HIST+152+Exam+3+S18


 * Sources Of The Cold War**

Main focus is the rivalry between the U.S. and the Soviet Union (USSR).

Video: Cold War (part 1): from World War to Cold War http://youtu.be/HpYCplyBknI

USSR=Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

Here is a listing of which Republics the USSR included: Russia by far the major part of the USSR. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-Soviet_states

Hot war==actual shooting Cold war==hostility but either no actual shooting or war through surrogates


 * Containment**

Containment of Soviets became the cornerstone of American foreign policy.

Video: Policy of Containment (1/10) http://youtu.be/W9VOdsUOUa8


 * George F. Kennan**

Kennan and Containment (US State Department) https://history.state.gov/milestones/1945-1952/kennan

1. **Kennan's "Long telegram"** 1946

a. American diplomat in Moscow.

b. Soviet fanaticism made even a temporary understanding impossible.

c. His report played into a growing belief among American officials that only toughness would work with the Soviets.


 * 2.** **Kennan's "Mr. X" article**.

a. The article, titled the //Sources of Soviet Conduct// and based on the "long telegram," was published in the prestigious //Foreign Affairs// magazine.

b. Author (Kennan) advocated a policy of firm containment of the Soviets.

c. "Confront the Soviets with unalterable counterforce at every point where they show signs of encroaching on the interests of a peaceful and stable world."


 * Churchill's "Iron Curtain" speech** (1946)

Churchill Delivers 'Iron Curtain' Speech - 1946 | Today In History | 5 Mar http://youtu.be/X2FM3_h33Tg

1. Warned that a Soviet "iron curtain" had cut off Eastern European countries from the West.

2. Called for an Anglo–American partnership to resist the communist menace.

Map: After World War II: Iron Curtain []


 * President Harry S. Truman**

Harry Truman bio https://youtu.be/m8zA432hiJg


 * Truman Doctrine** (1947)

Video: Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan (2/10) http://youtu.be/Xyoviiavusk

The Truman Doctrine, 1947 (US State Department) https://history.state.gov/milestones/1945-1952/truman-doctrine

1. British had no money to continue to help Greece and Turkey.

2. British claimed that Communists threatened both countries.

3. Congress approved $400 million economic aid to Greece & Turkey.

4. Truman doctrine: "U.S. policy to support free peoples who are resisting attempted takeover by (a) armed minorities or (b) outside pressure."


 * Marshall Plan** (1948)

Video: Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan (2/10) http://youtu.be/Xyoviiavusk

Marshall Plan, 1948 (US State Department) https://history.state.gov/milestones/1945-1952/marshall-plan

1. War damage and dislocation in Europe invited communist influence:

a. Food was scarce; workers were demoralized; winter of 1947 was the worst in 50 years.

b. Communist voting strength was growing in France and Italy

2. U.S. offered economic aid to all European countries (including Soviets)

3. Soviets declined: fearing aid might defeat their control of Eastern Europe

Soviet Union rejects Marshall Plan assistance (History.com This Day in History | 7/2/1947) []

4. U.S. gave $17 billion in aid over four years.

5. That aid helped rebuild Europe. It was also good for American business.


 * Israel Became a Separate Country**

UN Votes to Partition Palestine (On This Day, Finding Dulcinea) http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/November/UN-Votes-to-Partition-Palestine.html

Video: 1948 Nation of Israel is Born http://youtu.be/4E7GxwCUp6k

Creation of Israel, 1948 (US State Department) https://history.state.gov/milestones/1945-1952/creation-israel

History of the Israel conflict http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/middle_east/03/v3_ip_timeline/html/

Maps of Israel http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/middle_east/03/v3_israel_palestinians/maps/html/default.stm


 * Berlin blockade and airlift** **(1948–49)**

Video: Berlin Airlift and Formation of NATO (3/10) http://youtu.be/cH-GVf9floo

The Berlin Airlift, 1948–1949 (US State Department) https://history.state.gov/milestones/1945-1952/berlin-airlift

Berlin Airlift Map []

1. Soviets blocked land access to Berlin.

2. U.S. airlifted food and fuel for 2 million West Berliners.

3. Flights of 1,000 planes a day (every 3 minutes) for ten months.

4. Soviets finally called off blockade.

Soviet Union Ends Berlin Blockade http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/May-June-08/On-this-Day--Soviet-Union-Ends-Berlin-Blockade.html


 * North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)** **(1949)**

Video: Berlin Airlift and Formation of NATO (3/10) http://youtu.be/cH-GVf9floo

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 1949 (US State Department) https://history.state.gov/milestones/1945-1952/nato

1. Established to defend Europe against a Soviet invasion. 2. U.S. foreign policy change: not since French–American alliance (1778) 3. Members pledged to treat an attack against one as an attack on all. 4. Dwight Eisenhower named initial NATO commander. 5. Four U.S. divisions stationed in Europe to evidence American support. 6. Soviets later formed Warsaw Pact in response.

