HIST+152+Exams


 * MY OBSERVATIONS ON EXAM #1**


 * Remember: I love you and care for you--no matter how you did on the exam.**


 * Also Remember**: Your answers to the two questions represent how much you learned in 1/3 of a college course.

Wait at least 24 hours before you talk to me about your grade. Before we talk, take the time to type out your answers so we can determine how much you included in your answers related to the study guide expectation.

As an APU student, you are expected to study 1-2 hours outside of class for every hour in class. The only grades for this course (besides class participation--which you should strive to do better on) are the three essay exams. Decide for yourself how much time you are actually investing in the course.


 * Number of pages**:

Your answers to both questions should be hitting concrete points from the study guide.

You can write 3 pages on each question and still not get an "A".

As I read your blue book, I underlined or circled the points you made that counted toward your answer.

When your answer is barely one page, with few concrete points from the study guide, you will probably have a fairly low grade..


 * Grades**:

This is our first exam together. I will look at how you progress over the semester.

Please let me help you figure out how to up your game.

I did not write much to you in the way of notes (I am never quite sure what to say).

But my thoughts are these:

Let me help you (particularly in how to benefit from the study guide). Hang in there. Put "more meat on the bones."


 * Hints for next exam**:

Be sure to study principally the material on the study guide. I am trying to help you by limiting what you are responsible for.

Our websites add color and excitement to our material, but you should not spend much exam time telling stories from the websites--unless you hit the main study guide material as well.

Write out material to study from and then condense. Note my 4x6 cards.

Hit overall main points for sure. Then put important details under the main points.


 * Self-assessment**

To assess your own work, go back to the study guide and see what else you might have said but did not.

Type out your actual answer and compare it to the study guide.


 * Exam #1: pre-exam**

Study for the following five possible questions.

On the exam itself, I will pick three of these questions--you will have to answer two of the three.

The exam will be essay--that means complete sentences, not just bullet points.

Bring a blue book and please write in pen.

Possible Exam Questions:

1. Eyes Abroad 2. Spanish-American-Philippine Wars 3. U.S. on World Stage 4. World War I: Beginnings 5. World War I: American Role/Peace Conference


 * START HERE FOR QUESTION #1:**
 * EYES ABROAD**


 * Alaska** (1867)

1. Secretary of State William H. Seward foresaw a large American empire. 2. U.S purchased Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million. 3. Seward was criticized: Seward's Folly, Seward's Ice-Box

Alaska Purchase (On This Day, Finding Dulcinea) http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/September-October-08/On-this-Day--The-United-States-Purchases-Alaska.html


 * The US Joins the Worldwide Scramble for Empire**

1. In 1890, the US census declared the frontier "closed."

2. Many in America began to believe we had to expand abroad.

3. Great powers measured their greatness by the colonies they acquired.

World Colonial Empires, 1900 []

4. Britain, Germany, and France divided up Africa. They wanted to carve up Asia as well.

Imperialism in Africa http://images.classwell.com/mcd_xhtml_ebooks/2005_world_history/images/mcd_mwh2005_0618377115_p343_f01.jpg

5. Alfred Thayer Mahan

http://history.state.gov/milestones/1866-1898/Mahan
 * Mahan's //The Influence of Sea Power upon History// (Historian of the State Department)

Mahan was for many years the President of the Naval War College.

Mahan's argument ran as follows:

~He argued that national greatness and prosperity depended on naval power. ~Mahan urged the Navy to shift from wood construction to steel ~Overproduction: In the US, more produced than domestic market could absorb. ~Hence, overseas markets needed to dispose of surplus ~Overseas markets implied distant ports ~Reaching distant ports required large merchant marine ~Merchant marine needed protection of powerful navy ~Ships needed coaling stations and repair yards ~Coaling stations implied secure stops: colonies ~Canal across Panama needed to link East coast with Pacific Ocean


 * American Dreams of Empire**

[|http://edsitement.neh.gov/lesson-plan/question-american-empire#sect-background]
 * The Question of an American Empire (EDSITEment)


 * Hawaii**

1. In 1820, the first American missionaries arrived. 2. Their offspring became powerful sugar planters in Hawaii. 3. By 1875, a treaty between the U.S. and Hawaii tightened the links between the two: a. Allowed Hawaiian sugar to enter the U.S. free of customs duties; b. Required Hawaiian monarchy to make no territorial or economic concessions to other countries. 4. In 1890 McKinley Tariff ended special status given to Hawaiian sugar. 5. By this time, Caucasian Americans owned three–quarters of the islands' wealth, though they represented a mere 2.1 percent of the population. 6. In 1891, a strongly nationalistic Queen Liliuokalani ascended to the throne and tried to restore greater power to Hawaiian natives. 7. In 1893, Americans overthrew Queen Liliuokalani, set up a provisional government, and asked to become an American state—so that their sugar would be classified as domestic and would avoid tariffs. 8. Annexation took place in 1898 during the Spanish–American War.


