Expansion


 * EXPANSION MODULE**


 * Learning Objectives**:

Examine the variety of forces and beliefs that contributed to the emergence of expansionist sentiment within American society during the 1830s and 1840s.

Discuss the objectives of expansionists, and explain the debates over the Texas and Oregon territories.

What is manifest destiny? How did Americans use the concept to justify expansion? What difficulties accompanied American expansionism? Do vestiges of manifest destiny remain?

Manifest Destiny painting (hat tip to Tim Davis) http://www.historyonthenet.com/American_West/manifestdestinypainting.htm

What were the causes, events during, and results of the U.S.-Mexican War?


 * Items to put in below:**

Unit 3: Voices across Time: Expansion & Reform []

Rush-Bagot Pact, 1817 and Convention of 1818 (Historian of the State Department) https://history.state.gov/milestones/1801-1829/rush-bagot

Acquisition of Florida: Treaty of Adams-Onis (1819) and Transcontinental Treaty (1821) (Historian of the State Department) https://history.state.gov/milestones/1801-1829/florida

Russians establish Fort Ross (History.com This Day in History | 2/2/1812) []

Fort Ross https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Ross,_California http://www.fortross.org/

Monroe Doctrine https://history.state.gov/milestones/1801-1829/monroe

The West http://www.pbs.org/weta/thewest/ See my Website Spotlight blog post http://thelearningprofessor.blogspot.com/2012/06/website-spotlight-west.html


 * Maps**:

Territorial Acquisitions Map 

US expansion, 1783-1853 [|http://images.classwell.com/mcd_xhtml_ebooks/2005_world_history/images/mcd_mwh2005_0618377115_p325_f02.jp]


 * Andrew Jackson**

The Age of Jackson (Gilder Lehrman) http://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/national-expansion-and-reform-1815-1860/age-jackson

The Hermitage http://www.thehermitage.com/ The Jackson Family http://www.thehermitage.com/jackson-family/

Andrew Jackson Miller Center (University of Virginia) http://millercenter.org/president/jackson See my Website Spotlight blog post http://thelearningprofessor.blogspot.com/2012/06/website-spotlight-andrew-jackson.html

Nullification Crisis (Today in History, Library of Congress) http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/jan13.html


 * Alexis de Tocqueville**

Alexis de Tocqueville Tour http://www.tocqueville.org/

Alexis de Tocqueville http://www.tocqueville.culture.fr/en/

Tocqueville http://xroads.virginia.edu/~HYPER/DETOC/home.html


 * Indian Removal**

Native American resistance and removal [] Most whites wanted land Most whites were racist: had little respect for Indians' rights and culture Indians always seemed to be in the way of whites' land hunger Some whites: physically separate Indians and white settlers Other whites: "civilize" Indians and assimilate them into American culture


 * Removal Act of 1830**

Indian Treaties and the Removal Act of 1830 (Historian of the State Department) https://history.state.gov/milestones/1830-1860/indian-treaties

Indian Removal (Africans in America) http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p2959.html

The government forced the Five Civilized Tribes to move west of the Mississippi River. Five Civilized tribes: Choctaw, Chickasaw, Creek, Cherokee, Seminole


 * Cherokee Trail of Tears**

One part, a sad one, of the overall Indian removal. Some 4,000 of the 13,000 Cherokees died along the way.

Fans mock team over Trail of Tears http://deadspin.com/alabama-high-school-mocks-indians-opponent-with-trail-1466812691

Billy Ray Cyrus - Trail Of Tears []

Google image search: Trail of Tears motorcycle ride

Trail of Tears yearly memorial ride home page []

Picture: Indian Removal []

Resources for Trail of Tears | Teach US History http://www.teachushistory.org/indian-removal/resources

7 Things You May Not Know About the Trail of Tears http://www.history.com/news/history-lists/7-things-you-may-not-know-about-the-trail-of-tears

Cherokees. If civilizing Indians was the American goal, no tribe met that test better than the Cherokees: Cherokee–language Bible

Sequoyah http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequoyah

Bilingual tribal newspaper Formal government complete with legislature and court system Written constitution modeled after that of the U.S. Ownership of black slaves Almost total conversion to Christianity.

