HIST+151+Exam+1+S18


 * Historical Analysis:** sourcing, contextualization, corroboration

How historians try to sort through the past (is it ever "fake news"?)

1.Who wrote the source? 2.When was it written? 3.Where was it written? 4.Is the author in a position to know first-hand, or is the account based on hearsay? 5.Can the source be believed? Is the author trustworthy. What will he stand to gain or lose?
 * a. Sourcing**

1. What else was happening at the time this was written? (The burning issues of the day). 2. What was different back then? What was the same? 3. What would it look like through the eyes of someone who lived back then?
 * b. Contextualization**

1. What are the real facts? 2. Comparing different accounts 3. What is common to the various accounts? 4. When do they disagree? 5. What might explain these discrepancies? 6. How might the accounts be reconciled?
 * c. Corroboration**


 * Voyages of Exploration**

Overview map of voyages of exploration


 * Background to European explorations:**

Luxury goods in Asia: silk, dyes, perfumes, jewels, and gold.

Spices in Asia: pepper, cloves, cinnamon, and nutmeg. Spice Islands [Moluccas in today's Indonesia] (Royal Museums, Greenwich)

The Spice Islands | Explore Royal Museums Greenwich []

Earlier role of Italy as middlemen in European overland trade with China.

Marco Polo's Travels (1275) to China. Published in 1477. Marco Polo traveled overland.


 * Constantinople** (1453). Fell to the Muslim Turks.

Muslims then controlled overland trade routes from Catholic Europe to Asia.

Europeans sought all–water trade route to Asia to outflank Muslims.


 * Voyages of Exploration:**

Video: Crash Course World History [|Columbus, de Gama, and Zheng He! 15th Century Mariners. Crash Course: World History #21 - YouTube]


 * A. Explorations of Portugal**

Will try to reach Asia by sailing east. The other European countries will try to reach Asia by sailing west America gets in their way and becomes the heart of our story. Portugal began explorations first: Portuguese sailed around Africa to reach Asia

Portugal: **Prince Henry the Navigator** Think tank for navigators []

[]
 * Bartolomeu Dias**: Cape of Good Hope (1488)

[]
 * Vasco da Gama**: India (1498)


 * B. Explorations of Spain:**


 * Christopher Columbus**: (12 October 1492)

Sailed west to reach Asia. Landed in Bahamas on first voyage. Four voyages in all Believed he reached East Indies—called the natives "Indians." Never realized he discovered a whole new world.

Voyage of Christopher Columbus []


 * Amerigo Vespucci**

America named for him


 * Treaty of Tordesillas** (1494)

Pope divided land claims between Portugal and Spain Portugal got Africa and Brazil Spain got remainder of New World

Treaty of Tordesillas []


 * Columbian Exchange**

The Columbian Exchange (wonderful diagram of the exchange) []


 * Hernán Cortés** (1519–1521)

Conqueror of Aztec empire in Mexico

Malinche. Translator and mistress to Cortes Sold by her Aztec mother as a slave to Mayans (where Cortes landed) Caught between several worlds Is she a hero or a traitor to Mexicans?


 * Ferdinand Magellan** (1519–1522).

Sailed around the globe.

Ferdinand Magellan (Royal Museums, Greenwich) []

Ferdinand Magellan (On This Day, Finding Dulcinea) []


 * Hernando de Soto** (1539–42).

Traveled though the Southeastern United States

Hernando de Soto Map

http://memory.loc.gov/intldl/eshtml/images/florida_map.jpg

De Soto reaches the Mississippi (History.com This Day in History | 5/8/1541) []


 * Francisco Vázquez de Coronado** (1540–1542).

Traveled through the Southwestern United States

Francisco Vázquez de Coronado (PBS, The West) []


 * Martin Luther**

People saved by faith alone (Not by pilgrimages, indulgences) Priesthood of all believers replaced monasticism as the ideal Neither priests nor Latin Bible should keep people from the Word

Martin Luther (On This Day, Finding Dulcinea) []

(Lutherans): Protestant Reformation (1517)

In 2017 we celebrate the 500th anniversary of the Protestant Reformation.