Issue in 2018: US approach to NATO


 * McCarthyism:**

Anti–communist hysteria Named for Republican Senator from Wisconsin Joseph McCarthy (R-Wisconsin)

Anti-Communist hysteria

Video: Joseph McCarthy (Sound Smart) https://youtu.be/lO7rTOZJGFo

Video: McCarthyism (8/10) http://youtu.be/HaRtRhyorsw

Here are some of the key names and major events associated with McCarthyism:

1. **J.Edgar Hoover** (head of the FBI): fear of internal subversion by Communist spies became intertwined with fear of external attack by the Soviet Union.

2. Spy revelations gave people cause to be alarmed

Red Scare and House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) (6/10) https://youtu.be/enHS3oicqKA

Video: Red Scare (Sound Smart) https://youtu.be/A4LpLqHNOTk

3. Red Baiting: People began pointing accusing fingers at each other for suspicion of Communism.

How to spot a Communist http://youtu.be/lTgt0tGS8YY

4. "Hollywood Ten" (screenwriters and directors) jailed for contempt of Congress.

Video: Hollywood 10 (Sound Smart) https://youtu.be/n1cF1x6V16k

Video: House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) (Sound Smart) https://youtu.be/qkHzURumycM

They refused to provide names of alleged Communists.

Others were blacklisted—even if only accused.

Those who did provide names (Elia Kazan) suffer to this day

5. Schoolteachers had to take loyalty oaths and were fired if they refused.

6. Alger Hiss case (1950)

Alger Hiss Case and the Rosenbergs (7/10) http://youtu.be/wNQvdpa0sc4

Hiss accused by Whittaker Chambers of being a Communist spy.

Role of House of Representatives Committee on Un–American Activities (Richard Nixon a member).

7. Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were executed (1953) for having supposedly spied for the Soviet Union.

8. Downfall of McCarthy

a. President Eisenhower was reluctant to confront McCarthy when McCarthy accused General George Marshall (Eisenhower's mentor)

b. Televised hearings: Army–McCarthy.

Army-McCarthy Hearings First Televised http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/March-April-08/On-this-Day--Army-McCarthy-Hearings-First-Televised.html


 * Reconstruction of Japan**

After the defeat of Japan in World War II, the United States led the effort to rebuild Japan.

Between 1945 and 1952, the US occupying forces were led by General Douglas MacArthur.

To help contain communism in Asia, US eventually built up Japan.

Japan then turned into a formidable economic competitor.


 * People's Republic of China (PRC)** (1949)

The Chinese Revolution of 1949 (US State Department) https://history.state.gov/milestones/1945-1952/chinese-rev

1. Chinese Civil War (1945-1949)

War between the forces of Mao Tse-Tung's Commuists and our World War II ally, Chang Kai-Shek.

2. Mao Tse-Tung's Communists won. Establishment of the People's Republic of China (1949).

3. Chang Kai-Shek and his supporters were forced to leave mainland China and move to the island of Taiwan (formerly called Formosa).

4. The Communist victory had a major influence on American politics.

Republicans criticized Democrats for the "loss" of China to the Communists.

A defeat for containment.


