HIST+152+Spr+13


 * Though the title of this page says Spring 2013, it is really Spring 2015**

"Who are the Taliban?" (FRONTLINE) []

Click on (and read) each of the following tabs under "A Timeline to Power":

The Taliban Emerge (1994) The Fall of Kandahar and Kabul (1996) New Order Under Sharia Law (1996 to 1998) Sanctions, Atrocities and Reprisals (1999 to 2001) Taliban In Retreat, Karzai on the Rise (2002 to 2005) The Taliban Are Back (2005) Afghanistan: A New Iraq? (2006) The Poppy Rises (2006 to 2007) A New Offensive (2007)


 * Barack Obama**

Life Before the Presidency [this is really good] []

The 44th President was his mother's son []

America's last months in Iraq [before our reassertion these days] http://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/23/world/middleeast/failed-efforts-of-americas-last-months-in-iraq.html?_r=1&hpw

Why Sunnis and Shiites are fighting http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2014/01/22/why-sunnis-and-shias-are-fighting-

What is the Islamic State? http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-29052144


 * In class today: new material**

The Invasion of Iraq []
 * [use here the Timeline: Invasion of Iraq]**

US troops help Iraqis pull down Saddam Hussein's statue

Widespread looting escalates in Iraq

Things seem to be spinning out of control: Rumsfeld appoints Paul Bremer to take charge []
 * [use here the Timeline: The Lost Year in Iraq**]

General Jay Garner picked to handle postwar Iraq

J. Paul Bremer's De-Baathification order/Bremer's disbanding of Iraqi army

The insurgency grows

Prisoner abuse at Abu Ghraib


 * 2004**

No weapons of mass destruction are found

Battle of Fallujah (April 2004)

Sovereignty is transferred to the Iraqis (28 June 2004)

Bremer leaves Iraq

The SURGE http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/endgame/cron/
 * [use here the Timeline: End Game]**

Emma Sky: 'we had to deal with people who had blood on their hands' (Guardian) [second tour, during Surge] []

Sadr declares new Iraq ceasefire []

Iraq signs up to the Sunni Awakening movement []

Q & A: Iraq's Sunni Awakening Councils []


 * In class today: reaction to homework**

Photo essay: Iraq War Timeline as Told Through Front Pages [check out the pictures and headlines] []


 * In class today: new material**

Miller Center (University of Virginia) http://millercenter.org/president/gwbush
 * George W. Bush (Bush #43)**

http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/map/small_middle_east_map.htm
 * Map of Middle East**


 * Iraq War**

Big-picture chronology of US involvement in Iraq


 * 1990s**

The Gulf War foreshadows conflicts to come in the George W. Bush administration

Wolfowitz's proposal for a new unilateral foreign policy of preemption and toughness []
 * [use here the Timeline: The Evolution of the Bush Doctrine**]

Al Qaeda's international terror network slowly comes into focus for US intelligence


 * 2001**

The George W. Bush presidency begins

Rumsfeld sets out to transform the US military

Iraqi exiles (Ahmed Chalabi) lobby Washington policy-makers


 * 11 September 2011**:

The war cabinet gathers at Camp David; Iraq is discussed

CIA takes the lead in Afghanistan against Al Qaeda and the Taliban Bin Laden escapes US offensive at Tora Bora

Planning for Iraq War begins


 * 2002**

Detainees from the war in Afghanistan start arriving at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba

President Bush warns of an "Axis of Evil": North Korea, Iran, and Iraq

The State Department and Pentagon clash over postwar planning

The internal battle over whether Bush should keep trying diplomacy at the United Nations []
 * [use here the Timeline: Failure of Diplomacy]**


 * 2003**

President Bush's State of the Union address: essentially a declaration of war

Secretary Powell makes the case for war at the UN

General Shinseki testifies on force level needed to invade, occupy Iraq


 * In class today: reaction to homework**

Black Hawk Down (Somalia): interview with US Army Ranger Anton Berendsen (age 19 at the time) []


 * In class today**


 * Somalia ("Black Hawk Down") 1993**

Ambush in Mogadishu (FRONTLINE) [] My Website Spotlight blog post []

Connection of Somali warlord to West Covina []

Interviews with Rangers on the Black Hawk Down mission []

Critical analysis of Task Force Ranger (National Security Archive) [|http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB63/doc10.pdf]


 * 1994 Congressional elections**

Campaign and election of 1994 (Miller Center, University of Virginia) []

Republicans won both houses of Congress for the first time since 1954.