[Get a good reference to Trail of Tears] Use picture


 * Mountain Men (1822-1840)**

Not sure where this fits: Today in History: June 7 Daniel Boone []

Mountain Men: Pathfinders of the West (University of Virginia) http://xroads.virginia.edu/~hyper/hns/mtmen/home.html

1. Competition of fur trading companies Beaver the prize commodity: fashionable hats

2. Mountain men covered the entire west: learned its geography

3. Key names: [go to Google Images]

a. Jim Bridger

Johnny Horton song about Jim Bridger https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SnJL4ErQK8k&feature=youtube_gdata_player

b. Jedidiah Smith (grizzly bear; friend sewed his scalp on)

Jedidiah Smith--For God and Wild West (Christianity.com) http://www.christianity.com/ChurchHistory/11630332/

Jedidiah Smith (American Journeys) http://www.americanjourneys.org/aj-112/summary/index.asp

c. John Colter (raced naked for his life)

4. Rendezvous: held once a year

5. Mountain men became guides on Oregon Trail

Mountain Men and the Fur Trade http://www.xmission.com/~drudy/mtman/museum/index.html See my Website Spotlight blog post http://thelearningprofessor.blogspot.com/2012/06/website-spotlight-mountain-men-and-fur.html

6 Legendary Mountain Men of the American Frontier http://www.history.com/news/history-lists/6-legendary-mountain-men-of-the-american-frontier


 * Oregon Trail**:

Map: []

Independence, Missouri to Oregon/California Trip was 2,000 miles; took 6 months Role of Methodist missionaries (1833) "Oregon fever" began after the Panic of 1837 Fremont mapped the trail (1842) 1843—major increase in migration over the Trail

Oregon Trail http://oregontrail101.com/

Oregon Trail:

Introduction http://oregontrail101.com/introduction.html Discoverers and Explorers http://oregontrail101.com/discoverers.html "Jumping off" http://oregontrail101.com/jumping.html

The Route West http://oregontrail101.com/routewest.html

Power http://oregontrail101.com/power.html

Hardships http://oregontrail101.com/hardships.html

Camping http://oregontrail101.com/camping.html

Buffalo http://oregontrail101.com/buffallo.html

Native Americans http://oregontrail101.com/native.html

Whitmans in Oregon Territory (Today in History, Library of Congress) []

What kind of historical source are letters and diaries? http://historymatters.gmu.edu/mse/letters/whatkind.html

Making sense of letters http://historymatters.gmu.edu/mse/letters/letters.pdf

Analyzing Nineteenth Century Letters http://historymatters.gmu.edu/mse/sia/letters.htm

Journal of the missionary party http://www.oregonpioneers.com/munger.htm

Emigrants' diaries and journals http://www.oregonpioneers.com/diaries.htm

Oregon Trail Diaries : A literate middle class hits the dusty trail : OCTA http://www.octa-trails.org/articles/oregon-trail-diaries


 * Mormon Trail**

Mormon Pioneer Day (Today in History, Library of Congress) http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/jul27.html

Joseph Smith (PBS, God in America) []

Brigham Young profile (Finding Dulcinea) http://www.findingdulcinea.com/features/profiles/y/brigham-young.html

Mormon Handcart Expedition Begins (Finding Dulcinea, On This Day) http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/June/On-This-Day--Mormon-Handcart-Expedition-Begins.html

Mormon handcart pioneers depart for Salt Lake City (History.com This Day in History | 6/9/1856) []

Mormon leader killed by mob (History.com This Day in History | 6/27/1844) []

Miller Center (University of Virginia) http://millercenter.org/president/polk See my Website Spotlight blog post http://thelearningprofessor.blogspot.com/2012/06/website-spotlight-james-k-polk.html
 * James K. Polk**

James K. Polk profile (The West) http://www.pbs.org/weta/thewest/people/i_r/polk.htm


 * Oregon Country**

Oregon Territory (Historian of the State Department) https://history.state.gov/milestones/1830-1860/oregon-territory

