Progressive+Era

PROGRESSIVE ERA

Blend in below:

PROGRESSIVISM

39a. Education 42. Progressivism Sweeps the Nation 42b. Muckrakers

43. Progressives in the White House 43f. The Election of 1912 43g. Woodrow Wilson's New Freedom

Digital History Jane Addams Progressivism Roots of Progressivism

Frank Norris, The Octopus http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/gilded/power/text3/octopusnorris.pdf

Ida M. Tarbell, "The History of the Standard Oil Company," http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/gilded/power/text2/standardoil.pdf

Lincoln Steffens, The Shame of the Cities, 1904, "Introduction and Some Conclusions" http://www.historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5732

Kindergarten []

Women Suffrage []

Woman's Christian Temperance Union []

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire Trial []

100 Years Later: Examining the Impact of the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire http://learning.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/03/25/100-years-later-examining-the-impact-of-the-triangle-shirtwaist-factory-fire/

Foreign Missionary Movement in the 19th and early 20th Centuries (useful links) []

Evangelicalism as a Social Movement []

38e. Religious Revival: The Social Gospel

Dwight Moody []

Hitting the Sawdust Trail with Billy Sunday []

Religious Revival: The "Social Gospel" []

Walter Rauschenbusch, Christianizing the Social Order, http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/gilded/power/text9/rauschenbusch.pdf

Birth of Bull Moose Party []

NWHM Woman Suffrage Cyber Exhibit []


 * Progressive movement**
 * How to deal with unregulated industrial capitalism.
 * Willing to use government power to do so.
 * Could not always agree on the problem or proposed solution.

Progressive contradictions.

Balancing act between will of the people and government acting as conscience.

Classic American political dilemma.

General goals:
 * Ending the abuse of power
 * Reforming social institutions
 * Promoting bureaucratic and scientific efficiency.

Women in the Progressive Era (National Women's History Museum) http://www.nwhm.org/online-exhibits/progressiveera/home.html My Website Spotlight blog post http://thelearningprofessor.blogspot.com/2012/06/website-spotlight-women-in-progessive.html

Documents: Progressive Era http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/index.asp?category=3

Authentic History: Progressive Era []


 * Leaders of the Progressive Movement**


 * College-educated
 * Middle–class
 * Professionals: law, medicine, engineering, social work, teaching, business.


 * Muckrakers**
 * Today's investigative reporters.
 * Exposed business abuses and political corruption.

Some of the best–known muckrakers:


 * Frank Norris**

The Octopus (1901) attacked the Southern Pacific Railroad in California.

Frank Norris: The Octopus in the West (National Humanities Center) http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/gilded/power/text3/octopusnorris.pdf


 * Ida Tarbell**

History of the Standard Oil Company (1904) showed how Standard Oil came to control an entire industry.

Ida Tarbell obituary (New York Times) http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/1105.html

Standard Oil Ordered to Dissolve (On This Day, Finding Dulcinea) http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/May-June-08/On-this-Day--Standard-Oil-Ordered-to-Dissolve.html

Ida Tarbell (American Experience) http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/rockefellers/peopleevents/p_tarbell.html

National Humanities Center Toolbox The Gilded & Gritty, America, 1870-1912 Power: Taming the Octopus 2. Standard Oil http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/gilded/power/text2/text2read.htm - Ida M. Tarbell, "The History of the Standard Oil Company," McClure's Magazine, 1902-1904, excerpts - John D. Rockefeller, Random Reminiscences of Men and Events, 1909 (publ. 1933), excerpts - U.S. Supreme Court, Standard Oil Company of New Jersey et al. v. U.S., 1911, excerpts


 * Lincoln Steffens**

Shame of the Cities (1904) exposed corruption in various city governments.

Lincoln Steffens http://www.findingdulcinea.com/features/profiles/s/lincoln-steffens.html

Lincoln Steffens Exposes “Tweed Days in St. Louis” http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5733/

Shame of the Cities: Steffens on Urban Blight http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5732

Plunkitt’s Plain Talk: Satirizing Steffens http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5731/


 * Upton Sinclair**

The Jungle (1906) described awful conditions in Chicago meat–packing plants.

Upton Sinclair obituary (New York Times) http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0920.html

Upton Sinclair (Finding Dulcinea) http://www.findingdulcinea.com/features/profiles/s/upton-sinclair.html

Upton Sinclair http://www.uptonsinclair.com/bio.html

Upton Sinclair (New York Times) http://topics.nytimes.com/topics/reference/timestopics/people/s/upton_sinclair/index.html

Upton Sinclair (Social Security) http://www.ssa.gov/history/sinclair.html

The Jungle (History Matters) http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5727/

Muckrakers. Not much legislation resulted from all the effort.
 * Safer factories
 * Shorter workday
 * Workers' compensation
 * Better housing
 * Health safeguards.


