing) Ronald Reagan (conservative wing).

Nixon stood for stability and order: Against war protestors Against counterculture.

3. Results of the 1968 election

a. Nixon won (43.4% popular; 301 electoral) Law and order candidate. Supported by so-called "silent majority"—those not protesting

Video: Nixon's "Great Silent Majority" http://youtu.be/Hqz0i83Jqxg

b. He defeated Humphrey and Wallace

Democrat Hubert Humphrey (LBJ's Vice President) (42.7% popular; 191 electoral)

George Wallace, segregationist Alabama governor: third–party (13.5% popular; 46 electoral)


 * Nixon's Foreign policy**


 * Detente**. Relaxation of tensions between the superpowers.

Video: Detente Explained (Keith Hughes) http://youtu.be/V2-dg8GL9aA

"**Grand strategy.**" Nixon and Kissinger.

Henry Kissinger: National security adviser; then Secretary of State

Video: Henry Kissinger interview on hacking http://youtu.be/FWpng-ULW9M

Originally, People's Republic of China (PRC) seen as a tool of Soviet Union Nixon decided to play them off against each other


 * Ping-Pong Diplomacy**

Video: Ping Pong Diplomacy (NBC Nightly News) http://youtu.be/PfMRq2Of_Qw

Video: Fantastic table tennis point https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A8IVASo0umU&feature=youtu.be


 * Nixon's Visit to People's Republic of China (PRC) (1972)**

A surprise: Nixon was such a long-time Communist–hater U.S. had no diplomatic relations with PRC then

Video: Nixon in China: The Week that Changed the World http://youtu.be/Lnz7Ze71Pc0

Nixon Leaves on Diplomatic Trip to China []


 * Nixon and Vietnam**

Ending the Vietnam War, 1969–1973 https://history.state.gov/milestones/1969-1976/ending-vietnam

His anti-Communist credentials As a Republican, he had not “lost” China He began the withdrawal of U.S. troops South Vietnamese should carry the load. Similar to our attempts both in Iraq and Afghanistan: "if they stand up, we will stand down"

Civil Rights protests going on at same time:

When Martin Luther King Came Out Against Vietnam https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/04/opinion/when-martin-luther-king-came-out-against-vietnam.html?_r=0


 * Election of 1972**

Nixon was easily reelected over George McGovern. Democrats, however, retained control of Congress. He did not need to do a "Watergate."

Video: Campaign commercials (Living Room Candidate) http://www.livingroomcandidate.org/commercials/1972


 * Nixon's "Southern Strategy"**

Video: Pat Buchanan talks about the so-called Nixon Southern Strategy http://youtu.be/T5DM3XTuOHc

Main issue: Urged Republicans to go slow on civil rights issues

Republicans stood for law and order.

Equated Democrats with permissiveness, crime, drugs, pornography, the hippie lifestyle, student radicalism, black militancy, feminism, homosexuality, and dissolution of the family.


 * Watergate**

Richard Nixon Resigns because of Watergate Scandal http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/July-August-08/On-this-Day--Richard-Nixon-Resigns.html

Video: Watergate: Saturday Night Massacre http://youtu.be/Yfnhuf-piq4

Video: All The President's Men - Movie Trailer http://youtu.be/vLt6djxhNe8

The Watergate Story Timeline (Washington Post) []


 * Vice President Agnew Resigned**

Nixon's Vice President Spiro Agnew had to resign because of income tax evasion and corruption.

Video: Spiro Agnew's resignation http://youtu.be/m6YwGyb7ouc

Vice President Spiro Agnew Resigns http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/Oct/Vice-President-Spiro-Agnew-Resigns.html


 * Gerald Ford became Vice President**

Spiro Agnew was replaced as Nixon's Vice President by Gerald Ford.

Video: VP Ford chosen as VP http://youtu.be/Or9OEUBr0qc


 * President Nixon resigned** on 9 August 1974 (before he could be impeached because of Watergate)

Video: Nixon resignation (Miller Center) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZEOGJJ7UKFM&feature=related

Richard Nixon Resigns because of Watergate Scandal http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/July-August-08/On-this-Day--Richard-Nixon-Resigns.html


 * Gerald Ford Becomes President**

When Nixon resigned as President, Gerald Ford became the new President.

Video: Gerald Ford Sworn In as Vice President - 1973 | Today in History | 6 Dec http://youtu.be/Or9OEUBr0qc

Nelson Rockefeller became Vice President.

Only time neither President nor VP elected by people.


 * Ford Pardons Nixon**

Ford Grants Pardon to Nixon (New York Times) http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0908.html#article


 * In class today:**


 * a. reaction to the video we watched on Tuesday.**


 * b. reaction to the Vietnam photos**


 * V. In class today: new material>>>Vietnam War module**


 * VIETNAM WAR**

Vietnam became one of the many sites where the Cold War and the Third World intersected.


 * Maps** for us to refer back to during our study of the Vietnam War.

Static map: http://wps.ablongman.com/wps/media/objects/1483/1518969/DIVI650.jpg

Map: South Vietnam provinces, 1967 http://www.rivervet.com/mapprovinces.htm


 * Context for U.S. decision-making**

Containment policy

American leaders thought of Vietnam as an Asian Berlin, a place to draw the line against communism and to implement the containment doctrine.

China 1949 McCarthy in US (1950-1954) Korean War (1950-1953)


 * French Indochina**

Indochina (Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos) colonized in 1880s. Vietnamese resisted French colonial regime as much as possible Vietnamese tradition of historical resistance to invaders: China.


 * Ho Chi Minh:**

Man of the Month: Ho Chi Minh (Twentieth Century by Walter Cronkite) []

Leader of Vietnamese Communist Party Major leader of Vietnamese resistance to the Japanese Vietminh declared independence from France in 1945. Ho quoted from U.S. Declaration of Independence.


 * General Giap**:

Gen. Vo Nguyen Giap, Who Ousted U.S. From Vietnam, Is Dead http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/05/world/asia/gen-vo-nguyen-giap-dies.html?ref=global-home&pagewanted=all


 * Vietminh war against the French**

U.S. had a choice:

a) Support Ho Chi Minh's bid for independence

b) Support French return to Indochina

We supported the French return. Context: containment of communism We paid 80% of the costs of French war against Vietminh


 * Dienbienphu (May 1954)**

French fall to Viet Minh at Dien Bien Phu (History.com This Day in History | 5/7/1954) []


 * French withdrawal from Indochina**

http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/geneva-conference-begins
 * Geneva peace conference** (July 1954)

Vietnam was divided at the 17th parallel. Ho's forces gained control of North Vietnam. Election to unify the country was scheduled for 1956. America, figuring Ho Chi Minh would win, did not permit the election.


 * U.S. replaced France in Vietnam**


 * AMERICA IN VIETNAM**


 * Overview**:

Ground combat took place within South Vietnam

U.S. never invaded North Vietnam

U.S. pursued an air war against North Vietnam


 * Enemy side**:

North Vietnam and those living in South Vietnam (called Viet Cong) who will fight against the United States

Video: Inside the Viet Cong http://youtu.be/jfPx1jfoWjs


 * Our side**:

United States and those South Vietnamese friendly to U.S.


 * Our man in Vietnam: Ngo Dinh Diem**

Our initial handpicked leader in South Vietnam No real alternative leader in South Vietnam to Ho Chi Minh in the North U.S. backed Ngo Dinh Diem

He consolidated power over internal rivals. Diem was a Catholic (in a mostly Buddhist country).

Bachelor (role of his family, especially brother and his sister-in-law)

Diem's oppressive policies and persecution of Buddhists made him unpopular

Vietnamese monk burning himself to death []

CIA backed an overthrow of Diem (who was murdered)

The Ugly American Telegram http://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/24/opinion/the-ugly-american-telegram.html?ref=global-home

Arrest and assassination of Ngo Dinh Diem JFK himself was assassinated three weeks later.


 * Kennedy's escalation of the U.S. war effort**

North Vietnam and Viet Cong increased attempts to win in South South Vietnam on the verge of losing JFK had sent 16,000 American advisors. Big historical question: what would Kennedy have done had he lived?

After Diem, revolving-door governments in South Vietnam Comparisons to Iraq and Afghanistan

Why did we let Diem be overthrown? Was there any better alternative? Was the country itself able to operate as a country? Could and would the South Vietnamese leaders actually lead their own people? At what point could the U.S. have gotten out of Vietnam?


 * President Lyndon Johnson and the Americanization of the War**


 * Competition with his Great Society**


 * Tonkin Gulf Incident and Resolution**

U.S. Involvement in the Vietnam War: the Gulf of Tonkin and Escalation, 1964 []

Response to North Vietnamese attack on American destroyer. U.S. not entirely clean in this incident.

Tonkin Gulf Congressional Resolution Gave LBJ authority to use unlimited military force in North Vietnam. Johnson interpreted it as equivalent to declaration of war.


 * George Ball's dissent against continued U.S. involvement in Vietnam**

He wanted us to bail out of Vietnam early on; in retrospect, he was probably right.


 * Operation Rolling Thunder: U.S. air campaign over North Vietnam**

More U.S. bombs on Vietnam than U.S. dropped in all of WWII North Vietnamese did not give up. Hid in shelters; rebuilt roads and bridges Their perseverance frustrated and awed American decision makers. U.S. prisoners of war: John McCain among them


 * Escalation: U.S. commits regular combat units to Vietnam**

Johnson's decision for major increase of U.S. effort in Vietnam

Johnson sent 50,000 U.S. ground troops in July 1965. Successive escalations of U.S. troop levels. Maximum level of 536,000 in 1968.

We told the South Vietnamese: watch how well we could complete the job. They watched. We did not complete the job.