Newt Gingrich became the outspoken/controversial House Speaker.

Republicans offered a "Contract with America": a list of reforms to be passed during the first One Hundred Days. []


 * Government Shutdown**

Congressional Republicans shut down government over balanced budget

They were seen by many as ideologically inflexible.


 * Presidential Election of 1996**

Summary of 1996 presidential election (Miller Center, University of Virginia) []

President Clinton seen as reasonable and moderate Protector of certain federal programs that Congress attacked. Gained support of women, who benefited from such programs.

Campaign commercials (Living Room Candidate) []


 * War in Europe: Kosovo**

War In Europe | FRONTLINE | PBS []

20 Years Since the Bosnian War (In Focus: photos selected by Alan Taylor in The Atlantic magazine) []

NATO Chief Sees Parallels Between Syria and Balkans (New York Times) []

Map: Ethnic groups in the former Yugoslavia, 1992 []


 * Impeachment attempted over the Monica Lewinsky affair**

Finding Dulcinea: On This Day: President Clinton Admits to Affair With Monica Lewinsky []

Finding Dulcinea: On This Day: Senate Opens Hearings on the Impeachment of President Clinton []

Impeachment summary (Washington Post) []

Impeachment summary (BBC News) []

Clinton Impeachment (Famous Trials) [] My Website Spotlight blog post []


 * Bill Clinton legacy**

"Breathtakingly bright but capable of doing really dumb things."

What do you think his legacy will be?


 * Hillary Clinton's present and future role**.


 * In class today: new material**


 * Invasion of Panama** (December 1989)

Finding Dulcinea: On This Day: US Forces Invade Panama []

Invasion of Panama to capture Manuel Noriega (Miller Center, University of Virginia) http://millercenter.org/president/bush/essays/biography/5

U.S. Invasion of Panama (New York Times) http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/1220.html#article


 * Persian Gulf War (Operation Desert Storm) (1991)**

Successful effort to push Iraq out of Kuwait. Decision not to invade rest of Iraq or go after Saddam Hussein Subsequent opinions on whether U.S. made correct choices

Finding Dulcinea: On This Day: Iraq Invades Kuwait Leading to Persian Gulf War http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/July-August-08/On-this-Day--Iraq-Invades-Kuwait--Leading-to-Persian-Gulf-War.html

Persian Gulf War (Miller Center, University of Virginia) http://millercenter.org/president/bush/essays/biography/5

Desert Storm Air War Begins--to drive Iraq out of Kuwait (New York Times) http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0116.html#article

Desert Storm Ends (New York Times) http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0227.html#article

Gulf War (FRONTLINE) http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/gulf/ My Website Spotlight blog post http://thelearningprofessor.blogspot.com/2012/06/website-spotlight-gulf-war.html

Maps: []

Weapons and Technology []

U.S. female pilot captured by the Iraqis []


 * 1992 Presidential election loss to Bill Clinton**

Election of 1992 (Miller Center, University of Virginia) http://millercenter.org/president/bush/essays/biography/3

Summary of the 1992 election campaign (American Experience) http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/general-article/bush-election92/

Campaign commercials (Living Room Candidate) http://www.livingroomcandidate.org/commercials/1992


 * PRESIDENT BILL CLINTON**

Bill Clinton Miller Center (University of Virginia) [] My Website Spotlight blog post []

Clinton Years (FRONTLINE) [use material from here throughout this module] [] My Website Spotlight blog post []


 * Election of 1992**

Summary of 1992 presidential election (Miller Center, University of Virginia) []

1. Republican George H.W. Bush (Bush #41). Incumbent President Seemed to lack the "vision thing." Faulted for concentrating on foreign policy.