 * Protestant Reformation in England (1533)**


 * English King Henry VIII** [House of **Tudor**]

Henry VIII broke with Rome in 1533. Under Henry, Protestantism hardly differed from Catholicism.

Biographical sketch of Henry VIII (British Monarchy website) []


 * Edward VI**

Son of Henry VIII was Protestant, but died as a teenager.


 * Mary I**

One daughter of Henry VIII, Mary I ("Bloody" Mary), was Catholic.

Mary burned many Protestants at the stake. Other Protestants fled to safety of Frankfurt and Geneva There they absorbed radical Calvinist doctrines. They returned to England after the death of Mary. Eager to "purify" English church of any hint of Catholicism.


 * Queen Elizabeth I (1558-1603)**

Elizabeth I (British Monarchy) [Current Queen is Elizabeth II] []

Other daughter of Henry VIII, Elizabeth I, was Protestant:

Church settlement. Church of England became clearly Protestant, but in its own way. Latin liturgy translated into the English Book of Common Prayer. Cult of saints dropped. Clergy permitted to marry. Calvinists, however, did not think these reforms went far enough. Puritans versus Separatists


 * English Exploration**

England would not be bound by the Treaty of Tordesillas. But tried to explore initially in areas not claimed by Spanish or Portuguese.


 * John Cabot (1497)**

John Cabot (Royal Museums, Greenwich) English claim to North America is based on the discoveries of John Cabot []


 * Francis Drake (1577)**

Francis Drake goes round the world []


 * Spanish Armada (1588)**

Rivalry between Spain and England Spain was hard–core Catholic Spain hated Protestant England. Spanish naval Armada (fleet) attempted to invade England A major battle in world history. English defeated the Spanish.

Spanish Armada prevented resupply to the Lost Colony.

The Spanish Armada (BBC) []


 * Before we discuss Roanoke Island, let's look at who was living in North America**


 * Native Americans**

Map:Routes of the first Americans []

Native Americans originally came to America from Asia Land bridge from Siberia across the Bering Straits.

Early cultures: fishing, hunting, and gathering for mere subsistence.

Settled agriculture (corn, beans, squash) more sophisticated civilizations.

Indian tribes adapted to different geographic settings.

Map: Location of Major Groups of First Americans []

Five million Indians in North America at time of European arrival.

Over two hundred language groups.

Indians not organized into tribes but into hundreds of bands

Seldom did a "chief" hold significant power.

Bands quarreled with each other

Used Europeans to help them fight their enemies

Early North American civilizations:

Mound Builders (Ohio river region) Anasazi (Arizona and New Mexico) Mississippians (Midwest and Southeast U.S.). Cahokia.


 * Ok, now let's get into the first attempted English settlement in America **


 * Roanoke Island (in present-day North Carolina) (1585-1590)**

Attempted base from which to harass Spanish treasure fleets

Note: Roanoke Island is the first English settlement in North America. Jamestown is the first PERMANENT English settlement.

Spanish Armada prevented resupply to Roanoke Colony

John White's map gave a clue to the possible location of the Lost Colony.

The Roanoke Island Colony: Lost, and Found? []


 * John White at Roanoke Island**

John White watercolors of native inhabitants at Roanoke Island Index of his watercolors []

Indian woman and young girl Image [] Description [|http://www.virtualjamestown.org/images/white_debry_html/white.html#s35]


 * King James I (1603-1625)**

James I (British Monarchy) http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/james_i_vi.shtml

New royal family: **House of Stuart**

During his reign, the Pilgrims fled to Netherlands and then from there to Plymouth colony

Jamestown (1607) named for him

In 2011 we celebrated the 400th anniversary of the King James Bible.


 * English colonies in America**

Differed on many dimensions:

a. Type of colony (originally v. later—movement to make colonies royal)

Charter Royal (monarch, crown) Proprietorship

b. Religion: Puritan, Anglican, Catholic, Quaker, and others

c. Methods of land distribution

d. Relations with the Indians

e. Types of servitude

f. Major crops and exports

g. Date founded: the place they left and the America they came to both differed.