Northwest boundary dispute

Establishing Borders: The Oregon Question (Smithsonian) http://www.smithsonianeducation.org/educators/lesson_plans/borders/essay3.html http://www.smithsonianeducation.org/educators/lesson_plans/borders/map1a.html http://www.smithsonianeducation.org/educators/lesson_plans/borders/map1b.html

U. S. negotiated for Oregon Country (1846). U.S. to brink of war with Britain over Oregon boundary. Polk's campaign slogan: Fifty-Four Forty or Fight U.S. could not fight Mexico and Britain at same time

Boundary dispute map: http://wps.ablongman.com/wps/media/objects/1483/1518969/DIVI236.jpg

Mapping History http://mappinghistory.uoregon.edu/english/US/US17-00.html

Territorial Acquisitions Map 


 * California Gold Rush**

Gold Rush (Harvard University Immigration Study) http://ocp.hul.harvard.edu/immigration/goldrush.html

Gold Discovered at Sutter's Mill (Finding Dulcinea, On This Day) http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/On-this-Day--Gold-Discovered-at-Sutter-s-Mill.html

1. Discovery of gold (1848) (2 months before Mexican-American war treaty)

California Gold Rush (1849) Overland trail plus passage around South America 100,000 arrived in one year

2. California statehood (1850)

3. Gold Rush (American Experience) http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/goldrush/ See my Website Spotlight blog post http://thelearningprofessor.blogspot.com/2011/12/website-spotlight-gold-rush.html

Special Features: Online Poll--Journey of the Forty-Niners []

Special Features: Gold Rush Game: Strike it Rich []

History in photographs of the California Gold Rush http://www.historichwy49.com/hisphotos.html

Gaming and entertainment in Gold Rush towns http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/goldrush/peopleevents/e_fun.html

Mexicans in the Gold Rush http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/goldrush/peopleevents/p_mexicans.html

See also:

Gold Nugget (Smithsonian) http://www.objectofhistory.org/objects/intro/goldnugget/

On the Water - Van Valen’s Gold Rush Journey (Smithsonian) http://americanhistory.si.edu/onthewater/goldrush/index.html

Gold Rush (Calisphere) []

President Polk Sparks the California Gold Rush (On This Day, Finding Dulcinea) []

Gold Discovered (Today in History, Library of Congress) http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/jan24.html

Gold Rush: Boardinghouse Keeper (History Matters) http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/6512

Gold Rush: Life in a Gold Mining Camp (History Matters) http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/6516

Gold Rush: Panning for Gold (History Matters) http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/6513


 * Manifest destiny**.

Term first used by editor John L. O'Sullivan (1839) (Teaching American History) http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/index.asp?document=668

American Exceptionalism: An Old Idea and a New Political Battle (Washington Post) http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/11/28/AR2010112804139.html?hpid=topnews

American expansion westward and southward was Inevitable Just Divinely ordained

The Religious Origins of Manifest Destiny (National Humanities Center) http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/tserve/nineteen/nkeyinfo/mandestiny.htm

Racism in American society a. Justified slavery in the South b. Accepted discrimination in the North c. Supported expansion in the West

In accordance with this view: Native Americans: savages, best eliminated Hispanics: inferior peoples, best controlled or conquered

Territorial Acquisitions Map 

See also:

Manifest Destiny (Stanford History Education Group) http://sheg.stanford.edu/upload/Lessons/Unit%204_Expansion%20and%20Slavery/Manifest%20Destiny%20Lesson%20Plan.pdf

Items from the U.S.-Mexican war website

President James K. Polk, Miller Center, Domestic Affairs

Monuments, Manifest Destiny, and Mexico (National Archives magazine) http://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2005/summer/mexico-1.html http://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2005/summer/mexico-2.html


 * Texas**

The Annexation of Texas, the Mexican-American War, and the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1845-1848 https://history.state.gov/milestones/1830-1860/texas-annexation

Map: []