 * END HERE FOR QUESTION #1**
 * EYES ABROAD**


 * START HERE FOR QUESTION #2**
 * SPANISH-AMERICAN PHILIPPINE WARS**


 * Spanish–American War (1898-1902)**


 * Motives for war**:

[Underlying versus immediate] [How does this compare to today?] U.S. had sizable economic interests in Cuba and a lobbying group of 100,000 Cubans who lived in the U.S.

1. Humanitarians. Believed Spain too cruel in fighting rebels.

2. Hawks (jingoes). Believed America should chastise Spain

http://www.smplanet.com/teaching/imperialism/#SAW1
 * Small Planet: Yellow Journalism

4. De Lome letter—Spanish Ambassador to U.S. criticized McKinley []

5. Sinking of the U.S. battleship Maine. Blown up in Havana harbor. Probably an internal explosion. []


 * The War Itself**

Teller Amendment. U.S. had no intention of taking possession of Cuba.

1. Short and glorious—"a splendid little war."

http://www.smplanet.com/teaching/imperialism/#SAW2
 * Small Planet: A Splendid Little War

2. Major battles:

Excellent map: []

a. Manila. George Dewey defeated Spanish fleet in Manila.

b. San Juan Hill. Theodore Roosevelt and his Rough Riders.

3. U.S. defeated Spain.

4. Beginning of a U.S. empire.


 * Treaty of Paris** (1898)

1. Guam: to the U.S.

2. Puerto Rico: to the U.S.

3. Cuba: granted independence by Spain

4. Platt Amendment permited U.S. intervention in Cuba's internal affairs

5. Philippines: U.S. paid $20 million to Spain.


 * America's war in the Philippines (1898-1904)**


 * Philippines**

The proposed peace treaty sparked an important debate: Should we acquire the Philippines []

http://www.smplanet.com/teaching/imperialism/#SAW3
 * Small Planet: A Gift from the Gods

1. Those in favor of acquiring Philippines: imperialist case. Advocated an empire.

Appealed to motives of Patriotism Manifest destiny Commerce.

2. Those against acquiring Philippines: anti–imperialist case.

Many felt imperialism counter to U.S. principles. Other felt U.S. could expand markets without ruling other countries. Labor unions felt they would be undercut by importation of low–wage contract workers.

Philippine–American war (1898–1904) []

1. Emiliano Aguinaldo's army had helped U.S. against the Spanish. []

2. Aguinaldo expected to be president of an independent Philippines.

3. U.S. decided not to permit him to be President.

4. Aguinaldo led a guerrilla war against the occupying U.S. military.

5. War foreshadowed tactics and atrocities of Vietnam.

6. Aguinaldo finally captured. The revolt ended. []


 * END HERE FOR QUESTION #2**
 * SPANISH-AMERICAN-PHILIPPINE WARS**


 * START HERE FOR QUESTION #3**
 * U.S. ON WORLD STAGE**


 * Boxer Rebellion in China**

Small Planet: "Spheres of Influence" and "Fists of Righteous Harmony" http://www.smplanet.com/imperialism/fists.html

Missionary Martyrs (Christian and Missionary Alliance) Read the entire page, but especially the "Letter from Mr. Carl Lundberg" http://www.cmalliance.org/about/history/in-the-line-of-fire/boxer-rebellion


 * U.S. Open Door Policy**

Maps: Spheres of Influence

a. Colonial Powers Carve up China []

b. Spheres of Influence and Treaty Ports []

As a trading nation, the U.S. opposed barriers to international commerce and demanded equal access to markets. Secretary of State John Hay
 * 1st Open Door Note (1899): all nations guarantee free trade in China.
 * Boxer Rebellion (1900). U.S. and others rescue foreigners in Peking.
 * 2nd Open Door Note (1900): all nations protect China's territorial integrity


 * Roosevelt Corollary (1904)**

1. What was the Monroe Doctrine

2. What was the Roosevelt Corollary [to the Monroe Doctrine]

Speak softly but carry a big stick: President Roosevelt warned Latin American nations to keep their affairs in order or face American intervention.