 * Attrition strategy**

American aim was to kill more enemy than could be sent from the North.

Search and destroy tactics

Body count: the indication of success. If it's dead and Vietnamese, it's VC

Attrition did not succeed

Sanctuary: Enemy could use Laos and Cambodia as a sanctuary Hard to defeat an enemy that has this kind of advantage. Compare to Taliban using Pakistan as a sanctuary.

Ho Chi Minh trail: Google Images http://bit.ly/GXZlFl


 * U.S. military in Vietnam**

Many different wars depending on branch of service and location within South Vietnam

Vietnam tour of duty: 12 months for Army

Could be stationed in a U.S. unit or on an advisory team


 * Morale Problems**: largely due to the draft

1. Fragging http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/fragging-on-the-rise-in-us-units

2. Drug use

3. Post–traumatic stress. Other wars: shell shock, battle fatigue.


 * TET OFFENSIVE** (January 1968)

Tet Offensive by the enemy Tet is the Chinese Lunar New Year holiday

U.S. Involvement in the Vietnam War: The Tet Offensive, 1968 []

This event was really important in retrospect Enemy coordinated attacks all over South Vietnam U.S. was victorious militarily

In U.S., public relations fallout bad Americans became convinced that war was not winnable.


 * Divisions at Home in U.S.**


 * Pro-war**—by hard hats; silent majority


 * Anti-war protests**:

Sound Smart: Vietnam War Protests []

Video: Reporting Vietnam: The press and the anti-war movement https://youtu.be/AA0lBz6R0Z4

Vietnam War Protests 1969 (New York Times) http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/1115.html#article

Counterculture and the New Left both opposed the Vietnam War Used teach–ins, antiwar marches, and demonstrations. Some burned draft cards Others fled the draft by moving to Canada. "Hey, hey, LBJ, how many kids did you kill today?"


 * Kent State University**

U.S. raid into Cambodia (1970) triggered campus protests at Kent State and Jackson State.

Kent State University: 4 students killed; National Guard unit fired into a crowd of student protesters.

Video: On this day: Four killed in Kent State shooting http://youtu.be/Lmd6CHah7Wg

Kent State Students Shot by Ohio National Guard http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/May-June-08/On-this-Day--Kent-State-Students-Shot-by-Ohio-National-Guard.html


 * Richard Nixon: Vietnamization of the war**

His anti-Communist credentials As a Republican, he had not “lost” China He began the withdrawal of U.S. troops South Vietnamese should carry the load. Similar to our attempts both in Iraq and Afghanistan: "if they stand up, we will stand down"

Ending the Vietnam War, 1969–1973 []


 * Fall of South Vietnam** (April 1975)

Google Images: Helicopters Leaving Saigon http://bit.ly/H9huRr

Saigon Falls to Vietcong Ending Vietnam War (On This Day, Finding Dulcinea) http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/April/Saigon-Falls-to-Vietcong--Ending-Vietnam-War.html


 * Legacy of the Vietnam war**

58,000 U.S. dead

Video: Reporting Vietnam: One Week’s Dead (27 June 1969) https://youtu.be/3WK9VtHNb3Q

Financial cost to U.S.: $200 billion. America's most unpopular war. Involvement of six U.S. presidents: Truman, Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson, Nixon, and Ford.


 * Vietnamese refugees who came to America**

Vietnamese boat people https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_boat_people


 * In class today: new material>>>Vieitnam War module (today and Thursday)**

Video: Cold War: Vietnam (CNN) (46:24) [Please open a document to enter your reactions and questions. We will talk about them afterwards. http://youtu.be/6s0Z2mwTrXY


 * How and why did I end up in Vietnam?**

1. Army ROTC at Georgetown, commissioned as an Infantry Second Lieutenant.

2. Wrote term papers on insurgencies, prepared myself as much as possible for Vietnam.

3. One part of me thought I had to go to graduate school as my classmates were doing.

4. Army permitted deferments to pursue my Ph.D.

5. Began a Ph.D. program in Political Science at Pitt. Difficult to be in school when war on.

6. Finished M.A. but asked Army to call me in for my two years.

7. Stateside assignments:

Infantry Officer Basic Course at Fort Benning, Georgia Troop duty in the Infantry Advanced Individual Training Brigade at Fort Jackson, South Carolina Vietnamese language study at Fort Bliss, Texas Advisor school at Fort Gordon, Georgia

8. Tour of duty in Vietnam as an advisor to the South Vietnamese army.

9. Returned from Vietnam to begin MBA program at Stanford Business School.


 * In class today: new material**


 * 1963**


 * March on Washington**

March on Washington - 1963 | Today in History | 28 Aug https://youtu.be/GlMQ4Sa8iYU


 * MLK "I Have a Dream Speech"**

One of the great speeches in U.S. history. Delivered as part of the program during a March on Washington (60,000 whites and 190,00 blacks).

Video: King Leads the March on Washington (3:21) http://youtu.be/0wDU-oYQN04

Video: Congressman John Lewis Recalls His Speech at March on Washington (2:08) http://youtu.be/MFUI-at4sEg

Martin Luther King Jr. Delivers “I Have a Dream” Speech []


 * Sixteenth Street Baptist Church bombing**

Bomb exploded during Sunday School, killing four teenage black girls. The Sunday school lesson for that morning was "A Love that Forgives."

American Freedom Stories: Bombing of the 16th Street Baptist Church (3:18) https://youtu.be/K5KqCMsHlq0

September 15, 1963: Four Black Girls Killed in Bombing of Birmingham, Alabama, Church https://youtu.be/kfcExiQVzLs

Four Girls Killed in Birmingham Church Bombing http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/Sept/Four-Girls-Killed-in-Birmingham-Church-Bombing.html


 * John F. Kennedy assassinated**


 * New President is Lyndon B. Johnson**

Video: 60-Second Presidents (PBS) Lyndon B. Johnson https://youtu.be/czXtHe6i5ww


 * 1964**


 * Freedom Summer: voter registration and freedom schools**

Local black leaders aided by white students from elite colleges. Whites in the South saw this activity as "invasion" by outside agitators.

What was the 1964 Freedom Summer Project http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/Content.aspx?dsNav=N:4294963828-4294963805&dsRecordDetails=R:CS3707

Video: Mississippi in Black and White: Freedom Summer 50 Years Later http://youtu.be/1XhHiATDxu8

Mississippi Civil Rights Museum unflinching look http://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20180111-an-unflinching-look-at-mississippis-darkest-moments


 * Voter registration**

No real power for blacks until they could vote. But risked their lives if they went through with the process.

1965 Alabama literacy test http://www.pbs.org/wnet/jimcrow/literacy_popup.html


 * Murder in Mississippi (21 June 1964)**

Two white and one black civil rights workers were murdered in Mississippi.

Two white (Andrew Goodman and Michael Schwerner) and one black (James Chaney) civil rights workers were murdered in Mississippi

Three Civil Rights Workers in Mississippi Go Missing http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/June/Three-Civil-Rights-Workers-in-Mississippi-Go-Missing.html

Killer dies in prison at age 92 https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/edgar-ray-killen-mississippi-klansman-convicted-in-1964-civil-rights-killings-dies-at-92/2018/01/12/94b526a4-f7c3-11e7-b34a-b85626af34ef_story.html?utm_term=.f59a394e8ee1


 * Civil Rights Act (1 July 1964)**

Johnson signs Civil Rights Act (History.com This Day in History | 7/2/1964) []

Civil Rights Act Passed - 1964 | Today in History | 19 June https://youtu.be/6J6xO4gtCJM

Provisions: The Civil Rights Act prohibited racial discrimination in employment and education and outlawed racial segregation in public places such as schools, buses, parks and swimming pools.


 * MLK won the Nobel Peace Prize**.

This Day in History - Martin Luther King Wins the Nobel Peace Prize http://youtu.be/MCEgCuNxwQI

Martin Luther King: The Nobel Prize for Peace (Museum of the Bible) http://youtu.be/BZ3T9Qqdvuk

MLK Wins Nobel Peace Prize 1964 (New York Times) http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/1014.html#article


 * 1965**


 * Selma:**


 * a. "Bloody Sunday".**

Selma (New York Times) Check out this front page of New York Times [|http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0307.html#article]

Video: Moments in Civil Rights history (3:56) March 7, 1965 - Bloody Sunday https://youtu.be/jp0uXZdDxhs

Bloody Sunday []

http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/March-April-08/On-This-Day--The-Selma-to-Montgomery-March-Begins.html
 * b. Selma to Montgomery march**

Video: American Freedom Stories: March from Selma to Montgomery (4:11) https://youtu.be/q1_KtW-9tIg

Our God Is Marching On - How Long? Not Long! http://youtu.be/lez10drkLAw

Encyclopedia of Alabama: Selma to Montgomery March []


 * c. Viola Luizzo **

Viola Liuzzo, killed by the Klan, was the only white woman to die in the civil rights movement (April 1965)

[]


 * LBJ speech to Congress calling for legislation on voting rights**

Asks Joint Session of Congress for sweeping civil rights legislation. Ends speech with "we shall overcome." His southern friends appalled at his sellout.

Video: LBJ -- We Shall Overcome (0:53) http://youtu.be/bKDVNSpsBZE


 * Voting Rights Act of 1965**

Voting Rights Act of 1965 https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965

Video: Sound Smart Voting Rights Act of 1965 https://youtu.be/-nrpLVgO7l4

The Voting Rights Act of 1965 set strict rules for protecting the right of African Americans to vote–that have since been used to enforce equal rights for women as well as all minorities.


