America+Abroad


 * Week #7**

19 October Tuesday Spanish-American war review

Here is the latest version of my grading rubric: http://thelearningprofessor.wikispaces.com/Grading

21 October Thursday Treaty of Paris and debate over acquisition of the Philippines


 * Week #8**

26 October Tuesday Philippine-American War

28 October Thursday Open Door segment


 * Worldwide scramble for empire**

1. 1890 census declared the frontier "closed."

2. College professor Frederick Jackson Turner: Frontier thesis. [] []

3. 1893 Columbian Exhibition (World's Fair in Chicago) []

4. Many looked to overseas expansion.

5. Great powers measured their greatness by the colonies they acquired World Colonial Empires, 1900 [] a. Britain, Germany, and France divided up Africa b. Looked to do the same in Asia

6. Alfred Thayer Mahan. [] [|The Influence of Sea Power upon History (Wikipedia)] President of Naval War College. In his important book, Mahan's argument ran as follows:


 * He argued that national greatness and prosperity depended on naval power.
 * Mahan urged the Navy to shift from wood construction to steel
 * Overproduction: More produced than domestic market could absorb.
 * Overseas markets needed to dispose of surplus
 * Overseas markets implied distant ports
 * Reaching distant ports required large merchant marine
 * Merchant marine needed protection of powerful navy
 * Ships needed coaling stations and repair yards
 * Coaling stations implied secure stops: colonies
 * Canal across Panama needed to link East coast with Pacific Ocean

7. The Age of Imperialism []

Expansion in the Pacific: A Letter to an Emperor []
 * Hawaii**

Footholds in the Pacific []

1. In 1820, the first American missionaries arrived.

2. Their offspring became powerful sugar planters in Hawaii.

3. By 1875, a treaty between the U.S. and Hawaii tightened the links between the two: a. Allowed Hawaiian sugar to enter the U.S. free of customs duties; b. Required Hawaiian monarchy to make no territorial or economic concessions to other countries.

4. In 1890 McKinley Tariff ended special status given to Hawaiian sugar.

5. By this time, Caucasian Americans owned three–quarters of the islands' wealth, though they represented a mere 2.1 percent of the population.

6. In 1891, a strongly nationalistic Queen Liliuokalani ascended to the throne and tried to restore greater power to Hawaiian natives. [] [|Liliuokalani (Wikipedia)]

7. In 1893, Americans overthrew Queen Liliuokalani.

8. Americans set up a provisional government. [|Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom (Wikipedia)] [|Committee of Safety (Hawaii) (Wikipedia)]

9. American sugar planters asked to become an American state—so that their sugar would be classified as domestic and would avoid tariffs.

10. Annexation took place in 1898 during the Spanish–American War.


 * Spanish–American War**

[Underlying versus immediate] [How does this compare to today?] U.S. had sizable economic interests in Cuba and a lobbying group of 100,000 Cubans who lived in the U.S.
 * Motives for war**:

1. Humanitarians. Believed Spain too cruel in fighting rebels.

2. Hawks (jingoes). Believed America should chastise Spain

3. "Yellow journalism." Circulation war: Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst. [] [] []

[] [] 4. De Lome letter—Spanish Ambassador to U.S. criticized McKinley [] [|De Lôme Letter (Wikipedia)] 5. Sinking of the U.S. battleship Maine. Blown up in Havana harbor. Probably an internal explosion. [] [|USS Maine (Wikipedia)] Remember the Maine []

[|Spanish-American War (Wikipedia)] ** Website and DVD: Spanish American War Crucible of Empire (PBS) ** [|Crucible of Empire -Spanish-American War (PBS video)] 1890s Music [|1890s Music] [] [|Sheet Music Gallery]  [] [|Crucible of Empire -Spanish-American War (PBS video)] Go to Site Map to get [|Timeline] []
 * The War Itself**
 * Website and DVD: Spanish American War Crucible of Empire (PBS) **

1868-1878: [|Ten Years' War in Cuba] 1895: [|Cuban War for Independence] February, 1896: [|Reconcentration Policy] December, 1897: [|McKinley Asks Congress for Aid to Cuba]

[|Teller Amendment (Wikipedia)] [|Crucible of Empire -Spanish-American War (PBS video)] Go to Site Map to get [|Timeline] []
 * Teller Amendment**. U.S. had no intention of taking possession of Cuba.
 * Website and DVD: Spanish American War Crucible of Empire (PBS) **

March 17, 1898: [|Senator Proctor Exposes Spain's Brutality in Cuba] April 25, 1898: [|Congress Declares War]

1. Short and glorious—"a splendid little war." A Splendid Little War []

2. Major battles:

a. Manila. George Dewey defeated Spanish fleet in Manila. [] [] [|George Dewey (Wikipedia)] [|Battle of Manila Bay (1898) (Wikipedia)]

b. San Juan Hill. Theodore Roosevelt and his Rough Riders.