3. U.S. would assume the role of an international police power, a 911 number—whether requested or not.

Theodore Roosevelt (Miller Center, University of Virginia) Read "Roosevelt Corollary" paragraph http://millercenter.org/president/roosevelt/essays/biography/5


 * Great White Fleet** (1907)

U.S. navy made world tour to impress the Japanese. Japanese increased their military budget as a result.

The Great White Fleet (Mapping US History) http://mappinghistory.uoregon.edu/english/US/US30-04.html

Great White Fleet http://www.history.navy.mil/library/online/gwf_cruise.htm


 * Panama Canal (1904-1914)**

Theodore Roosevelt (Miller Center, University of Virginia) Read the "Panama Canal" paragraph http://millercenter.org/president/roosevelt/essays/biography/5

Spanish–American War demonstrated need for a Panama Canal Shift naval forces quickly from Atlantic to Pacific. Panama originally a province of Columbia. Columbia rejected proposed canal route treaty with the U.S. in 1903 Wanted more money Treaty infringed on their sovereignty. Almost immediately, Panama declared its independence from Columbia With the help and approval of TR). U.S. signed a treaty with Panama (1903). Canal completed in 1914.

Panama Canal Opens (On This Day, Finding Dulcinea) http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/July-August-08/On-this-Day--Panama-Canal-Opens-for-Business.html


 * END HERE FOR QUESTION #3**
 * U.S. ON WORLD STAGE**


 * START HERE FOR QUESTION #4**
 * WORLD WAR I: BEGINNINGS**


 * World War I**

Why World War I Resonates - NYTimes.com []

The Human Face of War Work through each of the 9 personal stories. []


 * War Beginnings**

1. Large armies (web of alliances) dominated European continent

2. In Sarajevo, the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne was assassinated. Archduke Ferdinand assassinated in Sarajevo (Today in History, Library of Congress) http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/jun28.html

3. America's initial reaction: Wilson urged "impartiality in thought and action

4. America not sure whom to root for: we had immigrants from many places


 * War Lineup:**

Allies: Britain, France, Russia, Japan, and Italy Central Powers: Germany, Austria–Hungary, Turkey Initially, the United States attempted to remain neutral

1. England and France bought huge amounts of arms, grain, and clothing 2. American bankers helped finance purchases: Loans to Allies exceeded $2 billion; Loans to Germany: only $27 million U.S. was not exactly neutral
 * American financial assistance to the Allies**


 * German submarine (U-boat) warfare**

1. A real threat to freedom of the seas came from German submarines

2. (Feb 1915) Germans declared the waters around British Isles a war zone Threatened to sink any ship there

3. (May 1915) Germans sank passenger liner Lusitania

Lusitania (Today in History, Library of Congress) http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/may07.html

Among 1,198 dead were 128 Americans PR impact: comparable to Maine in Havana harbor America protested through diplomatic notes

4. (1 Feb 1917). Germans decided on unrestricted submarine warfare To sink any ship found in waters around France and England Major German miscalculation Germany hoped to defeat Allies before American troops reached Europe

US Breaks Relations with Germany (3 February 1917) (New York Times) http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0203.html#article

Feb. 3, 1917 | U.S. Breaks Relations With Germany and Plans to Declare War (New York Times) []


 * Zimmermann telegram** (25 Feb 1917)

Here is the raw telegram http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zimmermann_Telegram.jpeg

1. Germany asked Mexico to be their ally—and perhaps even invade a part of the U.S.—if U.S. entered the war against Germany.

2. In return, Germany would help Mexico get back territory U.S. received from the Treaty of Guadalupe (1848) ending the Mexican War.

This map shows the territory at issue: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zimmermann_Telegram.svg

See also:

Teaching with Documents: The Zimmermann Telegram (National Archives) http://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/zimmermann/


 * Wilson's War Message (2 April 1917)**

President Wilson bio sketch http://www.firstworldwar.com/bio/wilson.htm

1. Wilson wanted to make the world "safe for democracy."

Idealism, progressivism, "city on a hill"

2. America: a special sense of mission—to reform world politics

3. Wilson believed taking part in the war necessary to guarantee U.S. a seat—and an insider's voice—at the peace table.

April 2, 1917 | Woodrow Wilson Asks For Declaration of War Against Germany (New York Times) http://learning.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/04/02/april-2-1917-woodrow-wilson-asks-for-declaration-of-war-against-germany/


 * Mobilizing and Managing the home front**

Mobilization of the nation for war altered American life War cost $32 billion—U.S. yearly budget only $1 billion Centralized planning boards: New Deal and World War II precedents

