Industrialization


 * GROWTH OF BIG BUSINESS**

U.S. had extensive natural resources


 * Coal, iron, timber, petroleum, and waterpower.

U.S. had abundant labor


 * Ex–farm families
 * Immigrants.

U.S. became the largest free trade market in the world.


 * Role of the railroad in knitting the country together.
 * A nationwide transportation network.

Investors liked the profit outlook.

Government at all levels helped business:


 * Money
 * Land
 * Stability
 * Upheld private property
 * Laissez–faire approach.

Accelerated technological innovation: new inventions


 * U.S. had capable business leadership**


 * Called captains of industry by their admirers
 * Called robber barons by their critic


 * ROBBER BARONS or CAPTAINS OF INDUSTRY**

Video: Robber Barons Sing Pharrell's "Happy" - @MrBettsClass https://youtu.be/kc-zU9WHVO0

Robber Barons https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robber_baron_(industrialist)

Video: Robber barons and the industrial age https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=st3_8LEQvck


 * SOCIAL DARWINISM**

Social Darwinism versus Social Gospel (NHC) []


 * THOSE WHO BUILT AMERICA**

The Men who built America https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Men_Who_Built_America

YouTube Playlist http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLB7KQfNocgIjjiVB27lyZ2EGfW8Erg5zi


 * HORATIO ALGER**

Rags to Riches stories

Horatio Alger https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio_Alger

Horatio Alger (NHC) []

Horatio Alger http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/gilded/people/text3/alger.pdf

Horatio Alger https://web.stanford.edu/dept/SUL/library/prod/depts/dp/pennies/1860_alger.html

Video: Horatio Alger http://youtu.be/1WvGG2K_km4


 * JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER=oil**

John D. Rockefeller https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_D._Rockefeller

Video: John D. Rockefeller bio http://youtu.be/O2BKPeHNkxU

Video: Business Legends: Rockefeller https://youtu.be/SQzA7OWddWs

John D. Rockefeller obituary (New York Times) http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0708.html

John D. Rockefeller (Finding Dulcinea) http://www.findingdulcinea.com/features/profiles/r/john-d-rockefeller.html

First Oil Well in U.S. Strikes Oil (On This Day, Finding Dulcinea) http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/July-August-08/On-this-Day--First-Oil-Well-in-U-S--Strikes-Oil.html

Standard Oil Ordered to Dissolve (On This Day, Finding Dulcinea) http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/May-June-08/On-this-Day--Standard-Oil-Ordered-to-Dissolve.html


 * ANDREW CARNEGIE=steel**

Andrew Carnegie https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Carnegie https://www.biography.com/people/andrew-carnegie-9238756

Andrew Carnegie (NHC) []

Video: Business Legends: Andrew Carnegie https://youtu.be/_agjHJTmY7s

Video: America: The Story of Us http://www.history.com/shows/america-the-story-of-us/videos/andrew-carnegie

Carnegie Libraries in California https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Carnegie_libraries_in_California

Andrew Carnegie, The Autobiography of Andrew Carnegie http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/gilded/progress/text7/carnegie.pdf

Andrew Carnegie obituary (New York Times) http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/1125.html

The Gospel According to Andrew: Carnegie’s Hymn to Wealth (History Matters) http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5767

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._P._Morgan
 * J.P. MORGAN=investment banking**

Video: JP Morgan https://youtu.be/b_-TuGiY2Bs https://youtu.be/CGDvFBJ2aKU http://youtu.be/LgtCXD141sE

Back Stairs at Brucemore: Life as Servants in early 20th-Century America (Teaching with Historic Places) http://www.nps.gov/nr/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/105brucemore/105brucemore.htm


 * HENRY FORD=Mass production of the automobile.**

Henry Ford obituary (New York Times) http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0730.html

Henry Ford [This is good] []

Henry Ford (Today in History, Library of Congress) http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/jul30.html

Assembly–line methods (1913) Model T cars cheap and readily available.