2. Democrat Bill Clinton. Arkansas governor. "New democrat." More toward center. Democrats countered: "it's the economy, stupid."

3. Ross Perot. Texas billionaire led a third–party bid. Google Images of Ross Perot []

4. Clinton won electoral college (with only 43% of popular vote)

Campaign commercials website (Living Room Candidate) []


 * In class today: reaction to homework**

The Berlin Wall Comes Down []

Iraq Invades Kuwait Leading to Persian Gulf War []

U.S. female pilot captured by the Iraqis []


 * In class today: new material**


 * George H.W. Bush (Bush #41)**

Miller Center (University of Virginia) http://millercenter.org/president/bush

World War Two heroism []

Parachute jump on his 83rd birthday []


 * Presidential election of 1988**

In Reagan's footsteps. Accused of the 'wimp factor" Peace abroad and a stable domestic economy

Summaries of the election campaign http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/general-article/bush-election88/ http://millercenter.org/president/bush/essays/biography/3

Campaign commercials (Living Room Candidate) http://www.livingroomcandidate.org/commercials/1988


 * Bush Presidency**

Bush presidency:"**First, do no harm"** Bush against government action to solve economic & social problems. Carried his approach too far and defended it too insensitively. Many voters want to limit government in the abstract Most want to keep safety net of government transfer payments

Bush's **political shifts** Bush accused of being the Velcro president. Bush a political chameleon.

"Read my lips: no new taxes." Assertion made during the 1988 presidential campaign http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/9/newsid_3655000/3655368.stm

Broke his promise to get Congress to help balance the budget


 * Fall of the Berlin Wall (October 1989)**

Finding Dulcinea: On This Day: The Berlin Wall Comes Down http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/November/The-Berlin-Wall-Comes-Down.html

Did a prayer meeting really bring down the Berlin Wall and end the Cold War? http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/0/24661333

09 Nov 1989: Berliners celebrate the fall of the Wall (BBC On This Day) http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/9/newsid_2515000/2515869.stm

Individuals attempting to flee []

Photo Exhibition of Berlin Wall []

Berlin Wall (BBC News Timeline) http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1484769.stm

Map: Breakup of the Soviet Union, 1991 http://images.classwell.com/mcd_xhtml_ebooks/2005_world_history/images/mcd_mwh2005_0618377115_p615_f1.jpg

[]
 * Tiananmen Square Massacre** (June 1989) (Finding Dulcinea)

The June 4 Massacre in Tiananmen Square, 1989 http://adst.org/2013/05/the-june-4-massacre-in-tiananmen-square-1989/

Chronology: The Memory Of Tiananmen | FRONTLINE | PBS []

The Tank Man | FRONTLINE | PBS []

Backstory of how the picture got out (New York Times) [|http://lens.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/06/03/behind-the-scenes-tank-man-of-tiananmen/#/1/]


 * Invasion of Panama** (December 1989)

Finding Dulcinea: On This Day: US Forces Invade Panama []

Invasion of Panama to capture Manuel Noriega (Miller Center, University of Virginia) http://millercenter.org/president/bush/essays/biography/5

U.S. Invasion of Panama (New York Times) http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/1220.html#article


 * Persian Gulf War (Operation Desert Storm) (1991)**

Successful effort to push Iraq out of Kuwait. Decision not to invade rest of Iraq or go after Saddam Hussein Subsequent opinions on whether U.S. made correct choices

Finding Dulcinea: On This Day: Iraq Invades Kuwait Leading to Persian Gulf War http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/July-August-08/On-this-Day--Iraq-Invades-Kuwait--Leading-to-Persian-Gulf-War.html

Persian Gulf War (Miller Center, University of Virginia) http://millercenter.org/president/bush/essays/biography/5

Desert Storm Air War Begins--to drive Iraq out of Kuwait (New York Times) http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0116.html#article

Desert Storm Ends (New York Times) http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0227.html#article