For a general overview: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_I

Federal Wartime Authority [scroll halfway down the page] http://millercenter.org/president/wilson/essays/biography/4

(1) **War Industries Board**

Key name: Bernard Baruch

Coordinated the national economy

(2) **Food Administration**

Key name: Herbert Hoover

Teaching With Documents: Sow the Seeds of Victory! Posters from the Food Administration During World War I http://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/sow-seeds/

a. Victory gardens http://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/sow-seeds/images/sow-victory.gif

b. Meatless and wheatless days

Herbert Hoover's experience (Herbert Hoover Presidential Library) [scroll down to "Food Will Win the War] http://www.hoover.archives.gov/exhibits/Hooverstory/gallery02/index.html

c. Posters http://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/sow-seeds/images/be-patriotic.gif http://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/sow-seeds/images/food-win-war.gif

(3) **Fuel Administration**

a. Daylight savings time Poster: "Light consumes coal"--Save light, save coal http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2002712078/

b. Gasless days

(4) **Committee on Public Opinion**

Key name: George Creel Propaganda agency to get America behind the war effort

75,000 four-minute speakers Four-Minute Men: Volunteer Speeches during World War One [check out this History Matters website] http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/4970/

Anti-German sentiment became pronounced in U.S. Schools stopped teaching the German language Sauerkraut became "liberty cabbage" Saloons removed pretzels German composers were not played

See also: Domestic Propaganda During WWI http://www.firstworldwar.com/features/propaganda.htm


 * Espionage and Sedition Acts**:

Stopped people from speaking out Compare to Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798

Espionage Act (1917)—limited First Amendment rights Sedition Acts (1918)—further limited free speech

See also:

Woodrow Wilson--Civil Liberties during the War Years (scroll to bottom of the web page) http://millercenter.org/president/wilson/essays/biography/4

Free Speech, World War One, and the Problem of Dissent [check out this website] http://chnm.gmu.edu/exploring/20thcentury/freespeech/


 * END HERE FOR QUESTION #4**
 * WORLD WAR I: BEGINNINGS**


 * START HERE FOR QUESTION #5**
 * WORLD WAR I: AMERICAN ROLE/PEACE CONFERENCE**


 * American Expeditionary Force** (AEF)

1. Name given to the American armies in France 2. Commanded by General John "Black Jack" Pershing 3. U.S. came in on the side of the Allies: Britain and France


 * Trench Life**

Trench Life [listen to the podcast or read the complete transcript] http://www.1914.org/podcasts/podcast-20-trench-life/


 * Major battles** (all in 1918) **involving Americans**:

1. Arrival of U.S. forces was just in time

2. As a result of Bolshevik Revolution, Russia had gotten out of the war Germans shifted their troops from Russia to France Germans launched a major offensive in March 1918

3. Americans fought at

Belleau Wood and Chateau-Thierry Marne Saint Mihiel Meuse-Argonne

4. By November 1918, Germany was retreating all along the front

Fighting ceased on 11 November 1918: our current Veterans' Day

American dead totaled 118,000
 * Casualties**


 * Paris Peace Conference (Versailles)**

1. British and French demanded harsh approach to defeated Germany 2. Wanted defeated Germany disarmed 3. Wanted Germany's colonies: Africa, Asia 4. Wanted monetary payback (reparations) of Allied war costs 5. Hoped reparations would cripple Germany forever ($33 billion) 6. Severity of reparations a main cause of World War II


 * Wilson's program (Fourteen Points)**

World peace based on American principles. Highly idealistic. Some of his points were as follows:

Open diplomacy Freedom of the seas Removal of trade barriers Reduction of armaments Impartial adjustment of colonial claims Evacuation of occupied lands National self-determination


 * League of Nations**

League of Nations the most important point to Wilson To police the world: forerunner of United Nations Article 10: required major power intervention against aggressors U.S. unwilling to commit to such potential intervention abroad


 * U.S. Senate rejection of the peace treaty**

1. Senate has to approve any treaty by 2/3 vote Wilson was a Democrat Senate had 96 members: 49 Republicans, 47 Democrats Close party balance as in 2001 Most Republicans opposed the treaty as written

2. Wilson stubbornly refused to work with his Republican opponents Took his case to the American people: tiring speaking tour Wilson suffered a stroke

3. Senate rejected the peace treaty 4. America did not join the League of Nations


 * U.S. Post-World War I Foreign Policy**

1. Major foreign policy debate 2. Collective security versus unilateralism 3. Most Americans preferred historical tradition of nonalignment 4. Willing to act unilaterally in world to achieve national interests 5. Reluctant to take on binding commitments to collective action