 * Korean War** (1950-1953)

Video: Start of Korean War (4/10) https://youtu.be/uFPwJUqtz7o

Video: MacArthur Dismissed and Korean Armistice (5/10) http://youtu.be/rDhy7i7JIl4

Map of the Korean War http://wps.ablongman.com/wps/media/objects/1483/1518969/DIVI599.jpg

Here is a summary of the specific events during the war:

1. North Korea attacked across 38th parallel into South Korea (25 June 1950)

2. President Truman, determined to "contain" communism, committed U.S. forces to battle.

MacArthur Named Commander of UN Forces http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/July/MacArthur-Named-Commander-of-UN-Forces.html

3. Pusan perimeter

a. North Koreans advanced all the way to southern tip of South Korea.

b. America feared an Asian "Dunkirk"

4. Inchon invasion. Douglas MacArthur reversed initial tide of the war.

5. U.S. moved to 38th parallel, thereby recovering all of South Korea.

6. U.S. decided to take North Korea, too. Moved north of 38th parallel.

7. U.S. forces pushed to the Yalu River (North Korea's border with PRC)

8. Chinese troops entered the Korean War.

9. U.S. embarrassed militarily, particularly at the Chosin Reservoir

10. MacArthur now looked like a chump.

11. Civilian control of the military became a hot issue.

12. MacArthur: wanted to expand the war to the Chinese mainland; use nuclear weapons

13. Truman: wanted to keep conflict limited; not risk Soviet entry and a possible World War Three.

14. President Truman fired General MacArthur

15. War's results. U.S. casualties: 34,000 dead.

16. Sometimes called the "Forgotten War": frustrating; no clear victory.

17. Issues today: U.S. troops in South Korea; North Korea threat to peace.

Photo essay: Korean War (Boston Globe | Big Picture) (48 photos) http://www.boston.com/bigpicture/2010/06/remembering_the_korean_war_60.html


 * US Security Commitments in Asia**

As the Cold War came to dominate US foreign policy, America extended security commitments to two nations in Asia--Japan and the Republic of South Korea, creating alliances that have lasted to today.


 * President Dwight D. Eisenhower (1953-1961)**

Video: Dwight D. Eisenhower bio https://youtu.be/v1FJXK4qy-k


 * 1952 Presidential Election: Eisenhower wins**

1952 election campaign commercials []


 * 1956 Presidential Election: Eisenhower wins**

1956 election campaign commercials []


 * Sputnik** (1957)

Video: Sputnik (1957) [National Air and Space Museum] http://youtu.be/lkyjKGIWRF0

Sputnik, 1957 (US State Department) https://history.state.gov/milestones/1953-1960/sputnik

Soviets launched a satellite that scared America and put them ahead (temporarily) in the space race.


 * U–2 incident** (1960)

Video: U-2 Incident (10/10) http://youtu.be/BsQsXCzkDoc

U-2 Overflights and the Capture of Francis Gary Powers, 1960 (US State Department) https://history.state.gov/milestones/1953-1960/u2-incident

U–2 spy plane carrying high–powered cameras crashed 1,200 miles inside the Soviet Union.

After denying presence of such a spy plane, President Eisenhower (Ike) accepted the blame


 * President John F. Kennedy**

John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum []

Video: 60-Second Presidents (PBS) John F. Kennedy []

Photos: President Kennedy (Big Picture | Boston Globe) []


 * 1960 Presidential Election: Kennedy wins**

Nixon and Kennedy Hold First Ever Presidential Debate []

1960 Election campaign commercials []


 * Peace Corps**

Video: Peace Corps []

Peace Corps (John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum) []


 * Berlin Wall** (August 1961)

The Berlin Crisis, 1958–1961 (US State Department) []

Video: East Germany Closes Border - 1961 | Today in History | 13 Aug []

Video: The Building of the Berlin Wall (August 1961) (5:45) []

Video: Berlin Wall deconstructed (2:27) []

Soviets built a wall to keep people from fleeing East Berlin.

Photo essay: Berlin Wall (The Big Picture | Boston Globe) []


 * President Kennedy's Speech at the Berlin Wall (June 1963)**

Video: JFK Berlin Wall speech (26 June 1963) [start at 0:44] []

President Kennedy Declares “Ich bin ein Berliner” []


 * Cuba and Castro**

1. Fidel Castro ousted American–backed dictator Fulgencio Batista (1959)

Castro takes power (1 January 1959)

Batista Flees Cuba and Castro Takes Power []

Video: Cuban Revolution 1959 Today in History 1 January (1:21) []

2. Castro's Cuba became an ally of the Soviet Union.

3. America freaked. President Eisenhower (Ike) broke diplomatic relations with Cuba.

Eisenhower Places Embargo on Exports to Cuba []

4. Ike ordered CIA to use Cuban exiles to try to overthrow Castro.


 * Bay of Pigs invasion** (April 1961)

Video: Cuba and the Bay of Pigs []

The Bay of Pigs Invasion and its Aftermath, April 1961–October 1962 (US State Department) []

1. Kennedy approved the Eisenhower-initiated plan to topple Castro. 2. The 1,500 man invasion force was unsuccessful. 3. No uprising against Castro occurred. 4. Kennedy took all the blame. His poll ratings went up! Kennedy in his first Hundred Days.