 * VIRGINIA**


 * Jamestown (1607).**

First permanent English settlement in America Roanoke Island was the first settlement but was not permanent

[]
 * Map** of the Chesapeake colonies (Virginia and Maryland)


 * Virginia Company of London**

Joint–stock company. Limited liability of investors Not financed by government.

The Virginia Company of London []


 * John Smith**

John Smith's Bold Endeavor (NOVA) []


 * Powhatan Indians and Pocahontas**

Pocahontas: What They Don't Tell You (Mr, Betts) https://youtu.be/pCwbsZ-tY6Y


 * Indian and English cultural differences.**

a. Land ownership: English wanted private property; Indian land owned communally.

b. Gender division of work: Indian women worked the fields. English women did not. Indian men hunted. English saw hunting as an upper-class leisure activity.

c. Leadership: Nature of hierarchy differed English looked for "chiefs" Indian leaders' authority rested on consensus.


 * Tobacco:**

Basis of Virginia's success. John Rolfe the main name (he married Pocahontas) Key cash crop Required much land Required continuous labor

The History of 18th Century Tobacco Plantations in Coastal Virginia http://youtu.be/43lWR9Pd0-c

John Rolfe (National Park Service, Jamestown) []


 * Headrights**

Land grants to individuals Settlers could claim 50 acres of land for themselves 50 acres for those whom they paid passage (including servants). Enabled some to build a large estate of landed wealth.


 * House of Burgesses (1619).**

Virginia began the tradition of local representative government. New Spain, New France, and New Netherlands had autocratic rule.

First Legislative Assembly in America (National Park Service, Jamestown) []


 * Royal colony.**

In 1624, Virginia becomes a royal colony, ruled by the king through appointed officials.


 * Anglican Church.**

Church of England (Episcopalians today). Not Puritans.

Religion in Early Virginia http://www.history.org/Almanack/life/religion/religionva.cfm

Reverend Robert Hunt (National Park Service, Jamestown) []


 * Indentured servitude In Virginia**

Need for laborers. Tobacco cultivation required many laborers. English began with indentured servants (7 years) from England. Slaves cost three times as much for initial outlay. Life was hard on servants; not much easier for owners Diet of pork and corn Not much material wealth (not like today's Williamsburg) Servant might not live through his indenture If he lived through it, he could become a landowner himself.

Indentured Servants (US History.org) http://www.ushistory.org/us/5b.asp


 * Virginia families.**

Predominance of males, servitude, high mortality rates caused

Fewer, smaller (1–3 healthy children), and shorter–lived families.

Most children had step–parents: death of parent and remarriage.

Rich families began by 1700 to control the colony They were intermarried, wealthy, powerful The same people were Burgesses, militia, church vestry, county court


 * King Charles I (1625-1649)**

He was the son of James I His own sons were Charles II and James II [we will meet up with them later in our semester]

Intolerant of Puritans Believed in divine right of kings Puritan dissenters decided to flee from England to Massachusetts Bay colony (1630)


 * Maryland (1632).**

Video: Catholic Maryland http://youtu.be/RsxrJ0f91aU

Proprietorship. A personal possession. Land grant from King Charles I to Calvert family (Lord Baltimore).

Catholic. Maryland a sanctuary for Catholics Catholics severely persecuted in England.

Maryland similar to Virginia: Rivers Tobacco Plantations Indentured servitude and slavery. Chesapeake (Bay). Term includes Virginia and Maryland, mostly.


 * NEW ENGLAND**

Map of New England colonies []

[|http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pv-_JxApHzo&feature=youtube_gdata_player]
 * Video**: Mayflower Story: Desperate Crossing [part 1 of 3 parts] (12 minutes)


 * a. Plymouth Colony (Notice the date: 1620)**

Separatist Puritans Called "Pilgrims" Wanted to leave the Church of England entirely.

Video: Mayflower Compact http://youtu.be/Tqhc0kqR_h8

God in America: Pilgrims []


 * Governor William Bradford**: "Of Plymouth Plantation"

Video: Governor William Bradford http://youtu.be/4LnUhFKr9YU

William Bradford http://www.learner.org/amerpass/unit03/authors-1.html

Pokanoket Indians (compare to Powhatans) help Pilgrims.