Gulf War (FRONTLINE) http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/gulf/ My Website Spotlight blog post http://thelearningprofessor.blogspot.com/2012/06/website-spotlight-gulf-war.html

Maps: []

Weapons and Technology []

U.S. female pilot captured by the Iraqis []


 * 1992 Presidential election loss to Bill Clinton**

Election of 1992 (Miller Center, University of Virginia) http://millercenter.org/president/bush/essays/biography/3

Summary of the 1992 election campaign (American Experience) http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/general-article/bush-election92/

Campaign commercials (Living Room Candidate) http://www.livingroomcandidate.org/commercials/1992


 * In class today: reaction to homework**

Reagan Endorses CIA Support of Nicaraguan Contras []

Iran-Contra Scandal Breaks []


 * In class today: new material >> President Ronald Reagan**


 * PRESIDENT RONALD REAGAN**

Miller Center (University of Virginia) []
 * Ronald Reagan**

The Reagan Years (CNN In-Depth Special) []


 * Election of 1980**

Reagan accused President Carter of letting America be kicked around in world affairs. Reagan's bold conservatism scared many voters Reagan elected largely as a reaction against Carter. Reagan's theme of "Stand Up, America" resonated with the electorate.

Campaign commercials (Living Room Candidate) []


 * Assassination attempt** (March 1981)

Reagan's courageous response to assassination attempt (during first 100 days) increased his political power. []

John Hinckly, Jr., Shoots President Reagan and James Brady []


 * Reagan's administrative agenda**

1. Cut taxes

2. Cut government red tape

3. Cut government spending on domestic programs

4. Increase defense spending

5. Stand up to communism

Reagan pictured Soviet Union as "evil empire." [Axis of Evil??]

Believed intense military buildup needed to confront Soviets.

6. But at the same time be willing to negotiate with the Soviets "Tear Down This [Berlin] Wall" speech []


 * Republican party coalition**

Made up of ideologically diverse constituencies:

1. Economic conservatives who had always voted Republican

2. Cultural conservatives Fundamentalist and evangelical Christians Advocated family values Opposed abortion and homosexuality

3. "Reagan Democrats" Blue–collar workers who supported family values

4. White voters in South (no longer the Solid Democratic South) 5. Young Americans (18–30) activated during Reagan years 6. Suburban voters (anti-taxes and anti-government).


 * Reagonomics**

Supply–side economic policies. Cut federal spending on domestic programs Cut taxes for the wealthy and for corporations Free up investment capital and encourage new job creation Investment income to offset loss of tax revenue caused by tax cuts. Money freed up by tax cuts would "trickle down" to less wealthy Did not work. We got tremendous economic deficits.

Arthur Laffer has a never-ending supply of supply-side plans for the GOP http://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/arthur-laffer-has-a-neverending-supply-of-supply-side-plans-for-gop/2015/04/09/04c61440-dec1-11e4-a1b8-2ed88bc190d2_story.html


 * Foreign policy events during the Reagan Administration**

1. Beirut barracks bombing (1983)

1983 Beirut Bomb Still Reverberates Today (Finding Dulcinea) <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]

2. Invasion of Grenada (American Experience) []

3. Reagan Doctrine U.S. would openly support all anticommunist fighters.


 * Presidential Election (1984)**

President Reagan easily re-elected.

Campaign commercials (Living Room Candidate) []


 * Iran–Contra scandal**

Iran Contra Affair Scroll to the section entitled "Iran-Contra Affair" []

Two sides to the issue: Contras in Nicaragua and US arms sales to Iran (American Experience) []

Reagan Endorses CIA Support of Nicaraguan Contras <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]

U.S supported those fighting against (contra) the communists in Nicaragua.