 * Watts Riots**

Watts Riots - 1965 | Today in History | 11 Aug https://youtu.be/PE9jA1dU3jE

Video: Moments in Civil Rights history (3:44) August 17, 1965: Days of Riots End in Watts https://youtu.be/7ye5gldN2Ik

Watts Riots 1965 (New York Times) http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0811.html#article


 * 1967**


 * Black power**

Militant black leaders gained prominence in SNCC, questioned Martin Luther King's philosophy of nonviolence, and forced white members to leave the organization.

Black Power Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute (Stanford University) []


 * Malcolm X**

Video: Malcolm X http://youtu.be/9a3hT8f6Kkk


 * Black Panther Party**

Founded in California. Major figures: Eldridge Cleaver, Huey Newton, and Bobby Seale. Advocated violent confrontation with whites.

Video: Sound Smart Black Panthers https://youtu.be/B8SRcIbLQBg

Video: 5 Things To Know About The Black Panthers (2:08) http://youtu.be/W9PwhmyhYLA


 * 1968**


 * Tet Offensive in Vietnam (February)**


 * Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr.** (April: in Memphis)

Martin Luther King's Last Speech: "I've Been To The Mountaintop" http://youtu.be/Oehry1JC9R

1968 King Assassination Report (CBS News) http://youtu.be/cmOBbxgxKvo

Assassination of MLK Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute (Stanford University) []


 * Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy** (June: in Los Angeles)

Senator Robert F. Kennedy Assassinated http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/May-June-08/On-This-Day--Senator-Robert-F--Kennedy-Assassinated.html

Video: Robert F. Kennedy mini bio https://youtu.be/J84hEsjY3BQ


 * Black Power Salute at Mexico City Olympics**

Who: Tommie Smith and John Carlos

Video: Moments in Civil Rights history (2:45) October 16, 1968 - U.S. Olympic Sprinters Protest Racial Inequality https://youtu.be/E3wjBlnxNek

U.S. Athletes Give Black Power Salute on Olympic Podium http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/September-October-08/On-this-Day--US-Athletes-Give-Black-Power-Salute-on-Olympic-Podium.html


 * Hispanic School Protests in Los Angeles**

Mendez versus Westminster Develop this aspect more fully

East LA Walkouts http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_LA_walkouts

Sal Castro the key name Sal Castro and the 1968 East LA Walkouts []

Chicano Movement []

Video playlist ^Chicano! - History of the Mexican American Civil Rights Movement []

Hispanics Are Forgotten in Civil Rights History - Education Week []

Latino Civil Rights Timeline, 1903 to 2006 | Teaching Tolerance []


 * In class today: new material>>>Civil Rights module**


 * Left over from last class session:**

Arkansas National Guard Bars “Little Rock Nine” From School http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/September-October-08/On-this-Day--Arkansas-National-Guard-Bars--Little-Rock-Nine--from-School.html

Eyes on the Prize (Episode 1): Awakenings, 1954-1956 https://youtu.be/Ts10IVzUDVw
 * Great video series:**

Eyes on the Prize (Episode 2): Fighting Back, 1957-1962 https://youtu.be/4D5xwC6M_Gk

Eyes on the Prize (Episode 3): Ain't Scared of Your Jails, 1960-1961 https://youtu.be/neDpuJVc4Ko

Video: Eyes on the Prize (Episode #4): No Easy Walk, 1962-1963 https://youtu.be/1hkNqIQWfFs

Video: Eyes on the Prize (Episode #5):Mississippi, Is This America? 1962-1964 http://youtu.be/aP2A6_2b6g8

Video: Eyes on the Prize (Episode #6): Bridge to Freedom, 1965 http://youtu.be/Ej2BCUIdUI4

I**n class today: new material**


 * 1959**


 * Non-Violence**

MLK and his wife spent a month in India studying Gandhi's non–violence.

Video: Sound Smart Mahatma Gandhi https://youtu.be/rJBGjtOlAYw

MLK and Gandhi http://youtu.be/uSm8-bD5hdI

King's Trip to India Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute (Stanford University) []


 * 1960**


 * Sit–ins**


 * Greensboro Lunch Counter Sit-in**

Details of what happened: Four African-American freshman (Joseph McNeil, Franklin McCain, Ezell Blair Jr., and David Richmond) at North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University in Greensboro, North Carolina. Decided to sit in at a Woolworth's lunch counter and request service.

Greensboro sit-ins []

Greensboro Four: Civil Rights Sit-in http://www.pbs.org/independentlens/februaryone/sitin.html


 * Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)**

Video: SNCC's legacy: A civil rights history (5:56) http://youtu.be/QZE0a5-p9pg

(SNCC—pronounced "snick). Established to coordinate sit–ins across the south.


 * Nashville sit-ins**

American Freedom Stories: John Lewis http://youtu.be/k6QJAGacJyU

John Lewis Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute (Stanford University) []

The question Diane Nash Asked the Memphis Mayor To End Desegregation http://youtu.be/vudezAfIxSE

"Who the hell is Diane Nash?" From Freedom Riders http://youtu.be/GIffL6KplzQ

Feb. 29, 1960 - Student Sit-in Organizers Expelled http://youtu.be/EgmieHf3gzg


 * MLK jailed** (October).

October 19, 1960 - Martin Luther King Arrested in Atlanta Sit-In Protest [right before 1960 Presidential election]

During the 1960 presidential election campaign, concern expressed by both JFK and Robert Kennedy for the arrest and prison sentence of Martin Luther King, Jr., earned Kennedy the black vote.


 * 1961**


 * Freedom Rides**

A group of black and white persons set out by bus from Washington, D.C. to New Orleans to test the "whites only" facilities of southern interstate bus terminals.

Video: Sound Smart Freedom Rides https://youtu.be/dJqA6PQRh3U

Freedom Riders: The Young Witness (Anniston) http://youtu.be/r1EDOL9II0s

Video: Freedom Riders: Jim Zwerg https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=q5wjYnSL2m0

Interview with white Freedom Rider Jim Zwerg http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/peoplescentury/episodes/skindeep/zwergtranscript.html

Freedom Ride Protests Provoke Violent Backlash Across American South (Finding Dulcinea: On This Day) http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/May/Freedom-Ride-Protests-Provoke-Violent-Backlash-Across-American-South.html


 * 1962**


 * University of Mississippi Desegregated**

James Meredith desegregated the University of Mississippi.

Video: Moments in Civil Rights history (2:21) October 1, 1962 - James Meredith Integrates Ole Miss https://youtu.be/-F8K6p651v8

James Meredith Graduates From Ole Miss http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/Aug/James-Meredith-Graduates-From-Ole-Miss.html

[Put in the actual day/month for this year]
 * 1963**


 * Project "C" [Confrontation] in Birmingham**

Birmingham, Alabama (called "Bombingham" by civil rights workers, due to so many unsolved bombings).

1. "Letter from a Birmingham Jail"

Written by MLK while in jail. Response to an ad from white pastors telling him that he was stirring up too much trouble.

Video: Letter from Birmingham Jail (5:39) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XIpfCVt2eb4&feature=youtu.be

Letter from Birmingham Jail (Encyclopedia of Alabama) []

2. Birmingham Children's march. Police dogs and fire hoses. TV coverage shocked America.

American Freedom Stories: Children's Crusade of 1963 https://youtu.be/WV0k-3Hkjsw

American Freedom Stories: Civil Rights Foot Soldiers http://youtu.be/cWRJaSuDhTk

Childrens' Crusade Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute (Stanford University) []

3. Sheriff "Bull Connor.

Bull Connor []

4. JFK TV speech.

He was afraid of losing votes of white southern Democrats. He finally spoke out: "Civil rights is a moral issue."

Video: JFK speech on Civil Rights (1:35) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RWX_pjyIq-g&feature=youtu.be

Kennedy's finest moment http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/11/opinion/kennedys-civil-rights-triumph.html?ref=global-home


 * Medgar Evers murdered**

Evers was the Mississippi head of NAACP.

Video: Medgar Evers mini bio https://youtu.be/VA6QFbDGfDM

American Freedom Stories: Medgar Evers Assassination (3:10) https://youtu.be/7gMvhvs1gMI

American Freedom Stories: Medgar Evers Legacy https://youtu.be/qbFMFcUUMd4

Medgar Evers https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2017/12/08/in-mississippi-a-racists-rifle-tells-a-chilling-story-but-will-trump-overshadow-it/?utm_term=.8f4647a3682a

Medgar Evers Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute (Stanford University) []


 * In class today: new material>>>Civil Rights module**


 * CIVIL RIGHTS**

The following extensive chronology will help us tie together the events of the civil rights movement:

Follow with me by using Google Images on your laptop for each person and event.

Pay close attention to the videos. I am trying really hard to bring material that will support your preferred visual learning styles.


 * Jim Crow laws (Segregation)**

Video: What were the Jim Crow laws? Video http://youtu.be/x2Iwa9LeuFM

Rise and Fall of Jim Crow (PBS) Note the terrific chrobology http://www.pbs.org/wnet/jimcrow/

Green Book: The forgotten way African Americans stayed safe in a racist America https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2016/01/08/the-forgotten-way-african-americans-stayed-safe-in-a-racist-america/


 * Plessy versus Ferguson** (1896) (Supreme Court decision)

Video: Sound Smart Plessy versus Ferguson https://youtu.be/Sj54KP16Ilw

Plessy v. Ferguson (Drake's "One Dance" Parody) Mr. Betts http://youtu.be/NwNrnYJE36k

Plessy versus Ferguson (Today in History, Library of Congress) http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/may18.html

Separate but equal is ok.


 * Black leaders: Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. DuBois**

Their legacies represent differing approaches within the civil rights movement.

Video: Why Booker T. Washington and W.E.B.DuBois matter (Mr. Betts class) (3:25) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MLkyCAcizdk&feature=youtu.be


 * 1. Booker T. Washington (1856-1915)**

Son of a slave woman and a white man.