 * Progressive reforms** at the city and state levels


 * City level**

Reformers first tried to eliminate corruption at the city level through
 * Civil service hiring
 * Nonpartisan elections
 * City–manager form of government
 * Public ownership of utilities

Prevent gas, electric, and streetcar monopolies


 * State level**. To solve problems covering more than one city.


 * Reform governors**. Several earned a national reputation.

Robert M. LaFollette (Wisconsin Historical Society) http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/turningpoints/tp%2D035/ http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/turningpoints/tp-035/

Robert LaFollette (US Senate) http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/art/artifact/Painting_32_00010.htm

Robert LaFollette (Architect of the Capitol) http://www.aoc.gov/cc/art/nsh/lafollette.cfm

Progressivism and the Wisconsin Idea (Wisconsin Historical Society) http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/turningpoints/tp-036/?action=more_essay

Wisconsin Protesters Invoke the Legacy of 'Fighting Bob' - WSJ.com []

Hiram Johnson (California) Charles Evans Hughes (New York) Woodrow Wilson (New Jersey).


 * Progressive political reforms at the state level**:


 * Initiative. Voters (10%) can propose new laws.


 * Referendum. People's veto. Voters (10%) can reject a law.


 * Recall. People's impeachment. Voters (25%) can remove an officeholder.


 * Direct primary. Voters nominate general election candidates of own party


 * Direct election of U.S. Senators. 17th Amendment (1913) replaced the former method: selection by state legislatures.


 * Progressive education**

Key name: **John Dewey**

John Dewey obituary (New York Times) http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/1020.html

Curriculum changes Not rote memorization Not outdated subjects Real–life problems. Personal development, not merely subject matter


 * Progressive lawyers**
 * Argued that law should be flexible enough to reflect needs of society.
 * Conservative judges (using laissez–faire arguments) opposed
 * [We saw this split in the 2000 election court cases]


 * Social Gospel**

The Social Gospel and the Progressive Era (National Humanities Center) http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/tserve/twenty/tkeyinfo/socgospel.htm

Walter Rauschenbusch (God in America) []


 * TRIANGLE SHIRTWAIST FACTORY FIRE (1911)**

Remember to use Google Images for persons, events, newspaper headlines http://www.google.com/imghp?hl=en&tab=wi

Triangle Fire pulls together themes of progressivism, immigration, and industrialization.

Triangle Fire (Finding Dulcinea) http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/March-April-08/On-this-Day--NYC-Garment-Factory-Fire-Kills-146-.html

Triangle (Famous Trials) http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/triangle/trianglefire.html 1. Doug Linder's essay 2. Newspaper Accounts 3. The Victims (note the sad descriptions)

Triangle (American Experience) http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/primary-resources/triangle-nyt/ 1. Introduction http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/introduction/triangle-intro/ 2. Frances Perkins http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/bonus-video/triangle-downey/ 3. The Price of Fashion (Photo Gallery) http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/photo-gallery/triangle/ 4. What is a Shirtwaist? http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/general-article/triangle-shirtwaist/ 5. New York Times coverage of the fire http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/primary-resources/triangle-nyt/

NYT Learning Network http://learning.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/03/25/100-years-later-examining-the-impact-of-the-triangle-shirtwaist-factory-fire/


 * Women's Suffrage**

Reforming Their World: Women in the Progressive Era (National Women's History Museum) http://www.nwhm.org/online-exhibits/progressiveera/home.html

Picketing for Suffrage (Today in History, Library of Congress) http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/aug28.html

Votes for Women (Library of Congress) http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/naw/nawshome.html

19th Amendment (Woman's Suffrage) (Chronicling America, Library of Congress) http://www.loc.gov/rr/news/topics/nineteenth.html

Women's Suffrage in the Progressive Era (Library of Congress) http://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationsandactivities/presentations/timeline/progress/

Women's Suffrage (History Now entire issue) http://www.gilderlehrman.org/historynow/03_2006/index.php

Elizabeth Cady Stanton (Today in History, Library of Congress) []

Susan B. Anthony Votes (On this Day, Finding Dulcinea) []

Susan B. Anthony Trial (Famous Trials) []

British Suffragette Trampled by King's Horse (On This Day, Finding Dulcinea) []


 * Prohibition**

Prohibition (Chronicling America LOC) http://www.loc.gov/rr/news/topics/prohibition.html

Temperance and Prohibition (Today in History, Library of Congress) http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/oct28.html

Prohibition (Ken Burns) http://www.pbs.org/kenburns/prohibition/ My Website Spotlight blog post http://thelearningprofessor.blogspot.com/2012/06/website-spotlight-prohibition.html

Prohibition (Stanford History Education Group) http://sheg.stanford.edu/upload/Lessons/Unit%209_WWI%20and%20the%201920s/Prohibition%20Lesson%20Plan.pdf

Carrie Nation (Chronicling America, Library of Congress) http://www.loc.gov/rr/news/topics/carrienation.html