After Vietnam and Watergate, Congress anxious to oversee foreign policy

Congress ordered Reagan not to continue support of Contras

Iran-Contra Scandal Breaks []

Role of Oliver North. Sold arms to Iran (illegal) and our enemy. Used profits to send to the Contras to keep fighting Communists


 * Ping pong diplomacy**

a. Zhuang Zedong made the initial opening to an American player http://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/12/world/asia/zhuang-zedong-winner-in-china-foreign-relations-and-ping-pong-dies-at-72.html?_r=1

b. Table tennis video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A8IVASo0umU&feature=youtube_gdata_player


 * In class today: reaction to homework**

Finding Dulcinea: On This Day: Ayatollah Khomeini Returns From Exile <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]

Finding Dulcinea: On This Day: Iran Hostage Crisis Begins []

Remembering the Iran Hostage Crisis (BBC report) []

In pictures: Iran hostage crisis (BBC News) []


 * In class today: new material>>President Jimmy Carter**

Jimmy Carter Miller Center (University of Virginia) []


 * Election of 1976**

Carter took advantage of the reaction against Watergate to defeat Gerald Ford

Campaign Commercials (Living Room Candidate) []


 * Camp David Agreements (1978)**

Camp David Peace Treaty 1979 [great front page picture] (New York Times) [|http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0326.html#article]

Peace Talks at Camp David (American Experience) []

Camp David (Presidential retreat in Maryland) []


 * Iran Hostage Crisis (1979)**

CIA-assisted coup overthrows government of Iran (History.com This Day in History | 8/19/1953) []

U.S. permitted deposed Shah to come to the U.S. for cancer treatment.

Iranian Muslim fundamentalists took members of U.S. embassy hostage

Ayatollah Khomeini Returns From Exile <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]

Iran Hostage Crisis Begins (Finding Dulcinea: On This Day) []

On this day in history, 24 April 1980, the Iranian Hostage Rescue Mission ended in disaster []

[]
 * Hostages released** on Reagan's inauguration (January 20, 1981)


 * Human Rights**

Basis of Carter's foreign policy He was accused of a double standard: Critical of Soviet Union, Argentina, and Chile Willing to tolerate U.S. allies (South Korea, the Shah's Iran, Philippines).

https://history.state.gov/milestones/1977-1980/soviet-invasion-afghanistan
 * Soviet war in Afghanistan** (1979-1988)


 * Carter Doctrine** (1979)

U.S. would defend the Persian Gulf militarily from any Soviet invasion: Afghanistan


 * Election of 1980**

Carter lost to Ronald Reagan.

Campaign commercials (Living Room Candidate) []


 * Assessment of Carter Presidency**

Everything—domestically as well as internationally—seemed to go against him. He is a fantastic ex–president.


 * Jimmy Carter: Post-Presidency**

Nobel Peace Prize winner

Habitat for Humanity []


 * PRESIDENT RONALD REAGAN**

Miller Center (University of Virginia) []
 * Ronald Reagan**

The Reagan Years (CNN In-Depth Special) <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]


 * Election of 1980**

Reagan accused President Carter of letting America be kicked around in world affairs. Reagan's bold conservatism scared many voters Reagan elected largely as a reaction against Carter. Reagan's theme of "Stand Up, America" resonated with the electorate.

Campaign commercials (Living Room Candidate) []


 * Assassination attempt** (March 1981)

Reagan's courageous response to assassination attempt (during first 100 days) increased his political power. []

John Hinckly, Jr., Shoots President Reagan and James Brady []


 * In class today: reaction to homework**

Richard Nixon Resigns [Let's go through this in detail] []

U.S. Senate report on Watergate https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/investigations/Watergate.htm


 * In class today:**


 * "Hippies: "Counterculture" in the 1960s**

Summer of Love (Hippies in 1967 San Francisco) [] My Website Spotlight blog post []

Let's take this online quiz: Would you have been in the counterculture in the 1960s? []

Patty Hearst Trial (Famous Trials) [] My Website Spotlight blog post []


 * In class today: new material**


 * Election of 1972**

Nixon easily reelected over George McGovern. Democrats, however, retained control of Congress. He did not need to do a "Watergate."

Campaign commercials (Living Room Candidate) []


 * Nixon's "Southern Strategy"**

Main issue: Urged Republicans to go slow on civil rights issues

Republicans stood for law and order.