Atlanta Compromise (1895): Known for major speech Blacks should not yet push for political or social equality Blacks should work hard and show themselves worthy Blacks should accommodate (temporarily) to white society


 * 2. W.E.B. DuBois (1868-1963)**

First African American to earn a Ph.D. from Harvard. He disagreed with Booker T. Washington DuBois wanted blacks to be more aggressive and militant Wanted to educate the top 10% of blacks ("talented tenth") Demonstrate blacks could compete effectively with whites. Helped form the NAACP in 1909.

Video: WEB DuBois mini bio https://youtu.be/TGOEED_MexI


 * 1948**

Post World War II. Returning black veterans unwilling to accept second–class status back home.


 * Racial desegregation of the armed forces** (1948) by executive order of President Truman.

July 26, 1948 - President Harry S. Truman orders the integration of U.S. armed forces. http://youtu.be/-fBv-1lgM9Y


 * 1954**


 * Brown v. Board of Education (Supreme Court decision)**

Overturned the decision in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896).

"Separate facilities are inherently unequal" and therefore unconstitutional.

Argued by Thurgood Marshall on behalf of the NAACP.

Brown v. Board of Education (PBS' The Supreme Court) http://youtu.be/TTGHLdr-iak

Brown v. Board of Education http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/May-June-08/On-this-Day--Supreme-Court-Ends-School-Segregation.html

Mr. Betts Brown vs. Board of Education https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2sJeMtyY9co&feature=youtu.be

Supreme Court Ends School Segregation http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/May-June-08/On-this-Day--Supreme-Court-Ends-School-Segregation.html


 * Kenneth Clark's "doll" test**

How an experiment with dolls helped lead to school integration http://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/07/upshot/how-an-experiment-with-dolls-helped-lead-to-school-integration.html?hpw&rref

Video: Kenneth Clark doll test (3:46) Simple Justice: The Social Science Evidence of Racism http://youtu.be/85-EC_nDlpY

Video: A Girl Like Me [modern adaptation of that doll test] http://www.understandingrace.org/lived/video/index.html


 * 1955**


 * Emmett Till's Murder** (28 August 1955)

Murder in Mississippi of a young black teenager from Chicago for having insulted a white women.

Video: Moments in Civil Rights history (3:33) 14-year-old Emmett Till Abducted and Murdered in Mississippi Delta http://voicesofthecivilrightsmovement.com/2015/12/04/emmett-till-age-14-abducted-and-murdered/

Video: American Freedom Stories: Emmett Till (2:18) https://youtu.be/MGqqOMTreNA


 * 1955**


 * Montgomery, Alabama, Bus Boycott (Rosa Parks)**

Rosa Parks arrested on 1 December 1955

Video: Rosa Parks mini bio https://youtu.be/qkF5_54iRDw

American Freedom Stories: MLK as the new pastor http://youtu.be/sPFGBfZi0gU

Dec. 1, 1955 - Rosa Parks Arrested for Violating Segregation Laws https://youtu.be/7iXne4bf5JU

Martin Luther King will lead the Montgomery Improvement Association That group will sponsor the bus boycott

American Freedom Stories: Montgomery Bus Boycott http://youtu.be/FE6Yvy--5aw

The Montgomery Bus Boycott Ends https://youtu.be/eLanYTrI23Y

Rosa Parks (Today in History, Library of Congress) http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/dec01.html


 * Martin Luther King, Jr.**

Video: Martin Luther King, Jr mini bio https://youtu.be/bOEkRwJETN8

Martin Luther King, Jr. (Bruno Mars' "When I Was Your Man" Parody Put on wiki page plus use for HIST 152 https://youtu.be/jeWBq4T5qy0

Martin Luther King’s Christian America https://thewayofimprovement.com/2017/01/16/martin-luther-kings-christian-america/


 * 1956**


 * Southern Manifesto**

Document signed by 100 Southern members of Congress saying they would not obey the Brown versus Board of Education decision. http://www.pbs.org/wnet/supremecourt/rights/sources_document2.html


 * White Citizens' Councils**

Class and White Citizen's Councils [Newseum] http://youtu.be/sn5na4k0Bxg

White Citizens' Councils Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute (Stanford University) []


 * 1957**


 * Southern Christian Leadership Conference** (SCLC)

Grouping of African-American pastors.

Southern Christian Leadership Conference (Encyclopedia of Alabama) []


 * Little Rock Central High School**

Central High School desegregated. Governor Faubus. Nine black students. President Eisenhower sent 101st Airborne.

Arkansas National Guard Prevent School Desegregation - 1957 | Today in History | 4 Sept http://youtu.be/RFVGKykCGyw

Colonel (Ret.) Heath Twichell on securing Little Rock Central High School http://youtu.be/3hRwOpYZbig

Video: Moments in Civil Rights History (2:41) September 27, 1958: Little Rock Schools Close Rather Than Integrate https://youtu.be/DaaRlFSjm0I

Arkansas National Guard Bars “Little Rock Nine” From School http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/September-October-08/On-this-Day--Arkansas-National-Guard-Bars--Little-Rock-Nine--from-School.html


 * In class today: new material**


 * President John F. Kennedy**

John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum <span style="font-family: &#39;Calibri&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]

Video: 60-Second Presidents (PBS) John F. Kennedy []

John F. Kennedy (Aha's "TakeOnMe" Parody) Mr. Betts https://youtu.be/31fNQbzyCN8

Photos: President Kennedy (Big Picture | Boston Globe) []


 * 1960 Presidential Election: Kennedy wins**

Nixon and Kennedy Hold First Ever Presidential Debate []

1960 Election campaign commercials []


 * Peace Corps**

Video: Peace Corps []

Peace Corps (John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum) <span style="font-family: &#39;Calibri&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]

Great image collage about Peace Corps (Washington Post) []

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lIQbxHPEPTM&feature=youtu.be
 * Mr. Betts: Cold War Berlin**


 * Berlin Wall** (August 1961)

The Berlin Crisis, 1958–1961 (US State Department) []

Video: East Germany Closes Border - 1961 | Today in History | 13 Aug []

Video: The Building of the Berlin Wall (August 1961) (5:45) []

Video: Berlin Wall deconstructed (2:27) []

Soviets built a wall to keep people from fleeing East Berlin.

Photo essay: Berlin Wall (The Big Picture | Boston Globe) []


 * President Kennedy's Speech at the Berlin Wall (June 1963)**

Video: JFK Berlin Wall speech (26 June 1963) [start at 0:44] []

President Kennedy Declares “Ich bin ein Berliner” []


 * Cuba and Castro**

1. Fidel Castro ousted American–backed dictator Fulgencio Batista (1959)

Castro takes power (1 January 1959)

Batista Flees Cuba and Castro Takes Power []

Video: Cuban Revolution 1959 Today in History 1 January (1:21) []

2. Castro's Cuba became an ally of the Soviet Union.

3. America freaked. President Eisenhower (Ike) broke diplomatic relations with Cuba.

Eisenhower Places Embargo on Exports to Cuba []

4. Ike ordered CIA to use Cuban exiles to try to overthrow Castro.


 * Bay of Pigs invasion** (April 1961)

Video: Cuba and the Bay of Pigs []

The Bay of Pigs Invasion and its Aftermath, April 1961–October 1962 (US State Department) []

1. Kennedy approved the Eisenhower-initiated plan to topple Castro. 2. The 1,500 man invasion force was unsuccessful. 3. No uprising against Castro occurred. 4. Kennedy took all the blame. His poll ratings went up! Kennedy in his first Hundred Days.

Lawyer who helped negotiate Bay of Pigs prisoner release dies at 90 https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/john-e-nolan-jr-lawyer-who-helped-negotiate-bay-of-pigs-prisoner-exchange-dies-at-90/2017/12/27/783d2b06-e743-11e7-a65d-1ac0fd7f097e_story.html?utm_term=.5bb5fe0433d9

<span style="font-family: &#39;Calibri&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;; font-size: 14.6667px;">Bay of Pigs Invasion Embarrasses US []


 * Cuban missile crisis** (October 1962)

Video: Cuban Missile Crisis Explained - @MrBettsClass []

Photo essay: The Cuban Missile Crisis (Alan Taylor/The Atlantic) [26 photos] []

The Cuban Missile Crisis, October 1962 (US State Department) []

1. Soviet's secretly installed offensive missiles in Cuba.

2. Kennedy (JFK) learned from his mistakes earlier at Bay of Pigs. Laid out a range of options.

3. JFK chose a naval blockade (quarantine) of Cuba.

Video: Cuban Missile Crisis (October 1962): JFK speech to the nation []

Video: Tom Lehrer - We Will All Go Together When We Go (3:26)i []

4. Soviets ships eventually turned back before they got to U.S blockade.

Interactive: World on the Brink: Thirteen Days in October 1962 []


 * In class today: new material**


 * McCarthyism**:

Anti–communist hysteria Named for Republican Senator from Wisconsin Joseph McCarthy (R-Wisconsin)

Anti-Communist hysteria Arthur Miller: The Crucible

Video: Sound Smart Joseph McCarthy https://youtu.be/lO7rTOZJGFo

Video: McCarthyism (8/10) http://youtu.be/HaRtRhyorsw

Video: McCarthyism (Sia's "Chandelier" parody) [Mr. Betts class] []

What Donald Trump Learned From Joseph McCarthy’s Right-Hand Man, Roy Cohn https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/21/us/politics/donald-trump-roy-cohn.html

Video: US Senator Joseph McCarthy and Counsel Roy Cohn at Senate hearing http://youtu.be/_JdhmAkijGk

Video: Roy Cohn defends Senator McCarthy http://youtu.be/5UnIqFbomyk

Edward R. Murrow Movie: Good night, and good luck http://youtu.be/PSEDycjaOMY

Arthur Miller The Crucible: Parallels to today (2012) http://youtu.be/QG0iezYkHLc

Here are some of the key names and major events associated with McCarthyism:

1. J.Edgar Hoover (head of the FBI): fear of internal subversion by Communist spies became intertwined with fear of external attack by the Soviet Union.