Establishing Borders (Smithsonian) American and Mexican Views of Texas Revival of Expansionism in the 1840s http://www.smithsonianeducation.org/educators/lesson_plans/borders/essay2.html Maps: http://www.smithsonianeducation.org/educators/lesson_plans/borders/map2a.html http://www.smithsonianeducation.org/educators/lesson_plans/borders/map2b.html http://www.smithsonianeducation.org/educators/lesson_plans/borders/map2c.html Timeline: http://www.smithsonianeducation.org/educators/lesson_plans/borders/timeline.html

Americans move into Spanish, then Mexican Tejas Panic of 1819 pushed some Americans westward Mexico gained its independence from Spain (1821)

Empresarios Spain gave land grants to Moses Austin Mexico continued the same deal with Stephen Austin (1824) []

Americans not happy with three aspects of life in Mexico. a. Catholicism: Settlers either converted superficially or ignored requirement b. Slavery (in 1829 Mexico freed its slaves)(colonists freed slaves but signed them to lifelong indentured servant contract c. Self government

Texas part of Mexican Coahuila (Texas outnumbered 3 to 1) Americans demanded a Mexican state of their own

Dictator Santa Anna abolished separate Mexican states (1834) []


 * Texas revolution** (1836)

By 1835, Texas population: 30,000 Americans; 3,000 Mexicans "War party" declared Texas independent in1836 Guests who rebelled against their hosts

Texas Independence interactive http://www.txindependence.org/index.php


 * Main battles of the Texas Revolution**:

a. **Alamo**: 187 all died (Davy Crockett, Jim Bowie, William Travis) []

Alamo (Today in History, Library of Congress) http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/mar06.html

The Alamo Came Under Attack (Finding Dulcinea, On This Day) http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/Feb/On-this-Day--The-Alamo-Came-Under-Attack.html

Alamo (American Experience) http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/alamo/ See my Website Spotlight blog post http://thelearningprofessor.blogspot.com/2011/08/website-spotlight-alamo.html

Davy Crockett []

10 Things You May Not Know About Davy Crockett http://www.history.com/news/history-lists/10-things-you-may-not-know-about-davy-crockett

Ballad of Davy Crockett (Fess Parker) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=txcRQedoEyY&feature=youtube_gdata_player

Jim Bowie []

William Travis []

b. Goliad: 350 captured Americans were massacred

c. San Jacinto:

Sam Houston attacked Mexicans during a siesta 630 Mexicans killed Santa Anna captured

Battle of San Jacinto | April 1836. The Texian Army wins Texas Independence. http://www.sanjacinto-museum.org/The_Battle/


 * Texas: the Lone Star Republic** (1836–1845)

Texas a separate country

Sam Houston the first president. []

Population increased from 30,000 to 142,000 Annexation delayed until 1845: volatility of the slavery issue

Texas Independence (Stanford History Education Group) http://sheg.stanford.edu/upload/Lessons/Unit%204_Expansion%20and%20Slavery/Texas%20Independence%20Lesson%20Plan.pdf

Texas Annexation 1845 (Today in History, Library of Congress) http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/jun23.html

Texas Annexation and Statehood (Alamo) http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/alamo/peopleevents/e_annex.html

Territorial Acquisitions Map 


 * Wilmot Proviso** (1846)

Wilmot Proviso Document itself: https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/wilmot.htm http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/index.asp?document=948

Wilmot Proviso (Ohio History online) http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=1400

From the Wilmot Proviso to the Compromise of 1850 (Library of Congress) http://www.americaslibrary.gov/aa/polk/aa_polk_wilmot_1.html

President James Polk (Miller Center) http://millercenter.org/president/polk/essays/biography/4

Many northerners opposed the war with Mexico They saw in a war an evil design by slave owners to increase possible slave territory

Democrat Congressman David Wilmot of Pennsylvania proposed a bill that would outlaw slavery in any territory won from Mexico. His proposal did not pass Congress. But the Wilmot Proviso became a rallying cry for abolitionists & those against spread of slavery.

Most white northerners were racists, not abolitionists. Whites wanted to protect themselves—not southern blacks—from the Slave power. They wanted to keep this new land only for free white people.


 * Free–Soil Party**

Formed in 1848 to prevent slavery in the territories won from Mexico.