Lawyer who helped negotiate Bay of Pigs prisoner release dies at 90 https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/john-e-nolan-jr-lawyer-who-helped-negotiate-bay-of-pigs-prisoner-exchange-dies-at-90/2017/12/27/783d2b06-e743-11e7-a65d-1ac0fd7f097e_story.html?utm_term=.5bb5fe0433d9

Bay of Pigs Invasion Embarrasses US []


 * Cuban missile crisis** (October 1962)

Video: Cuban Missile Crisis Explained []

Photo essay: The Cuban Missile Crisis (Alan Taylor/The Atlantic) [26 photos] []

The Cuban Missile Crisis, October 1962 (US State Department) []

1. Soviet's secretly installed offensive missiles in Cuba.

2. Kennedy (JFK) learned from his mistakes earlier at Bay of Pigs. Laid out a range of options.

3. JFK chose a naval blockade (quarantine) of Cuba.

Video: Cuban Missile Crisis (October 1962): JFK speech to the nation []

4. Soviets ships eventually turned back before they got to U.S blockade.

Interactive: World on the Brink: Thirteen Days in October 1962 []


 * CIVIL RIGHTS**

The following extensive chronology will help us tie together the events of the civil rights movement:


 * Jim Crow laws (Segregation)**

Video: What were the Jim Crow laws? Video http://youtu.be/x2Iwa9LeuFM

Rise and Fall of Jim Crow (PBS) Note the terrific chronology http://www.pbs.org/wnet/jimcrow/


 * Plessy versus Ferguson** (1896) (Supreme Court decision)

Separate but equal is OK.

Video: Plessy versus Ferguson (Sound Smart) https://youtu.be/Sj54KP16Ilw

Plessy versus Ferguson (Today in History, Library of Congress) http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/may18.html


 * Black leaders: Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. DuBois**

Their legacies represent differing approaches within the civil rights movement.

Video: Why Booker T. Washington and W.E.B.DuBois matter (3:25) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MLkyCAcizdk&feature=youtu.be


 * 1. Booker T. Washington (1856-1915)**

Son of a slave woman and a white man.

Atlanta Compromise (1895): Known for major speech

Blacks should not yet push for political or social equality Blacks should work hard and show themselves worthy Blacks should accommodate (temporarily) to white society


 * 2. W.E.B. DuBois (1868-1963)**

First African American to earn a Ph.D. from Harvard.

He disagreed with Booker T. Washington DuBois wanted blacks to be more aggressive and militant Wanted to educate the top 10% of blacks ("talented tenth") Demonstrate blacks could compete effectively with whites . Helped form the NAACP in 1909.

Video: WEB DuBois mini bio https://youtu.be/TGOEED_MexI


 * 1948**

Post World War II. Returning black veterans unwilling to accept second–class status back home.


 * Racial desegregation of the armed forces** (1948) by executive order of President Truman.

July 26, 1948 - President Harry S. Truman orders the integration of U.S. armed forces.


 * 1954**


 * Brown v. Board of Education (Supreme Court decision)**

Overturned the decision in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896).

"Separate facilities are inherently unequal" and therefore unconstitutional.

Argued by Thurgood Marshall on behalf of the NAACP.

Video: Brown v. Board of Education (PBS' The Supreme Court) http://youtu.be/TTGHLdr-iak

Brown v. Board of Education http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/May-June-08/On-this-Day--Supreme-Court-Ends-School-Segregation.html


 * Kenneth Clark's "doll" test**

How an experiment with dolls helped lead to school integration http://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/07/upshot/how-an-experiment-with-dolls-helped-lead-to-school-integration.html?hpw&rref

Video: Kenneth Clark doll test (3:46) Simple Justice: The Social Science Evidence of Racism http://youtu.be/85-EC_nDlpY


 * 1955**


 * Emmett Till's Murder** (28 August 1955)

Murder in Mississippi of a young black teenager from Chicago for having insulted a white women.