2. Spy revelations gave people cause to be alarmed

Red Scare and House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) (6/10) https://youtu.be/enHS3oicqKA

Video: Red Scare (Sound Smart) https://youtu.be/A4LpLqHNOTk

3. People began pointing accusing fingers at each other.

Red-baiting.

How to spot a Communist http://youtu.be/lTgt0tGS8YY

4. "Hollywood Ten" (screenwriters and directors) jailed for contempt of Congress.

Video: Sound Smart Hollywood 10 https://youtu.be/n1cF1x6V16k

Video: Sound Smart HUAC https://youtu.be/qkHzURumycM

They refused to provide names of alleged Communists.

Others were blacklisted—even if only accused.

Those who did provide names (Elia Kazan) suffer to this day

5. Schoolteachers had to take loyalty oaths and were fired if they refused.

6. Alger Hiss case (1950)

Alger Hiss Case and the Rosenbergs (7/10) http://youtu.be/wNQvdpa0sc4

Hiss accused by Whittaker Chambers of being a Communist spy.

Role of House of Representatives Committee on Un–American Activities (Richard Nixon a member).

7. Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were executed (1953) for having supposedly spied for the Soviet Union.

8. Downfall of McCarthy

a. Eisenhower reluctance to confront McCarthy.

b. Televised hearings: Army–McCarthy.

Army-McCarthy Hearings First Televised http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/March-April-08/On-this-Day--Army-McCarthy-Hearings-First-Televised.html


 * Reconstruction of Japan**

Occupation and Reconstruction of Japan, 1945–52 (US State Department) https://history.state.gov/milestones/1945-1952/japan-reconstruction

Korean War and Japan’s Recovery (US State Department) https://history.state.gov/milestones/1945-1952/korean-war

Role of U.S. in controlling postwar Japan (Douglas MacArthur)

To help contain communism in Asia, we eventually built up Japan.

Japan turned into a formidable economic competitor.


 * People's Republic of China (PRC)** (1949)

The Chinese Revolution of 1949 (US State Department) https://history.state.gov/milestones/1945-1952/chinese-rev

Video: Mao's Communists take over China 1949 http://youtu.be/4OWXTGFxzU0

1. Chinese Civil War (1945-1949) War between the forces of Mao Tse-Tung's Commuists and our World War II ally, Chang Kai-Shek.

2. Mao Tse-Tung's Communists won. Establishment of the People's Republic of China (1949).

3. Chang Kai-Shek and his supporters were forced to leave mainland China and move to the island of Taiwan (formerly called Formosa).

4. The Communist victory had a major influence on American politics.

Republicans criticized Democrats for the "loss" of China to the Communists.

A defeat for containment.


 * NSC-68 (1950)**

NSC 68: America's Cold War Blueprint []


 * Korean War** (1950-1953)

Video: Start of Korean War (4/10) https://youtu.be/uFPwJUqtz7o

Video: MacArthur Dismissed and Korean Armistice (5/10) http://youtu.be/rDhy7i7JIl4

The Korean War, 1950–1953 (US State Department) https://history.state.gov/milestones/1945-1952/korean-war-2

Let's spend a few minutes with this map of the Korean War http://wps.ablongman.com/wps/media/objects/1483/1518969/DIVI599.jpg

Here is a summary of the specific events during the war:

1. North Korea attacked across 38th parallel into South Korea (25 June 1950)

2. President Truman, determined to "contain" communism, committed U.S. forces to battle.

MacArthur Named Commander of UN Forces http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/July/MacArthur-Named-Commander-of-UN-Forces.html

3. Pusan perimeter

a. North Koreans advanced all the way to southern tip of South Korea.

b. America feared an Asian "Dunkirk"

4. Inchon invasion. Douglas MacArthur reversed initial tide of the war.

5. U.S. moved to 38th parallel, thereby recovering all of South Korea.

6. U.S. decided to take North Korea, too. Moved north of 38th parallel.

7. U.S. forces pushed to the Yalu River (North Korea's border with PRC)

8. Chinese troops entered the Korean War.

9. U.S. embarrassed militarily, particularly at the Chosin Reservoir

Ballad of the Chosin (5:01) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1OI40GsNiHk&feature=youtube_gdata_player

10. MacArthur now looked like a chump.

11. Civilian control of the military became a hot issue.

12. MacArthur: wanted to expand the war to the Chinese mainland; use nuclear weapons

13. Truman: wanted to keep conflict limited; not risk Soviet entry and a possible World War Three.

14. President Truman fired General MacArthur

Video: Lessons Learned: General MacArthur's Dismissal (6:20) https://youtu.be/X3aCIfVhW7w

15. War's results. U.S. casualties: 34,000 dead.

16. Sometimes called the "Forgotten War": frustrating; no clear victory.

17. Issues today: U.S. troops in South Korea; North Korea threat to peace.

Check out today's front page of Washington Post: US prepared to take military action.

Photo essay: Korean War (Boston Globe | Big Picture) (48 photos) http://www.boston.com/bigpicture/2010/06/remembering_the_korean_war_60.html


 * President Dwight D. Eisenhower**

Video: Dwight D. Eisenhower bio https://youtu.be/v1FJXK4qy-k

Video: 60-Second Presidents (PBS) Dwight D. Eisenhower []


 * 1952 Presidential Election: Eisenhower wins**

Check out this great web site:

1952 election campaign commercials []


 * 1956 Presidential Election: Eisenhower wins**

1956 election campaign commercials []


 * Sputnik** (1957)

Video: Sputnik (1957) [National Air and Space Museum] http://youtu.be/lkyjKGIWRF0

Sputnik, 1957 (US State Department) https://history.state.gov/milestones/1953-1960/sputnik

Soviets launched a satellite that scared America and put them ahead (temporarily) in the space race.

Video: Space Race (Taylor Swift's "Blank Space" parody) (Mr. Betts class) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H_pomAWW284


 * U–2 incident** (1960)

Video: U-2 Incident (10/10) http://youtu.be/BsQsXCzkDoc

U-2 Overflights and the Capture of Francis Gary Powers, 1960 (US State Department) https://history.state.gov/milestones/1953-1960/u2-incident

U–2 spy plane carrying high–powered cameras crashed 1,200 miles inside the Soviet Union.

After denying presence of such a spy plane, President Eisenhower (Ike) accepted the blame


 * Exam #2**

A=(average of 67 points) 90% B=(average of 60 points) 80% C=(average of 52 points) 70% D=(average of 45 points) 60%

Minus points for excess absences Plus points for participation and contribution to class sessions.

Extra credit: I will make opportunities available.


 * In class today: new material>>Cold War**


 * Sources Of The Cold War**

Main focus is the rivalry between the U.S. and the Soviet Union (USSR).

Video: Cold War (part 1): from World War to Cold War http://youtu.be/HpYCplyBknI

USSR=Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

Here is a listing of which Republics the USSR included: Russia by far the major part of the USSR. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-Soviet_states

Hot war==actual shooting Cold war==hostility but either no actual shooting or war through surrogates


 * Containment**

Containment of Soviets became the cornerstone of American foreign policy.

Video: Policy of Containment (1/10) http://youtu.be/W9VOdsUOUa8

[]
 * George F. Kennan**

Kennan and Containment (US State Department) https://history.state.gov/milestones/1945-1952/kennan

1. **Kennan's "Long telegram"** 1946

a. American diplomat in Moscow.

b. Soviet fanaticism made even a temporary understanding impossible.

c. His report played into a growing belief among American officials that only toughness would work with the Soviets.


 * 2.** **Kennan's "Mr. X" article**.

a. The article, titled the //Sources of Soviet Conduct// and based on the "long telegram," was published in the prestigious //Foreign Affairs// magazine.

b. Author (Kennan) advocated a policy of firm containment of the Soviets.

c. "Confront the Soviets with unalterable counterforce at every point where they show signs of encroaching on the interests of a peaceful and stable world."


 * Churchill's "Iron Curtain" speech** (1946)

Churchill Delivers 'Iron Curtain' Speech - 1946 | Today In History | 5 Mar http://youtu.be/X2FM3_h33Tg

1. Warned that a Soviet "iron curtain" had cut off Eastern European countries from the West.

2. Called for an Anglo–American partnership to resist the communist menace.

Map: After World War II. Iron Curtain []


 * President Harry S. Truman**

Harry S. Truman Miller Center (University of Virginia) http://millercenter.org/president/truman

Harry Truman bio https://youtu.be/m8zA432hiJg


 * Truman Doctrine** (1947)

Video: Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan (2/10) http://youtu.be/Xyoviiavusk

The Truman Doctrine, 1947 (US State Department) https://history.state.gov/milestones/1945-1952/truman-doctrine

1. British had no money to continue to help Greece and Turkey.

2. British claimed that Communists threatened both countries.

3. Congress approved $400 million economic aid to Greece & Turkey.

4. Truman doctrine: "U.S. policy to support free peoples who are resisting attempted takeover by (a) armed minorities or (b) outside pressure."