Squanto (compare him to Malinche) helps Pilgrims. He showed the Pilgrims how to feed themselves. []

Between 1620 and 1630, other options for settlement (besides Virginia and New England). English migrants settled on St. Kitts (1624) and Barbados (1627).

Great map illustrating the Great Migration during the1600s https://joannedi.files.wordpress.com/2012/12/greatmigrationmap1620-1640.jpg

(Notice the date: 1630)
 * b. Massachusetts Bay Colony**

(Non Separatist) Puritans

The Puritans (God in America, PBS) [| http://www.pbs.org/godinamerica/people/puritans.html]

Video: Governor John Winthrop http://youtu.be/8psobkdtgUU

The Puritan Ideal: A City on Hill http://youtu.be/JhTby_SOWnE

Governor John Winthrop (God in America, PBS) [He interpreted surviving a bad accident with his horse as a divine signal] [| http://www.pbs.org/godinamerica/people/john-winthrop.html]


 * Religious intolerance** in treatment of Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson:


 * Roger Williams**

Roger Williams (God in America, PBS) []

Roger Williams Biography (National Park Service) Youth and Education [] Rejecting the Middle Way [] Founding Providence (Rhode Island) []


 * Anne Hutchinson**

Anne Hutchinson (God in America, PBS) []

Anne Hutchinson (National Women's History Museum) https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/anne-hutchinson


 * John Calvin (Calvinists)**:

God alone decided who would be saved—predestination. Act as if you were one of the elect by strict morality and hard work Laymen governed church through elders and ministers (presbytery)

John Calvin biographical sketch (Calvin College) http://www.calvin.edu/about/john-calvin/

Born in France to a Catholic family.

John Calvin: famous for his work entitled "Institutes of the Christian Religion" (1536)


 * Covenant theology**

God covenanted with the Puritans and they with Him. People covenanted together to form a church.

Puritan church became known as Congregationalists


 * New England towns**

No headright system as in Virginia. Land distributed to groups, not individuals. Grants of land led to growth of communities not large personal estates.


 * New England families**

Numerous, large (5–7 healthy children), and long–lived. Even grandparents appeared. Parents exercised control over their adult children Allocation of land Need for children's labor to support them. Contrast with Chesapeake


 * MIDDLE COLONIES=New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware**

The Quakers, the Dutch, and the Ladies (Crash Course US History) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p47tZLJbdag

Map of Middle Colonies http://wps.ablongman.com/wps/media/objects/1483/1518969/DIVI037.jpg

Religious Pluralism in the Middle Colonies (Divining America, National Humanities Center) []


 * Pennsylvania (1681)**

Charles II gave William Penn a proprietary land grant

Penn saw this land as a refuge for Quakers—a "holy experiment" Pennsylvania became known for its religious toleration. Religious diversity: Quakers, German Reformed, Lutherans, Mennonites Penn actively promoted his colony—to Germans (Deutsch) particularly Pennsylvania became grain producing area of colonial America

German speakers: Deutsch not Dutch

Here are several terns which refer to Colonial Pennsylvania:

Holy Experiment Best Poor Man's country Walking Purchase


 * William Penn**

William Penn (God in America) []


 * Quakers**

Society of Friends, founded in England by George Fox.

a. Quakers believed everyone could be saved—all were children of God and could experience his inner light. b. No need of a formal priesthood or liturgy. c. Women were allowed an important role in ministry. d. Refused to swear oaths on the Bible—it would imply they were not telling the truth on other occasions. e. Pacifists. Refused to perform militia service or pay taxes for self–defense. f. Related well to the Indians. Could history have developed differently if we had learned from Quakers?

America as a Religious Refuge (Part 2) (Library of Congress) Read the portions entitled "The Quakers" and "The Pennsylvania Germans" []


 * New Netherlands**

Netherlands a small country but a major trading power and enemy of England in Europe Dutch settled along the Hudson river in what is now New York.