Video: American Freedom Stories: Emmett Till (2:18) https://youtu.be/MGqqOMTreNA


 * 1955**


 * Montgomery, Alabama, Bus Boycott (Rosa Parks)**

Rosa Parks arrested on 1 December 1955

Video: Rosa Parks mini bio https://youtu.be/qkF5_54iRDw

Martin Luther King will lead the Montgomery Improvement Association That group will sponsor the bus boycott

Video: American Freedom Stories: Montgomery Bus Boycott http://youtu.be/FE6Yvy--5aw

Rosa Parks (Today in History, Library of Congress) http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/dec01.html


 * Martin Luther King, Jr.**

Video: Martin Luther King, Jr mini bio https://youtu.be/bOEkRwJETN8

https://thewayofimprovement.com/2017/01/16/martin-luther-kings-christian-america/
 * Martin Luther King’s Christian America**

Martin Luther King’s fight for a Christian America was a battle against injustice and an attempt to forge a national community defined by Christian ideals of equality and respect for human dignity.


 * 1956**


 * Southern Manifesto**

Document signed by 100 Southern members of Congress saying they would not obey the Brown versus Board of Education decision. http://www.pbs.org/wnet/supremecourt/rights/sources_document2.html


 * White Citizens' Councils**

Video: Class and White Citizen's Councils [Newseum] http://youtu.be/sn5na4k0Bxg

White Citizens' Councils Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute (Stanford University) []


 * 1957**


 * Southern Christian Leadership Conference** (SCLC)

Grouping of African-American pastors.

Southern Christian Leadership Conference (Encyclopedia of Alabama) []


 * Little Rock (Arkansas) Central High School**

Main issues:

Central High School desegregated Arkansas Governor Orville Faubus Nine black students President Dwight D. Eisenhower 101st Airborne Division

Video: Arkansas National Guard Prevent School Desegregation - 1957 | Today in History | 4 Sept http://youtu.be/RFVGKykCGyw

Video: Colonel (Ret.) Heath Twichell on securing Little Rock Central High School http://youtu.be/3hRwOpYZbig

Arkansas National Guard Bars “Little Rock Nine” From School http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/September-October-08/On-this-Day--Arkansas-National-Guard-Bars--Little-Rock-Nine--from-School.html

I**n class today: new material**


 * 1959**


 * Non-Violence**

MLK and his wife spent a month in India studying Gandhi's non–violence.

Video: Mahatma Gandhi (Sound Smart) https://youtu.be/rJBGjtOlAYw

King's Trip to India Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute (Stanford University) []


 * 1960**


 * Sit–ins**


 * Greensboro Lunch Counter Sit-in**

Details of what happened at what is considered the first sit-in during the civil rights movement:

Four African-American freshman (Joseph McNeil, Franklin McCain, Ezell Blair Jr., and David Richmond) at North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University in Greensboro, North Carolina.

They decided to sit in at a Woolworth's lunch counter and request service.

Greensboro sit-ins []

Greensboro Four: Civil Rights Sit-in http://www.pbs.org/independentlens/februaryone/sitin.html


 * Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)**

Video: SNCC's legacy: A civil rights history (5:56) http://youtu.be/QZE0a5-p9pg

(SNCC—pronounced "snick). Established to coordinate sit–ins across the south.


 * Nashville sit-ins**

Video: American Freedom Stories: John Lewis http://youtu.be/k6QJAGacJyU

Note: John Lewis was involved in various important events during the civil rights movement: Sit-Ins March on Washington Freedom Rides Bloody Sunday in Selma

John Lewis Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute (Stanford University) []


 * Diane Nash**:

The question Diane Nash Asked the Memphis Mayor To End Desegregation in Memphis "Do you think it is wrong to discriminate against a person on the basis of his race or color?

Video of her doing this on camera: http://youtu.be/vudezAfIxSE


 * MLK jailed** (October).

October 19, 1960 - Martin Luther King Arrested in Atlanta Sit-In Protest [right before 1960 Presidential election]

During the 1960 presidential election campaign, concern expressed by both JFK and Robert Kennedy for the arrest and prison sentence of Martin Luther King, Jr., earned Kennedy the black vote.


 * 1961**


 * Freedom Rides**

A group of black and white persons set out by bus from Washington, D.C. to New Orleans to test the "whites only" facilities of southern interstate bus terminals.