Free Soil Party (Ohio History Online) http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=893&nm=Free-Soil-Party

Free Soilers did not necessarily want to abolish slavery. They simply wanted to prevent its spread into the Western territories.

Party slogan was Free Soil, Free Speech, Free Labor, and Free Men.

Free Soil party was made up of 1. Northern Democrats committed to the Wilmot proviso 2. Antislavery ("Conscience" as opposed to "Cotton") Whigs


 * Mexican War (1846–1848)**

Crash Course #17: Mexican War and Expansion http://youtu.be/tkdF8pOFUfI

Mexican War animated map Buena Vista and Cerro Gordo http://historyanimated.com/verynewhistorywaranimated/?page_id=189

Road to Mexican War http://historyanimated.com/verynewhistorywaranimated/?page_id=196 http://historyanimated.com/verynewhistorywaranimated/?page_id=196

U.S.-Mexican War (PBS) http://www.pbs.org/kera/usmexicanwar/index_noflash.html See my Website Spotlight blog post http://thelearningprofessor.blogspot.com/2012/06/website-spotlight-us-mexican-war.html

Mexican War

The U.S.-Mexican War. Prelude to War. A Go-Ahead Nation | PBS http://www.pbs.org/kera/usmexicanwar/prelude/md_go-ahead_nation.html

Manifest Destiny http://www.pbs.org/kera/usmexicanwar/prelude/md_manifest_destiny2.html

John L. Sullivan on Manifest Destiny http://www.pbs.org/kera/usmexicanwar/resources/manifest_destiny_sullivan.html

Zachary Taylor http://www.pbs.org/kera/usmexicanwar/resources/primary_source_window/posters8.html

Zachary Taylor http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/biography/grant-taylor/

Winfield Scott http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/biography/grant-scott/

Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo http://www.pbs.org/kera/usmexicanwar/biographies/mariano_guadalupe_vallejo.html

Stephen F. Austin http://www.pbs.org/kera/usmexicanwar/biographies/stephen_austin.html

Mexican War video http://youtu.be/_JjjaMBoSQE

Mexican War Regular Map: []

1. Mexico felt annexation of Texas cause for war

American sent forces into disputed region to provoke a Mexican attack Mexicans did attack America declared war

Some in U.S. opposed war: New England Whig party: Henry Clay; Abraham Lincoln

2. American interest in California:

New England clipper ships traded with the area in the 1830s Bartered manufactured goods for cowhides Boston companies set up resident agents in California Agents' reports back East sparked interest in California

a. Richard Henry Dana's //Two Year Before the Mast//: a best seller (1840)

Dana Point. Ship visit: Pilgrim.

b. Sutter's Fort. Sacramento. At end of Overland Trail.

3. When war with Mexico seemed likely, U.S. claimed California

a. California Republic (Bear Flag)

b. Bear Flag Revolt (June 14, 1846)

Key names: Sonoma; William B. Ide; John Fremont; Mexican Governor Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo

Separate country for less than a month

California's Bear Flag revolt begins (History.com This Day in History | 6/14/1846) <span style="font-family: &#39;Calibri&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]

<span style="font-family: &#39;Calibri&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;; font-size: 14.6667px;">History of the Bear Flag (Bear Flag Museum) http://www.bearflagmuseum.org/History.html

4. U.S. Forces in Mexico

a) General Zachary Taylor: invaded Mexico from north Battle of Buena Vista

b) General Winfield Scott: invaded Mexico from seacoast Battle of Chapultepec

Halls of Montezuma Marines raised U.S. flag over National Palace in Mexico City

5. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (Today in History, Library of Congress) http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/feb02.html

Map: U.S. Territorial Acquisitions

Map: Mexican Cession in the Mexican View

U.S. paid Mexico $15 million

Present states: California, Utah, New Mexico, Nevada, Arizona

U.S. territory enlarged by 20%


 * Legacy of the Mexican-American War**

$100 million in military costs

13,000 Americans died

Training ground for military officers later famous in Civil War

Gold discovered in California (1848): a few months before treaty signed

Continuing controversy over extension of slavery in land won from Mexico