New Netherland https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Netherland

Conquered by the English in 1664

Dutch claim was due to Henry Hudson's explorations (1609). 400th anniversary in 2009

http://www.pbs.org/empireofthebay/profiles/hudson.html
 * Henry Hudson** (PBS)


 * Salem Witchcraft (1692)**

Video: What Caused The Salem Witch Trials? http://youtu.be/3MmV42tUjfs

Salem Witchcraft http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/July-August-08/On-this-Day--Five-Women-Hanged-in-Salem-for-Witchcraft.html

"A strong belief in the devil, factions among Salem Village fanatics and rivalry with nearby Salem Town, a recent small pox epidemic and the threat of attack by warring tribes created a fertile ground for fear and suspicion."

Spectral evidence

Spectral evidence refers to a witness testimony that the accused person's spirit or spectral shape appeared to him/her in a dream at the time the accused person's physical body was at another location. It was accepted in the courts during the Salem Witch Trials.

Province of New York
 * New York**

Charles II gave his younger brother, duke of York, a large land grant which include the Dutch–held New Netherlands.

Duke of York became King James II when his brother Charles II died.

New Netherlands was conquered in 1664 by the English; renamed New York.

New Jersey. Duke of York re-granted much of his land grant to two friends.

Province of New Jersey

We won't do anything more with either New York or New Jersey


 * Back again to English history as it affects colonies**


 * English Civil War**

The Execution of Charles I He was the son of James I


 * Oliver Cromwell (English Commonwealth period)**

Oliver Cromwell http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/civil_war_revolution/cromwell_01.shtml


 * Charles II** (1660–1685)


 * Restoration** [of the monarchy]

Video: Restoration of English monarchy http://youtu.be/HFF5V6XlCKo


 * Key for America**:


 * Charles II** gave land grants (New York, Carolinas) of new colonies as rewards to men who supported him during his exile in France.

All were proprietorships: their owners held title to the soil and controlled the government.


 * Carolinas** (1663)

A buffer between the other English colonies and the Spanish in Florida

Map of the Carolinas and Georgia []

Charles II paid back several of his supporters (those who stood by him in exile in France) with land grants.

Creating the Carolinas (US History.org) http://www.ushistory.org/us/5c.asp

Northern portion of the grant (North Carolina) grew similarly to and was linked with Virginia.

Area around Charleston became the nucleus of South Carolina.

Heavily influenced by settlers from Barbados

Their brand of slavery was harsher than in other parts of North America.

Rice and indigo (Eliza Pinckney) the main crops

South Carolina used skills slaves brought from Africa (rice growing) and the West Indies (indigo—blue dye). Both crops offset each other: different growing seasons; indigo grown on high ground, rice in low–lying swampy areas.


 * First Great Awakening**

Religion in 18th century America (Library of Congress) [Scroll down halfway and begin at "The Emergence of American Evangelicalism: The Great Awakening" []

Video: First Great Awakening (6:39) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n-dk4-HBNWQ

First Great Awakening: a reaction to the decline of religious intensity in the American colonies

Began in Massachusetts in 1730s; in all colonies by 1760s.


 * Jonathan Edwards**

Great Awakening began in Northampton, Massachusetts (1734–35) with Jonathan Edwards.

He noticed a remarkable number of conversions among the youth of his church to a message based on Calvinist principles, a recognition of their own depraved natures, and the need to surrender completely to God's will.

Jonathan Edwards (God in America, PBS) []


 * George Whitefield**

The effects of such conversions remained isolated until 1739, when George Whitefield, an English Anglican clergyman, arrived in America. For fifteen months he toured the colonies. Preached to large audiences from Georgia to New England. His journey: new interconnection among the previously distinct colonies.

George Whitefield (God in America, PBS) []


 * Impact of the Great Awakening**:

Challenged deference, introduced egalitarianism to the colonies.

The Great Awakening divided churches over several issues:
 * Were pastors clearly born again?
 * How much education did pastors need?
 * Was itinerant evangelism allowable?

Denominations split into New Lights and Old Lights (Presbyterians) and Old Sides and New Sides (Congregationalists).