The First Model-T Ford Is Produced (On This Day, Finding Dulcinea) http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/September-October-08/On-this-Day--The-First-Model-T-Ford-Is-Produced.html

Horseless Carriages and Ford's Model T (Chronicling America, Library of Congress) http://www.loc.gov/rr/news/topics/horseless.html

Henry Ford https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ford http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/theymadeamerica/whomade/ford_hi.html

Video: The men who build America: the rise of Henry Ford http://www.history.com/shows/men-who-built-america/videos/the-rise-of-henry-ford

Video: Business Legends: Henry Ford https://youtu.be/vUXol6aUr1M

Driving a Ford Model T []

Why the Model T Matters - @MrBettsClass https://youtu.be/O8AvHAZzC90


 * CORNELIUS VANDERBILT=railroads**

Cornelius Vanderbilt https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelius_Vanderbilt

Video: The Men who built America: the rise of Cornelius Vanderbilt https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H9Gq-eKO6SQ

Video: Transcontinental Railroad []

Video: Business Legends: Cornelius Vanderbilt https://youtu.be/xYd-yRABI-M

Vanderbilt Mansion National Historic Site: Monument to the Gilded Age []


 * THOMAS EDISON=(DC—direct current)**

Thomas Edison obituary (New York Times) http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0211.html

Electrical industry.

Importance of electricity to American industrial growth Changes in American life style.

Thomas Edison (Library of Congress) http://www.americaslibrary.gov/aa/edison/aa_edison_subj.html

Thomas Edison Develops Incandescent Light-Bulb (On This Day, Finding Dulcinea) http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/Oct/Thomas-Edison-Develops-Incandescent-Light-Bulb.html

Thomas Edison Announces Invention of Phonograph (On This Day, Finding Dulcinea) http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/science/On-This-Day--Thomas-Edison-Announces-Invention-of-Phonograph.html

Thomas Edison https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison

Thomas Edison (National Historic Park) https://www.nps.gov/edis/learn/historyculture/edison-biography.htm

Video: Business Legends: Thomas Edison https://youtu.be/pMqJB4Mbaqw

Video: Thomas Edison (Bio.com) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HQ2RJC1a8T0


 * FREDERICK WINSLOW TAYLOR=Father of scientific management**

Frederick W.Taylor https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Winslow_Taylor

Frederick Winslow Taylor (NHC) []

Progressivism in the Factory (NHC lesson plan) []

Frederick Taylor Viewpoint: Are Amazon's feedback tactics unusual? []

Who Made America: Frederick W. Taylor http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/theymadeamerica/whomade/taylor_hi.html

Frederick Taylor (NY Times obituary) http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0320.html

Guru: Frederick W. Taylor (Economist) http://www.economist.com/node/13051591

Frederick Winslow Taylor Viewpoint: Are Amazon's feedback tactics unusual? []

Emphasis on efficient production using Scientific management methods Time studies.


 * SOCIAL GOSPEL**

Social Gospel http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/tserve/twenty/tkeyinfo/socgospel.htm

Social Gospel https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Gospel

Walter Rauschenbusch https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Rauschenbusch http://www.christianitytoday.com/history/people/activists/walter-rauschenbusch.html http://www.pbs.org/godinamerica/people/walter-rauschenbusch.html

Walter Rauschenbusch http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/gilded/power/text9/rauschenbusch.pdf

Video: Walter Rauschenbusch ?????

Links: Foreign Missionary movement http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/tserve/nineteen/nlinksfmmovement.htm

Billy Sunday http://www2.wheaton.edu/bgc/archives/sunday/sunday01.html

Hitting the Sawdust Trail with Billy Sunday []

Billy Sunday https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Sunday http://www.christianitytoday.com/history/people/evangelistsandapologists/billy-sunday.html

Dwight Moody http://www.washingtonubf.org/Resources/Leaders/DwightMoody.html

Dwight Moody https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_L._Moody http://www.christianitytoday.com/history/people/evangelistsandapologists/dwight-l-moody.html


 * LABOR**

Capital and Labor https://www.learner.org/series/biographyofamerica/prog17/index.html

Let's check out these recent articles about Apple.

What comparisons to America during the Gilded Age.