Video: Freedom Riders: The Young Witness (Anniston) http://youtu.be/r1EDOL9II0s

Interview with white Freedom Rider Jim Zwerg http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/peoplescentury/episodes/skindeep/zwergtranscript.html

Key quote from the Jim Zwerg interview: "I got to Nashville in 1961 and the first discrimination that I experienced was when I explained to the cabby where I was going (to Fisk University)."

Freedom Ride Protests Provoke Violent Backlash Across American South (Finding Dulcinea: On This Day) http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/May/Freedom-Ride-Protests-Provoke-Violent-Backlash-Across-American-South.html


 * 1962**


 * University of Mississippi Desegregated**

James Meredith desegregated the University of Mississippi.

Video: Moments in Civil Rights history (2:21) October 1, 1962 - James Meredith Integrates Ole Miss https://youtu.be/-F8K6p651v8

James Meredith Graduates From Ole Miss http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/Aug/James-Meredith-Graduates-From-Ole-Miss.html


 * 1963**


 * Project "C" [Confrontation] in Birmingham**

Birmingham, Alabama (called "Bombingham" by civil rights workers, due to so many unsolved bombings).

1. "Letter from a Birmingham Jail"

Written by MLK while in jail. Response to an ad from white pastors telling him that he was stirring up too much trouble.

Video: Letter from Birmingham Jail (5:39) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XIpfCVt2eb4&feature=youtu.be

Letter from Birmingham Jail (Encyclopedia of Alabama) []

2. Birmingham Children's march. Police dogs and fire hoses. TV coverage shocked America.

Video: American Freedom Stories: Children's Crusade of 1963 https://youtu.be/WV0k-3Hkjsw

Childrens' Crusade Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute (Stanford University) []

3. Sheriff "Bull Connor.

Bull Connor []

4. JFK TV speech.

He was afraid of losing votes of white southern Democrats. He finally spoke out: "Civil rights is a moral issue."

Video: JFK speech on Civil Rights (1:35) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RWX_pjyIq-g&feature=youtu.be

Kennedy's finest moment http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/11/opinion/kennedys-civil-rights-triumph.html?ref=global-home


 * Medgar Evers murdered**

Evers was the Mississippi head of NAACP.

Video: Medgar Evers mini bio https://youtu.be/VA6QFbDGfDM

Medgar Evers https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2017/12/08/in-mississippi-a-racists-rifle-tells-a-chilling-story-but-will-trump-overshadow-it/?utm_term=.8f4647a3682a

Medgar Evers Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute (Stanford University) []


 * 1963**


 * March on Washington**

Video: March on Washington - 1963 | Today in History | 28 Aug https://youtu.be/GlMQ4Sa8iYU


 * MLK "I Have a Dream Speech"**

One of the great speeches in U.S. history. Delivered as part of the program during a March on Washington (60,000 whites and 190,00 blacks).

Video: King Leads the March on Washington (3:21) http://youtu.be/0wDU-oYQN04

Martin Luther King Jr. Delivers “I Have a Dream” Speech []


 * Sixteenth Street Baptist Church bombing**

Bomb exploded during Sunday School, killing four teenage black girls. The Sunday school lesson for that morning was "A Love that Forgives."

Video: American Freedom Stories: Bombing of the 16th Street Baptist Church (3:18) https://youtu.be/K5KqCMsHlq0

Four Girls Killed in Birmingham Church Bombing http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/Sept/Four-Girls-Killed-in-Birmingham-Church-Bombing.html


 * John F. Kennedy assassinated**


 * New President is Lyndon B. Johnson**

Video: 60-Second Presidents (PBS) Lyndon B. Johnson https://youtu.be/czXtHe6i5ww


 * 1964**


 * Freedom Summer: voter registration and freedom schools**

Local black leaders aided by white students from elite colleges. Whites in the South saw this activity as "invasion" by outside agitators.

What was the 1964 Freedom Summer Project http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/Content.aspx?dsNav=N:4294963828-4294963805&dsRecordDetails=R:CS3707

Video: Mississippi in Black and White: Freedom Summer 50 Years Later http://youtu.be/1XhHiATDxu8


 * Voter registration**

No real power for blacks until they could vote. But risked their lives if they went through with the process.