 * Marshall Plan** (1948)

Video: Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan (2/10) http://youtu.be/Xyoviiavusk

Marshall Plan, 1948 (US State Department) https://history.state.gov/milestones/1945-1952/marshall-plan

The Marshall Plan Speech: Rhetoric and Diplomacy []

1. War damage and dislocation in Europe invited communist influence:

a. Food was scarce; workers were demoralized; winter of 1947 was the worst in 50 years.

b. Communist voting strength was growing in France and Italy

2. U.S. offered economic aid to all European countries (including Soviets)

3. Soviets declined: fearing aid might defeat their control of Eastern Europe

Soviet Union rejects Marshall Plan assistance (History.com This Day in History | 7/2/1947) <span style="font-family: &#39;Calibri&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]

4. U.S. gave $17 billion in aid over four years.

5. That aid helped rebuild Europe. It was also good for American business.


 * Israel Became a Separate Country**

UN Votes to Partition Palestine (On This Day, Finding Dulcinea) http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/November/UN-Votes-to-Partition-Palestine.html

Video: 1948 Nation of Israel is Born http://youtu.be/4E7GxwCUp6k

Creation of Israel, 1948 (US State Department) https://history.state.gov/milestones/1945-1952/creation-israel

History of the Israel conflict http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/middle_east/03/v3_ip_timeline/html/

Maps of Israel http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/middle_east/03/v3_israel_palestinians/maps/html/default.stm


 * Berlin blockade and airlift** **(1948–49)**

Video: Berlin Airlift and Formation of NATO (3/10) http://youtu.be/cH-GVf9floo

The Berlin Airlift, 1948–1949 (US State Department) https://history.state.gov/milestones/1945-1952/berlin-airlift

Berlin Airlift Map []

1. Soviets blocked land access to Berlin.

2. U.S. airlifted food and fuel for 2 million West Berliners.

Operation Little Vittles https://www.trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/BERLIN_A/CHOCOLAT.HTM

3. Flights of 1,000 planes a day (every 3 minutes) for ten months.

4. Soviets finally called off blockade.

Soviet Union Ends Berlin Blockade http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/May-June-08/On-this-Day--Soviet-Union-Ends-Berlin-Blockade.html


 * North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)** **(1949)**

Video: Berlin Airlift and Formation of NATO (3/10) http://youtu.be/cH-GVf9floo

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 1949 (US State Department) https://history.state.gov/milestones/1945-1952/nato

1. Established to defend Europe against a Soviet invasion. 2. U.S. foreign policy change: not since French–American alliance (1778) 3. Members pledged to treat an attack against one as an attack on all. 4. Dwight Eisenhower named initial NATO commander. 5. Four U.S. divisions stationed in Europe to evidence American support. 6. Soviets later formed Warsaw Pact in response.

Issue in 2018: US approach to NATO


 * In class today: new material>>World War II**


 * World War II lineup of the leaders:**


 * A. The Allies**

1. United States: Franklin D.Roosevelt

2. Great Britain: Winston Churchill

The World Wars: Winston Churchill https://youtu.be/YuYGkcgzf_o

3. Soviet Union: Josef Stalin

Video: Joseph Stalin http://youtu.be/e_2of8pmHYU

U.S.-Soviet Alliance, 1941–1945 https://history.state.gov/milestones/1937-1945/us-soviet

4. France: Charles DeGaulle

5. China: Chang Kai–Shek

Chiang Kai-shek (Wikipedia) []


 * B. The other side:**

1. Germany: Adolf Hitler

Adolf Hitler http://youtu.be/0rZ4xwuAWFE

2. Italy: Benito Mussolini

3. Japan: General Hideki Tojo; Emperor Hirohito


 * 1941**


 * Lend–Lease Act**

U.S. became the "arsenal of democracy" by lending and leasing American military goods to those fighting against the Axis powers.

American unemployment dropped as our industries geared up to produce war material.

Lend-Lease and Military Aid to the Allies in the Early Years of World War II https://history.state.gov/milestones/1937-1945/lend-lease

FDR and the Lend Lease Act http://youtu.be/FTk_v7L4wro


 * Germany invaded Soviet Union (June 22)**

Major mistake.

22 Jun 1941: Hitler invades the Soviet Union (BBC News On This Day) []

Hitler Turns On Stalin http://youtu.be/tkfGHFWGrag


 * Japan attacked Pearl Harbor (December 7)**

Japan, China, the United States and the Road to Pearl Harbor, 1937–41 https://history.state.gov/milestones/1937-1945/pearl-harbor

Why did the Japanese bomb Pearl Harbor Mr. Betts http://youtu.be/HlF_TQeccRw


 * Internment of Japanese-Americans**

Manzanar Historic site virtual museum http://www.nps.gov/museum/exhibits/manz/index.html

FDR Executive Order 9066 Photographer Ansel Adams

Photo essay: Japanese-American internment []


 * Japanese initial victories**:

Philippines, Malaya, Thailand, Hong Kong.

Remember: the war between China and Japan going on simultaneously.


 * 1942**

US raiders dropped bombs on Tokyo
 * Doolittle raid on Tokyo** (4/18)

Animated Map []

Great video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zxa7MOqwj-g&feature=youtu.be


 * Battle of Midway**


 * U.S. wins**. **Turning point in Pacific war**

7 Jun 1942 Japanese beaten in Battle of Midway (BBC On This Day) []

Video: The Battle of Midway http://youtu.be/N-au50GxIXw


 * 1943**


 * Stalingrad**


 * Turning point of the war in Europe.**

2 Feb 1943 Germans surrender at Stalingrad (BBC On This Day) []

Soviets can now go on the offensive.


 * Tehran Conference (1943)**

Video: World leaders meet in Iran (1943) https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=JIC6Qo78P4A

Dispute between Britain & U.S: when/where Europe invaded.

Soviets demanded a second front.

Soviets bore brunt of land war until mid–1944.

Decision was finally made on a cross-channel invasion against Europe mainland

Eisenhower was named to be Supreme Commander of Allied Forces

The Tehran Conference, 1943 https://history.state.gov/milestones/1937-1945/tehran-conf

1 Dec 1943 Allies united after Tehran conference (BBC On This Day) []


 * 1944**


 * D-Day==Normandy invasion==Operation Overlord==6 June 1944**

Biggest invasion armada in world history (5,000 ships, 150,000 men).

Animated Map: The D-Day Landings Read the description for each of the four maps: The Atlantic Wall, Concentration of Forces, The Landings, Securing the Beachheads []

D-Day 6 June 1944 http://youtu.be/4cGuB-OWR0g


 * Battle of the Bulge (December 1944)**

Map showing the "bulge" https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/564x/c0/a1/a6/c0a1a6a19bbd0648a99184bfa388988b.jpg

17 Dec 1944 Germany attacks in Ardennes (BBC On This Day) []

Video: Battle of the Bulge http://youtu.be/8a8fqGpHgsk


 * Malmedy**: Germans massacred US prisoners

Video: Malmedy Massacre during Battle of the Bulge) http://youtu.be/EBHCIEhommQ http://youtu.be/rH-fSPajAEc


 * 1945**

Located in the Crimea
 * Yalta Conference** (February)

Video: The Big Three at Yalta (1945) https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=_U1PDRIXp20

Soviets would control most of Eastern Europe. Germany would be divided. Soviets would fight Japan three months after German surrender

The Yalta Conference, 1945 https://history.state.gov/milestones/1937-1945/yalta-conf

Yalta Conference (BBC On This Day) []


 * Iwo Jima** (February-March)

Video: The story behind the Iwo Jima flag-raising photo https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=DVJVPj-yx-k

Video: Ballad of Ira Hayes (Johnny Cash) http://youtu.be/DjTHxf8l7Qc

23 Feb 1945: US flag raised over Iwo Jima (BBC On This Day) [| http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/23/newsid_3564000/3564547.stm]


 * Okinawa** (April)

Attacks by 3,000 kamikaze planes on U.S. fleet. []

Footage of Kamikaze Attack on US Ships http://youtu.be/ypLuXx6SKgU


 * Victory in Europe**

FDR died (12 April 1945)

Hitler killed himself (30 April 1945)

Germany surrendered (7 May)


 * Victory against Japan**

Factors involved in the decision to drop the atomic bombs on Japan:

1. Fear that the Soviet Union would soon enter the war against Japan 2. Concern that a land war in Japan would result in massive American casualties

Chronology:

1. First atomic bomb: Hiroshima (6 August 1945)

6 Aug 1945: US drops atomic bomb on Hiroshima (BBC On This Day) []

2. Soviets entered war in Pacific with 1.5 million troops (8 August 1945)

3. Second atomic bomb: Nagasaki (9 August 1945)

9 August 1945 U.S. drops atomic bomb on Nagasaki (BBC On This Day) []

4. Japanese surrendered (2 September 1945)

Emperor allowed to keep his throne Allied Supreme Commander Douglas MacArthur would rule Japan.

Japanese Surrender Signing On USS Missouri (1945) http://youtu.be/vYB2cZIv2Fw


 * American and the Holocaust**

SS St. Louis: The ship of Jewish refugees that nobody wanted []

What did America know as the Holocaust unfolded. Quite a lot, as it turns out. []


 * Death Toll of World War II**

World–wide: 55 million United States: 405,000 Soviet Union: 21 million (one–ninth of Soviet population).


 * Postwar position of the U.S.**

We suffered little damage to our own land. We emerged as the world leader


 * In class today: new material>>World War II**


 * World War Two: Our material is arranged by year.**


 * 1931**

Japan became a major threat to U.S. goals in Asia:

Standard Map: Pacific Theater []

(1) Japan's "New Order" in Asia

Wanted a sphere of influence in Asia Similar to United States in Latin America

U.S. unwilling to permit such Japanese influence.

United States had major interests at stake in Asia: Philippines and various Pacific islands Religious missions Trade and investments Open Door in China.