Apple Accused of Ignoring 'Human Cost' of Manufacturing (PC World) []

Apple’s iPad and the Human Costs for Workers in China (New York Times) []

"8-Hour Work Day" (Today in History, Library of Congress) This article sets the stage for our discussion of the labor movement. http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/aug20.html


 * Changing status of labor**
 * Industrialization changed the nature of work
 * Power of employers increased
 * Worker independence and self-respect declined
 * Industrial workers were employees rather than crafts persons
 * Robot-like tasks made them feel like machines.
 * Emphasis on quantity over quality dehumanized the workplace
 * Workers resisted these trends
 * Worker resistance only led employers to tighten restrictions

Iron law of wages
 * Employees paid according to conditions of supply and demand.
 * Employers would set wages as low as possible

At a level where some persons would accept the work

Rise of Industrial America, 1876-1900 (Library of Congress: American Memory Timeline) http://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationsandactivities/presentations/timeline/riseind/

Work in the Late 19th Century http://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationsandactivities/presentations/timeline/riseind/work/ http://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationsandactivities/presentations/timeline/riseind/city/

Companies hired women and children to further cut costs
 * Prevailing free–market views stifled protective legislation for workers
 * Employers denied responsibility for employees' well–being.
 * Repetitive work decreased concentration and caused industrial accidents.

Child Labor (Ohio History online) http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=1569&nm=Child-Labor

Child Labor in America, 1908-1912 (History Place) http://www.historyplace.com/unitedstates/childlabor/index.html

Child Labor in the Industrial Revolution (Sound Smart) https://youtu.be/ejc8oDOcN_o

Protest songs https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protest_songs_in_the_United_States

No workers' comp at the time. If you got hurt, tough luck.
 * Is beating down the worker a prerequisite for industrialization? Should we care how Thailand runs its factories today?
 * Courts reinforced iron law of wages

Denied workers the right to bargain collectively Wages a private negotiation b/n employee & employer.

Important Supreme Court cases on the issue of management/labor

(1) Holden v. Hardy (1896)—ok to limit hours of miners, a dangerous job

(2) Lochner v. New York (1905)—cannot limit bakers' hours, not a dangerous job

(3) Muller v. Oregon (1908)—10-hour limit ok for women; protect their fragility.


 * THE UNION MOVEMENT**

Turning Our Backs on Unions (New York Times) []

Out of frustration, some workers began to participate in unions Unionization efforts took various directions.

Introducing New Recruits to "Labor's Catechism" []

"The Brotherhood of Man": A Unionist Uses the Bible []

Was Christ a union man? []

A Christ-like Character: A Catholic Priest Champions Henry George []

National Labor Union https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Union

Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) Big Bill Haywood and Eugene Debs https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Workers_of_the_World


 * A. Knights of Labor**

Terence V. Powderly (Ohio History online) http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=307

Terence V. Powderly Distances the Knights of Labor from the Haymarket Martyrs http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/96/

Terence Powderly https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terence_V._Powderly

Knights of Labor https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_of_Labor

Knights of Labor was broadly based: Accepted all workers

Knights of Labor (Ohio History online) http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=910&nm=Knights-of-Labor

Skilled Unskilled Women African–Americans
 * Opposed the idea of strikes.
 * Envisioned a cooperative society

Laborers would own the companies


 * 2. American Federation of Labor (AFL)**

Key name: Samuel Gompers

Samuel Gompers https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Gompers

Samuel Gompers (AFL-CIO) http://www.aflcio.org/About/Our-History/Key-People-in-Labor-History/Samuel-Gompers-1850-1924

Samuel Gompers (Ohio History online) http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=158&nm=Samuel-Gompers

American Federation of Labor was a craft (skill) union.

American Federation of Labor (Ohio History online) http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=835&nm=American-Federation-of-Labor

Did not accept unskilled workers Pressed for concrete goals:

Higher wages Shorter hours Right to collective bargaining.

Willing to work within the capitalist system.


 * PANIC OF 1873**

Panic of 1873 https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_of_1873

Video: Illinois in the Gilded Age, Panic of 1873 []

Panic of 1873 (On This Day, New York Times) http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/harp/1011.html

Panic of 1873 (Teaching History.org) http://teachinghistory.org/history-content/beyond-the-textbook/24579

New York and the Panic of 1873 (New York Times) http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/10/14/learning-lessons-from-the-panic-of-1873/?hp


 * RAILROAD STRIKE OF 1877**

Role of railroads in America Develop more data for this topic

Transcontinental Railroad (1869) https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Transcontinental_Railroad

When Railroads Designed Their Own Version of Time Zones []

Great Railroad Strike of 1877 https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Railroad_Strike_of_1877

Railroad Strike of 1877 []

Great Upheaval http://www.ushistory.org/us/37a.asp


 * HAYMARKET RIOT (1886)**

Riot protested police brutality against labor demonstrators. Police killed by a bomb thrown by supposed anarchists (want no govt) Revived middle–class fears of unions.