[|Crucible of Empire -Spanish-American War (PBS video)] Go to Site Map to get [|Timeline] [] June 22, 1898: [|U.S. troops land in Cuba]  July 1, 1898: [|Victory in San Juan Heights] [] []
 * Website and DVD: Spanish American War Crucible of Empire (PBS) **

3. U.S. defeated Spain.

Overseas expansion of the United States []

Beginning of a U.S. empire. American Empire, 1900 []

[] 1. Guam: to the U.S.
 * Treaty of Paris** (1898)

2. Puerto Rico: to the U.S.

3. Cuba: granted independence by Spain.

4. **Platt Amendment** permited U.S. intervention in Cuba's internal affairs [|Platt Amendment (Wikipedia)] Remember the Teller Amendment: [|Teller Amendment (Wikipedia)] 5. Philippines: U.S. paid $20 million to Spain.
 * Teller Amendment**. U.S. had no intention of taking possession of Cuba.

The proposed treaty sparked an important debate: []
 * Acquisition of the Philippines**:

Phillipines A Gift from the Gods []

Social Darwinism activity: []

1. Those in favor of acquiring Philippines: imperialist case. Advocated an empire. Advocates of empire appealed to motives of Patriotism Manifest destiny Commerce.

See also: [|Rudyard Kipling (Wikipedia)] [|The White Man's Burden (Wikipedia)] Text of the White Man's Burden poem can be found here: []

2. Those against acquiring Philippines: anti–imperialist case. Many felt imperialism counter to U.S. principles. Other felt U.S. could expand markets without ruling other countries. Labor unions felt they would be undercut by importation of low–wage contract workers.

See also: [|American Anti-Imperialist League (Wikipedia)]

[]
 * Philippine–American war** (1898–1902)

[|Philippine–American War (Wikipedia)] [|Emilio Aguinaldo (Wikipedia)]

1. Emiliano Aguinaldo's army had helped U.S. against the Spanish. []

2. Aguinaldo expected to be president of an independent Philippines.

3. U.S. decided not to permit him to be President.

4. Aguinaldo led a guerrilla war against the occupying U.S. military.

5. War foreshadowed tactics and atrocities of Vietnam.

6. Aguinaldo finally captured. The revolt ended. []

7. U.S. subsequent role in the Philippines []


 * EYES ABROAD MODULE**

As a trading nation, the U.S. opposed barriers to international commerce and demanded equal access to markets.
 * Open Door in China**

a.1st Open Door Note (1899): all nations guarantee free trade in China. [|Open Door Policy (Wikipedia)]

b. Boxer Rebellion (1900). U.S. and others rescue foreigners in Peking. [] [|Boxer Rebellion (Wikipedia)]

c. 2nd Open Door Note (1900): all nations protect China's territorial integrity

**Japanese rivalry with U.S.** Beginnings of a Japanese empire


 * Sino–Japanese War** (1895). Japan beat China: gained Taiwan

[|First Sino-Japanese War (Wikipedia)] TR helped negotiate treaty. Won Nobel Peace Prize.
 * Russo–Japanese War** (1905). Japan beat Russia: gained Korea

[|Russo-Japanese War (Wikipedia)] [|Portsmouth Conference (Wikipedia)]

Japan became dominant power in Asia Japan wanted to include China in its sphere of influence. U.S. resisted.

U.S. navy made world tour to impress the Japanese. Japanese increased their military budget as a result. [|Great White Fleet (Wikipedia)]
 * Great White Fleet** (1907)

Great White Fleet website [] [|Panama Canal (Wikipedia)] []
 * Panama Canal** (1903-1914)

Spanish–American War demonstrated need for a Panama Canal Shift naval forces quickly from Atlantic to Pacific.

Panama originally a province of Columbia. Columbia rejected proposed canal route treaty with the U.S. in 1903 Wanted more money Treaty infringed on their sovereignty. Almost immediately, Panama declared its independence from Columbia With the help and approval of TR. U.S. signed a treaty with Panama (1903). Canal completed in 1914.