(2) Japanese seized Manchuria (1931)

Video: Japanese invasion of Manchuria and mainland China http://youtu.be/t_aZWY2Pm3g

American response: Stimson Doctrine of nonrecognition Mere moral lecture U.S. had neither the means nor the will to use military force to kick out the Japanese from Manchuria.


 * 1933**

Adolf Hitler became Chancellor of Germany (1/30)

Video: Adolf Hitler http://youtu.be/0rZ4xwuAWFE

Franklin Roosevelt became President of the United States (3/4)


 * U.S. recognized Soviet Union**. To increase trade. To halt Japanese expansion.


 * 1935**


 * U.S. Neutrality Acts**. Neutrality Acts an expression of isolationist sentiment.

Congress sought to protect the nation by outlawing the contacts that had compromised U.S. neutrality during World War I.


 * 1936**

Expansion in Europe by Germany, 1930s http://sturgiswesthistory.weebly.com/uploads/9/5/2/5/9525566/912648586_orig.jpg

First step in German expansion: Germany reoccupied the Rhineland (3/7)

Video: Rhineland re-occupation http://youtu.be/SpxdYTNkbe4

Jesse Owens wins 4 Gold medals
 * 1936 Summer Olympics** held in Berlin (August)


 * Civil war in Spain**. (**1936-1939**)

Video: Francisco Franco and the Spanish Civil War (Khan Academy) http://youtu.be/TYke_R9_ar8

Lineup:

Democratically-elected (left-wing) Spanish government: supported by Soviet Union and international mercenaries (Abraham Lincoln brigade from America)

Challenger: General Francisco Franco (right-wing) supported by Germany and Italy (fascists).

Franco eventually won.

Britain, France, and U.S. looked the other way.


 * 1937**


 * Beginning of World War II in Asia.**


 * Japanese invasion of mainland China (7 July 1937)**

China then was a U.S. ally.


 * 1938**

Map: Expansion in Europe by Germany, 1930s http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/images/Map_1_english_for_bh-edit.jpg

1. Second step in German expansion: German invasion and annexation of **Austria** (12 March 1938)

2. **Munich agreement (Chamberlain/Hitler**) (15 September 1938)

Third step in German expansion: Czechoslovakia **Sudetenland** to Germany.

Munich Agreement Signed - 1938 | Today in History | 30 Sept http://youtu.be/ZWU2cFxhlxQ


 * Appeasement** issue: not stopping a dictator early on

Appeasement (Ariana Grande "One Last Time" Parody) []


 * 1939**

1. Fourth step in German expansion: Germany occupied remainder of Czechoslovakia (March)

2. **German-Russian Non-Aggression Pact** (8/23).

Video: German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact http://youtu.be/hOuh7hCV9_o

The odd couple: fascists and communists. Agreed not to attack each other.

3. **German invasion of Poland** (1 September 1939).


 * Beginning of World War II in Europe**

Nazi Germany Invades Poland, Starting World War II (On This Day, Finding Dulcinea) []

Polish allies France and Britain Declare War http://youtu.be/s8dW3zSd4EA

4. U.S. declared neutrality (5 September 1939). U.S. still trying to stay out of war

The Neutrality Acts, 1930s https://history.state.gov/milestones/1921-1936/neutrality-acts

Neutrality Act signed (:29) http://youtu.be/UukhOSH-kAI
 * Cash-and-Carry**

https://history.state.gov/milestones/1937-1945/american-isolationism
 * American Isolationism** in the 1930s


 * 1940**

1. German blitzkrieg (lightning warfare) [today we call it "shock and awe"]

Dive bombers, tanks, mechanized infantry all combined

Blitzkrieg: Germany's Lightning War (BBC) []

2. Germans invade Denmark, Norway, Netherlands, Belgium

3. Dunkirk: over 300,000 British and French evacuated from beach

Dunkirk: animated history http://youtu.be/HzYi8VjZKvI

4. France conquered (6/5-6/25)

14 June 1940 German troops enter Paris (BBC On This Day) []

Photos of Paris through a Nazi lens http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2417335/Paris-Nazi-lens-Propaganda-images-occupied-French-capital-citizens-thriving-German-rule.html


 * [Keep in mind:]**


 * Hitler's conquests and attacks in Europe made French, Dutch, and British colonies in Asia vulnerable to Japanese attack.**

Japan had been at war in China since 1937.

Japan will not attack Pearl Harbor until December 1941.


 * [Return to chronology]**


 * Blitz** and **Battle of Britain**: Britain attacked by air (June-December 1940).

"Blitz." Prelude to expected German invasion.

7September 1940 London Blitzed by German Bombers (BBC On This Day) []

The Blitz cartoon, 1940-1941 (World War II ) http://youtu.be/6vWiJBlwcT4

Video: RAF Fighters scramble http://youtu.be/KFWwunGb8Lk

Why this was important?

US needs to help Britain hang on against possible Nazi invasion.

US is still neutral (or at least not involved in any fighting) at this point.


 * Mood Music: 1920s**

A decade of 1930s music []

Great Depression Songs: Brother Can You Spare a Dime Lyrics []

Judy Garland - Life Is Just A Bowl Of Cherries (The Judy Garland Show) []

Gold Diggers of 1933 - "We're in the Money" []

Woody Guthrie - The Dust Bowl Balladeer []

No Depression in Heaven New Lost City Ramblers (use the entire playlist) http://youtu.be/CfioKAcetL8


 * In class today: new material**


 * First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt**

Great advocate of social justice; admired by African-Americans.

Marion Anderson concert at the Lincoln Memorial, 1939 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XF9Quk0QhSE

[|http://xroads.virginia.edu/~MA04/hess/Slang/kids.html#Joe]
 * Depression Slang**


 * NEW DEAL**


 * First 100 Days**

Congress was in session for one hundred days before it adjourned. During this period, FDR went fifteen for fifteen in major legislation. Subsequent presidents are measured by this impossible standard.

Video: The First 100 Days (FDR Library) http://youtu.be/oyePw4CtUAE


 * Saving the Banks**

Context: prior bank failures FDR issued a decree closing all banks in America This approach called a "banking holiday"

Video: Worsening crisis of bank failures (FDR Library) http://youtu.be/HKbEJgVqOj4

Video: FDR goes to church, then makes plans for Bank Holiday http://youtu.be/Z7TW24AINqY


 * Emergency Banking Relief Act.**

Provided for government supervision and assistance to banks Strong ones would be reopened with federal support Weak ones would be closed Deposit insurance ($5,000) would be available

Video: Emergency Legislation: Banking Holiday (FDR Library) http://youtu.be/IMfhhdWK9Ec

Banking Crisis (University of Virginia) [|http://xroads.virginia.edu/~MA02/volpe/newdeal/banking.html]


 * Fireside chats**

FDR made great use of radio to reach public.

Video: FDR's first Fireside Chat (Gwyn Ifell) http://youtu.be/YOPm4H2k81s

First Fireside Chat: Banking Crisis (Miller Center) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=osYAEggOtI8list=PL3833257914F80DA9

First Fireside Chat: The Banking Crisis [|http://xroads.virginia.edu/~MA02/volpe/newdeal/banking_fireside_text.html]

http://youtu.be/hsw4B1PWZLQ
 * New Deal ("Uptown Funk" Parody)**


 * Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)**

Farming in the 1930s []

Video: Rural Reforms (FDR Library) http://youtu.be/ECeGqd9XiEw

Three million people left farms in the 1930s. Agricultural Adjustment Act was designed to help farm problems:

Overproduction Low prices paid for crops Low income of farmers Difficulty of paying mortgages Rise in farm foreclosures

The act provided for the following: Government paid subsidies to farmers who a) Restricted crop acreage: wheat, cotton, corn, rice, or tobacco b) Reduced number of livestock, particularly pigs.


 * Dust Bowl**

Drought and poor farming techniques led to dust storms. Many from Oklahoma (Okies) and Arkansas (Arkies) fled to California.

Video: Dust Bowl (FDR Library) http://youtu.be/_xMpsphC8EA

Woody Guthrie I ain't got no home []

Dust Bowl (Finding Dulcinea) []

http://americanhistory.si.edu/onthemove/exhibition/exhibition_10_1.html
 * Route 66**

Map https://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/route66/maps66.html

Time lapse video of trip along Route 66 (3:00) http://youtu.be/ufx-_98fmCU


 * John Steinbeck, Grapes of Wrath**

Grapes of Wrath []

Grapes of Wrath "Two for a Penny" Movie Clip http://youtu.be/CPI7QbqPj9E


 * Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)**

Job corps for young men, aged 18–25. Supervised by U.S. army. Workers paid $30 per month, of which $25 had to be sent to family. Pumped $2 billion into economy (equivalent to $200 billion today). Work planned by National Park Service: Tree planting (North Dakota to Texas), flood control, road construction.

CCC Song Loveless C.C.C. []


 * Opposition to the New Deal**

a) Conservative critics.

Republicans did not like government control of the economy.

b) Liberal critics:

1) **Father Charles Coughlin**

Video clip: Drive the money-changers from the temple https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oPBooPu28QY&feature=youtu.be

Catholic priest from Detroit Weekly radio sermons (30 million audience) Criticized the New Deal Proposed a National Union for Social Justice to counter the New Deal. Anti-Semite: depression caused by international Jewish bankers. Expressed support for Hitler's approach to running Germany.

2) **Dr. Francis E. Townsend** []

Proposed an Old Age Revolving Pensions plan Every person over age 60 would get a $200 per month pension. His plan would cost 50% of national income to help 7% of population.

3) **Huey Long**.