Carrie Amelia Moore Nation (1846–1911) (Encyclopedia of Arkansas) [|http://www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=2514#]

Today in History: December 27 Temperance, Cary Nation, 1900 Temperance, Carrie Nation (Today in History, Library of Congress) []

Carrie A. Nation (Kansas Historical Society) []

Carrie Nation's Hammer (Kansas Historical Society) []

Prohibition: A Case Study of Progressive Reform (Library of Congress) http://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationsandactivities/presentations/timeline/progress/

Prohibition http://www.life.com/gallery/42092/prohibition-when-booze-ruled

http://www.life.com/gallery/37542/prohibition-how-dry-we-aint#index/0

http://www.bbc.com/travel/blog/20110707-travelwise-speakeasies-moonshine-and-gangsters


 * THEODORE ROOSEVELT (1900-1909)**

Remember to use Google Images for persons, events, newspaper headlines http://www.google.com/imghp?hl=en&tab=wi

Theodore Roosevelt (Miller Center, University of Virginia) http://millercenter.org/president/roosevelt


 * New Nationalism**

Motto of the Theodore Roosevelt presidency


 * TR believed government should direct national affairs
 * Government should coordinate and regulate big business
 * Government should not destroy big business.
 * Government should act as an umpire.
 * Roosevelt was a Republican, party of big business.

He was thus in an awkward position.

Theodore Roosevelt, "The New Nationalism," address, 1910 http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/gilded/power/text10/text10read.htm http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/index.asp?document=501 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Croly

Obama comparison to TR speech (Washington Post) http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/obama-invokes-teddy-roosevelt-in-speech-attacking-gop-policies/2011/12/06/gIQAEf3yaO_story.html


 * Regulation of trusts**

Major issue in the Roosevelt presidency


 * Industrialization had led to a concentration of great power.
 * Large–scale business combinations were then called "trusts";

Today we would call them conglomerates or multinationals.
 * By 1904, for example, trusts controlled much of American business:

6 large financial groups dominated the railroad industry; Rockefeller's Standard Oil owned 85% of the oil business.
 * No one really clear on how to deal with trusts:

Let trusts alone since big business is an inevitable part of progress Distinguish between good and bad trusts Regulate good trusts (if so, who should be the regulators) Break up bad trusts into smaller companies. Theodore Roosevelt sought to regulate the abuses of the worst trusts—the railroads, oil companies, and the meatpacking monopolies. We still do not have a solution. We vary between regulation and deregulation


 * ELECTION OF 1912**


 * TR disagreed with Taft and the "Old Guard" Republicans,
 * TR left the Republican party to set up a third party

Progressive (Bull Moose) party.
 * Republican vote split between Taft and TR
 * Woodrow Wilson slipped in as the Democratic president

Progressive Party Platform of 1912 http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/index.asp?document=607

Remember to use Google Images for persons, events, newspaper headlines http://www.google.com/imghp?hl=en&tab=wi

Political Cartoons Illustrating Progressivism and the Election of 1912 (National Archives: Teaching With Documents) http://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/election-cartoons/

Bull Moose Party (Today in History, Library of Congress) http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/jun22.html

Election of 1912 (Chronicling America, Library of Congress) http://www.loc.gov/rr/news/topics/elect1912.html

Election of 1912 (Miller Center, University of Virginia) http://millercenter.org/president/wilson/essays/biography/3

Election of 1912 Resource Guide (Library of Congress) http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/elections/election1912.html


 * William Howard Taft**

William Howard Taft (Miller Center, University of Virginia) http://millercenter.org/president/taft Life Before the Presidency http://millercenter.org/president/taft/essays/biography/2 Campaigns and Elections http://millercenter.org/president/taft/essays/biography/3 Domestic Affairs http://millercenter.org/president/taft/essays/biography/4 Foreign Affairs http://millercenter.org/president/taft/essays/biography/5

President William Howard Taft obituary (New York Times) http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0915.html

William Howard Taft (Today in History, Library of Congress) http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/sep15.html


 * Election of 1912**

Theodore Roosevelt (American Experience) http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/general-article/tr-politics/

Today in History: June 22 Bull Moose Party (Library of Congress) Read the section entitled "Bull Moose Born" []

Election of 1912 (Miller Center, University of Virginia) http://millercenter.org/president/wilson/essays/biography/3


 * WOODROW WILSON** (1913–1921).

Woodrow Wilson (American Experience) http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/wilson/ http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/biography/presidents-wilson/

Woodrow Wilson (Miller Center, University of Virginia) http://millercenter.org/president/wilson Life Before the Presidency http://millercenter.org/president/wilson/essays/biography/2 The Campaign and Election of 1916 http://millercenter.org/president/wilson/essays/biography/3 Domestic Affairs http://millercenter.org/president/wilson/essays/biography/4 Foreign Affairs http://millercenter.org/president/wilson/essays/biography/5