 * Murder in Mississippi (21 June 1964)**

Two white (Andrew Goodman and Michael Schwerner) and one black (James Chaney) civil rights workers were murdered in Mississippi

Three Civil Rights Workers in Mississippi Go Missing http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/June/Three-Civil-Rights-Workers-in-Mississippi-Go-Missing.html


 * Civil Rights Act (1 July 1964)**

Johnson signs Civil Rights Act (History.com This Day in History | 7/2/1964) []

Provisions of the Civil Rights Act: The Civil Rights Act prohibited racial discrimination in employment and education and outlawed racial segregation in public places such as schools, buses, parks and swimming pools.


 * MLK won the Nobel Peace Prize**.

Video: Martin Luther King: The Nobel Prize for Peace (Museum of the Bible) http://youtu.be/BZ3T9Qqdvuk

MLK Wins Nobel Peace Prize 1964 (New York Times) http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/1014.html#article


 * 1965**


 * Selma, Alabama:**


 * Remember: Alabama Governor is George Wallace**


 * a. "Bloody Sunday"**

Selma (New York Times) Check out this front page of New York Times [|http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0307.html#article]

Video: Bloody Sunday: Moments in Civil Rights history (3:56) https://youtu.be/jp0uXZdDxhs

Bloody Sunday []

http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/March-April-08/On-This-Day--The-Selma-to-Montgomery-March-Begins.html
 * b. Selma to Montgomery march**

Video: American Freedom Stories: March from Selma to Montgomery (4:11) https://youtu.be/q1_KtW-9tIg

Encyclopedia of Alabama: Selma to Montgomery March []


 * LBJ speech to Congress calling for legislation on voting rights**

Asks Joint Session of Congress for sweeping civil rights legislation. Ends speech with "we shall overcome." His southern friends appalled at his sellout.

Video: LBJ -- We Shall Overcome (0:53) http://youtu.be/bKDVNSpsBZE


 * Voting Rights Act of 1965**

Voting Rights Act of 1965 https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965

Video: Voting Rights Act of 1965 (Sound Smart) https://youtu.be/-nrpLVgO7l4

Provisions of the Voting Rights Act The Voting Rights Act of 1965 set strict rules for protecting the right of African Americans to vote–that have since been used to enforce equal rights for women as well as all minorities.


 * Watts Riots**

Video: Moments in Civil Rights history (3:44) August 17, 1965: Days of Riots End in Watts https://youtu.be/7ye5gldN2Ik

Watts Riots 1965 (New York Times) http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0811.html#article


 * 1967**


 * Black power**

Militant black leaders gained prominence in SNCC, questioned Martin Luther King's philosophy of nonviolence, and forced white members to leave the organization.

Black Power Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute (Stanford University) <span style="font-family: &#39;Calibri&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]


 * Black Panther Party**

Founded in California.

Major figures: Eldridge Cleaver, Huey Newton, and Bobby Seale.

Video: Black Panthers (Sound Smart) Black Panthers https://youtu.be/B8SRcIbLQBg

Video: 5 Things To Know About The Black Panthers (2:08) http://youtu.be/W9PwhmyhYLA


 * 1968**


 * Tet Offensive in Vietnam (February)**


 * Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr.**

He was assassinated in April 1968 at the Lorraine Motel in Memphis, Tennessee

Video: 1968 King Assassination Report (CBS News) http://youtu.be/cmOBbxgxKvo

Assassination of MLK Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute (Stanford University) <span style="font-family: &#39;Calibri&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]


 * Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy** (June: in Los Angeles)

He was assassinated at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles after winning the California Democratic Primary election that same day.

Senator Robert F. Kennedy Assassinated http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/May-June-08/On-This-Day--Senator-Robert-F--Kennedy-Assassinated.html

Video: Robert F. Kennedy mini bio https://youtu.be/J84hEsjY3BQ


 * Black Power Salute at Mexico City Olympics**

Who: Tommie Smith and John Carlos

Video: Moments in Civil Rights history (2:45) October 16, 1968 - U.S. Olympic Sprinters Protest Racial Inequality https://youtu.be/E3wjBlnxNek

U.S. Athletes Give Black Power Salute on Olympic Podium http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/September-October-08/On-this-Day--US-Athletes-Give-Black-Power-Salute-on-Olympic-Podium.html


 * Hispanic School Protests in Los Angeles**

East LA Walkouts http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_LA_walkouts

Sal Castro and the 1968 East LA Walkouts []
 * Sal Castro the key name**