Haymarket Riot (Sound Smart) https://youtu.be/ZT_ZWCB_1cM

Haymarket Riot https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haymarket_affair

Anarchy Archives http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/index.html

John Peter Altgeld https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Peter_Altgeld

An Anarchist by Any Other Name: Albert Parsons and Anarchist Socialism http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5009

The Dramas of Haymarket (Chicago Historical Society) http://www.chicagohistory.org/dramas/overview/over.htm

Chicago Anarchists on Trial: Evidence from the Haymarket Affair, 1886-1887 (Library of Congress) http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/award98/ichihtml/hayhome.html

Anarchists (Chronicling America) http://www.loc.gov/rr/news/topics/anarchy.html

Today in History: December 30 Altgeld, Anarchists []

Haymarket Affair (Chronicling America) http://www.loc.gov/rr/news/topics/haymarket.html

Haymarket (Famous Trials) http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/haymarket/haymarket.html

Haymarket Affair (1886) [Note to myself: Causes and Effects of Emigration from Germany (1870s-1880s)] http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/sub_document.cfm?document_id=1739


 * HOMESTEAD STRIKE (1892)**

Steelworkers strike against Carnegie Steel Company. Henry Frick hired Pinkerton guards to protect the plant. Workers battled the guards. National guard called out.

1. Background articles

The Homestead and Pullman Strikes http://projects.vassar.edu/1896/strikes.html

Homestead Strike (AFL-CIO) http://www.aflcio.org/aboutus/history/history/homestead_strike.cfm

Homestead Strike https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homestead_strike

Henry Clay Frick https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Clay_Frick

"I Will Kill Frick": Emma Goldman Recounts the Attempt to Assassinate the Chairman of the Carnegie Steel Company During the: Homestead Strike in 1892 []

"An Awful Battle at Homestead, Pa." []

The Musical Saga of Homestead []


 * PANIC OF 1893**

Panic of 1893 https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_of_1893

Panic of 1893 http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Panic_of_1893

Economic Depression of 1893 http://projects.vassar.edu/1896/depression.html


 * Columbian Exposition** in Chicago [1893]

Columbian Exposition (1893) https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%27s_Columbian_Exposition

World's Columbian Exposition (1893): Idea, Experience, Aftermath [as in pre-Columbian; Columbus 1492] []


 * Coxey's Army** march on Washington (1894)

Coxey's Army (1894) https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coxey%27s_Army


 * PULLMAN STRIKE (1894)**

The Homestead and Pullman Strikes http://projects.vassar.edu/1896/strikes.html

Pullman Strike (Chicago Historical Society) http://www.chicagohs.org/history/pullman.html

George Pullman (Finding Dulcinea) http://www.findingdulcinea.com/features/profiles/p/george-pullman.html

George Pullman https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Pullman

George Pullman []

Pullman Strike https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pullman_Strike

Pullman Strike (NHC) []

Father Knows Best: Strikers Denounce Pullman []

Pullman Porters (Chronicling America LOC) http://www.loc.gov/rr/news/topics/pullman.html

Eugene V. Debs https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs

Bernie Sanders has a Eugene Debs problem https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/powerpost/wp/2016/01/22/the-daily-202-bernie-sanders- has-a-eugene-v-debs-problem/?utm_term=.e567acbafedb

Eugene Debs and Pullman Strike (Finding Dulcinea) http://www.findingdulcinea.com/features/profiles/d/eugene-debs.html

Origins of Labor Day and Pullman Strike http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/business/july-dec01/labor_day_9-2.html

Broken Spirits: Letters on the Pullman Strike http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5363/


 * Against exploitative policies of Pullman Palace Car Company.
 * Government intervened on the side of management

To ensure mail deliveries (supposedly) President Cleveland sent troops to put down the strike.

Eugene Debs and Pullman Strike http://www.aflcio.org/aboutus/history/history/debs.cfm