Former Governor of and Democratic Senator from Louisiana. Proposed a Share Our Wealth Society Tax rich people heavily Furnish each family an annual income of $2,500

Assassinated in 1935

Every Man a King (American Rhetoric Speech Bank) []


 * Social Security Act**

Video: Social Security (FDR Library) http://youtu.be/hk3H72iIhXs

FICA deduction today. Designed to prevent more radical alternatives (Townsend and Long) Workers required to pay into it Answer to critics of "relief" Worker's payment matched by employer

Social Security Act (Finding Dulcinea) []

Frances Perkins [|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Perkin]


 * Works Progress Administration (WPA)**

Video: Jobs and Relief (FDR Library) http://youtu.be/WbI3sVR7Qu4

WPA (Today in History, Library of Congress) []

Emphasized under-consumption. Massive public works programs for the jobless Home relief (the dole) versus work relief.

Employed 3 million men as manual laborers: roads, hospitals, bridges.

Criticized by conservatives as make-work

[]
 * Presidential Election of 1936**

FDR won a second term easily


 * FDR attempt at "Court Packing**" (Supreme Court)

Video clip: FDR Court Packing Reshaping the Supreme Court https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6wjAwH_OOmI&feature=youtu.be

Video: New Deal setbacks (FDR Library) http://youtu.be/7D0mdt4VG5E

Court Packing (Finding Dulcinea) []

Court declared AAA and NIRA unconstitutional on 5-4 votes. FDR wanted to appoint pro–New Deal justices Proposed six new ones (one for every member over age 70). Congress (both parties) opposed the plan Felt he was overreaching and looking like a dictator.

Issue became moot: a swing justice changed his voting pattern.

The so-called "switch in time that saved nine" [] Owen Roberts (Wikipedia) []

[]
 * Presidential Election of 1940**

War had started in Europe on 1 September 1939 when Hitler invaded Poland.

FDR won historic third term.

[]
 * New Deal coalition**

Democratic Party then consisted of the following:

Farmers Urban immigrants Organized labor

White southerners

Northern blacks Ever since the Civil War, blacks had usually voted Republican. Big shift occurred during the New Deal: blacks began voting for Democrats

This New Deal coalition held together until the 1960s, when the civil rights movement created internal tension in the Democratic Party.


 * New Deal assessed**

New Deal failed in its fundamental purpose: to put people back to work and end the depression.

Depression only ended due to World War II.

But New Deal gave Americans back their psychological will to overcome.

In the past, federal government had served as an economic regulator. During New Deal, it became an economic guarantor and stimulator as well.

Congressional Republicans are currently trying to limit the size of government, much of which began with the New Deal.


 * In class today: reactions to the video about the Great Depression**

Video: The Century: America's TIme - 1929-1936: Stormy Weather (45:00_ http://youtu.be/zSfzFWU5LbY


 * In class today: new material**

Business did well in the 1920s

1. Presidents.

All three were Republicans: Warren Harding, Calvin Coolidge, and Herbert Hoover.

Warren Harding (60-second Presidents) https://youtu.be/Fqdd_qaUubk

Calvin Coolidge (60-second Presidents) https://youtu.be/aAlG3SYBB04

Herbert Hoover (60-second Presidents) http://youtu.be/-qVoI9FrFO4

All three were pro–business ("The business of America is business").

2. Supreme Court.

Protected business and private property as it had in the Gilded Age. Sheltered business from government regulation Hindered organized labor from striking.

3. Congress. Responsive to corporate lobbying.

4. Welfare capitalism.

Corporations countered the appeal of unions by offering pensions, profit–sharing, picnics, and company-sponsored sports teams.

5. Consumerism

[We will see a replay of this consumerism when we look later at the 1950s.]

Consumer society.

Number of consumers increased by advertising (increased sophistication plus increased expenditures), credit, and higher wages

6. Automobile

Ford Model T

Video: Driving a Ford Model T http://youtu.be/MLMS_QtKamg

a. The car altered American life as much as the railroad had 75 years earlier. b. Car registrations went from 8 to 23 million in the 1920s. c. Car prices more affordable: mass production and competition

Automobile industry fostered growth of other industries
 * Items to make cars: steel, glass, rubber, textiles.
 * Roads: "good roads" movement.
 * Motels and diners
 * Oil drilling
 * Gas stations.


 * 1928 Presidential Election**

Hoover won the 1928 election against Al Smith

Dirty Campaigning in the Roaring Twenties: Herbert Hoover vs. Al Smith - Mental Floss <span style="font-family: &#39;Calibri&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]

Should a Catholic Be President?: A Contemporary View of the 1928 Election <span style="font-family: &#39;Calibri&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]

Not too successful. Remedies relied upon self–help, not government assistance. Traditional: tried to balance the budget Vetoed several relief measures.
 * Hoover's administration**

Video: Objective 5.3-Hoover's Volunteerism []

Hooverville (Wikipedia) []


 * Bonus Army March** (1932)

Bonus Army (Wikipedia) [] []

Video: Veterans March on Washington http://youtu.be/i91huA98Q8s

Bonus Expeditionary Force

World War I veterans (15,000) camped in Washington

Demanded payment immediately of promised (1945) cash bonuses

President Hoover ordered the army to evict the veterans

Army, commanded by Douglas MacArthur, operated harshly

"Cheered in 1917, Jeered in 1932"

(Today in History, Library of Congress) []
 * 1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles**


 * GREAT DEPRESSION**


 * Stock Market Crash** (1929)

Stock Market Crash (Mr. Betts) https://youtu.be/0rKPHKmNJrc

Video: Objective 5.1- The Great Crash []

Stock Market Crash (Decades TV) http://youtu.be/Yp7u328PKu4

Most of the 1920s saw an upbeat business climate. Then things went south.

Business context

1. Increasing flow of consumer goods: autos, radios, and household appliances

2. Installment credit increased sales

3. Optimism in the air Unlimited prosperity would never end

Irving Kaufman - Blue Skies (1927) []

4. But the consumer–goods revolution contained seeds of its own collapse.


 * Factories produced more than country could consume.
 * Workers had insufficient purchasing power.
 * Farmers were particularly suffering.

5. Stock market crash in October 1929 burst the bubble.

Black Tuesday, Stock Market Crash Ushers in Great Depression (On This Day, Finding Dulcinea) []


 * Beginning of the depression.**

1. Between 1929 and 1932, industrial production declined by almost 45% Decline of production led to plant closings and unemployment.

2. Unemployment rose quickly:
 * 1930—5 million (15% unemployment)
 * 1931—9 million (25%)
 * 1932—12 million (40%)

3. Bank failures rose steadily.

4. Protectionism

Smoot–Hawley tariff raised U.S. import duties to an all–time high. Difficult for other countries to sell their products in U.S. Difficult for them to earn dollars to buy American products. Other countries raised their tariffs in retaliation.

The legacy of the Smoot-Hawley Tariff https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R3zvJe3Koyw&feature=youtu.be

Ben Stein take on Smoot-Hawley in Ferris Bueller's Day Off (YouTube) []

5. Depression dominated American life for 10 years (1929–1939).

a. People postponed marriage; married couples postponed having children. b. Malnutrition and deteriorating diets made people susceptible to disease. c. Out–of–work fathers felt ashamed of their diminished roles.


 * 1932 Presidential Election**

Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) defeated Herbert Hoover

Video: Promise of change in 1932 election (FDR Library) http://youtu.be/SFnMAnxqVAs

Happy Days are Here Again FDR's 1932 campaign song https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gt2Rmx-h84I


 * President Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) (1933-1945)**

Paralyzed nation strengthened by physically–handicapped President

Video: Franklin Roosevelt bio https://youtu.be/qK42SUseTwM


 * First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt**

Details on her life. []

Video: Eleanor Roosevelt http://youtu.be/QMBRgDErlVw

Great advocate of social justice; admired by African-Americans.

Marion Anderson concert at the Lincoln Memorial, 1939 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XF9Quk0QhSE

[|http://xroads.virginia.edu/~MA04/hess/Slang/kids.html#Joe]
 * Depression Slang**


 * NEW DEAL**


 * First 100 Days**

Congress was in session for one hundred days before it adjourned. During this period, FDR went fifteen for fifteen in major legislation. Subsequent presidents are measured by this impossible standard.

Video: The First 100 Days (FDR Library) http://youtu.be/oyePw4CtUAE


 * Saving the Banks**

Context: prior bank failures FDR issued a decree closing all banks in America This approach called a "banking holiday"

Video: Worsening crisis of bank failures (FDR Library) http://youtu.be/HKbEJgVqOj4

Video: FDR goes to church, then makes plans for Bank Holiday http://youtu.be/Z7TW24AINqY


 * Emergency Banking Relief Act.**

Provided for government supervision and assistance to banks Strong ones would be reopened with federal support Weak ones would be closed Deposit insurance ($5,000) would be available

Video: Emergency Legislation: Banking Holiday (FDR Library) http://youtu.be/IMfhhdWK9Ec

Banking Crisis (University of Virginia) [|http://xroads.virginia.edu/~MA02/volpe/newdeal/banking.html]


 * Fireside chats**

FDR made great use of radio to reach public.

Video: FDR's first Fireside Chat (Gwyn Ifell) http://youtu.be/YOPm4H2k81s

First Fireside Chat: Banking Crisis (Miller Center) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=osYAEggOtI8list=PL3833257914F80DA9

First Fireside Chat: The Banking Crisis [|http://xroads.virginia.edu/~MA02/volpe/newdeal/banking_fireside_text.html]


 * In class today: video about the Great Depression**

For your viewing enjoyment: another great Peter Jennings-narrated video that will introduce our next material: the Great Depression.

Please open the Word document you used before and record your reactions and questions. We will discuss them on Tuesday.

Video: The Century: America's TIme - 1929-1936: Stormy Weather (45:00_ http://youtu.be/zSfzFWU5LbY