Equated Democrats with permissiveness, crime, drugs, pornography, the hippie lifestyle, student radicalism, black militancy, feminism, homosexuality, and dissolution of the family.


 * Watergate**

Richard Nixon Resigns [Let's go through this in detail] []

U.S. Senate report on Watergate https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/investigations/Watergate.htm

See also: Great series by the Washington Post The Washington Post Investigates [] The Government Acts [] Nixon Resigns []


 * Vice President Agnew Resigned**

Nixon's Vice President Spiro Agnew had to resign because of income tax evasion and corruption.

Vice President Spiro Agnew Resigns []


 * Gerald Ford became Vice President**

Spiro Agnew was replaced as Nixon's Vice President by Gerald Ford.

Gerald Ford Replaces Agnew (New York Times) [|http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/1127.html#article]


 * President Nixon resigned on 9 August 1974**
 * (before he could be impeached because of Watergate)**

Richard Nixon Resigns []


 * Post–Watergate restrictions on executive power**

Congressional reactions to "imperial Presidency

It is interesting to see how our government balances itself over time.

1. War Powers Act—President must consult with Congress before sending American troops into foreign wars.

2. Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act—prohibited the impounding of federal appropriations.

3. Freedom of Information Act—to aid citizens who were the victims of dirty–tricks campaigns and by giving people greater access to government documents.


 * PRESIDENT GERALD FORD**

Miller Center (University of Virginia) []
 * Gerald Ford**

Offered pro football contract after All-American at U. of Michigan.

Went to Yale Law School instead.

Not dumb and klutzy as media often portrayed him: President trips and falls []

Type this into Google search: Obama trips coming off plane

Served in House of Representatives (1949-1973); leader of minority party.

He served out remainder of Nixon's term. Defeated by Carter in 1976.


 * Ford Pardoned Richard Nixon** (Sept 1974)

President Ford Pardons Richard Nixon []


 * 1976 Presidential election**

Ford was defeated by Jimmy Carter in the 1976 presidential election (New York Times) []

Campaign commercials (Living Room Candidate) []


 * In class today: reaction to homework**

Ping-Pong Diplomacy []

Nixon Leaves on Diplomatic Trip to China (Finding Dulcinea: On This Day) Let's go through this article in detail. <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]


 * In class today (and Wednesday): President Richard M. Nixon**

Miller Center (University of Virginia) []
 * President Richard Nixon**

Richard Nixon Library (Yorba Linda) []


 * Nixon as Eisenhower's Vice President**

Richard Nixon Delivers “Checkers Speech” []

24 Jul 1959: Khrushchev and Nixon have war of words (BBC On This Day) []


 * Presidential Election of 1960**

Remember: Nixon lost to Kennedy

Campaign commercials (Living Room Candidate) []


 * Presidential Election of 1968**

Campaign commercials (Living Room Candidate) []

1. Democratic Convention (Chicago).

Nominated: Johnson's VP Hubert Humphrey. Chicago police clashed with 5.000 anti-war protestors. Police banged heads.

2. Republican Convention (Miami Beach).

Nixon won nomination over Nelson Rockefeller (liberal wing) and Ronald Reagan (conservative wing).

Nixon stood for stability and order: Against war protestors Against counterculture

3. Results

a. **Nixon won** (43.4% popular; 301 electoral)

Law and order candidate. Supported by so-called "silent majority"—those not protesting

b. He defeated

Democrat Hubert Humphrey (LBJ's Vice President) (42.7% popular; 191 electoral)

George Wallace, segregationist Alabama governor: third–party (13.5% popular; 46 electoral)


 * Nixon's Foreign policy**

Detente. Relaxation of tensions between the superpowers.

"Grand strategy." Nixon and Kissinger

Henry Kissinger: National security adviser; then Secretary of State [Let's go through this article in detail] []

Originally, People's Republic of China (PRC) seen as a tool of Soviet Union Nixon decided to play them off against each other


 * Nixon's Visit to People's Republic of China (PRC) (1972)**

A surprise: Nixon was such a long-time Communist–hater U.S. had no diplomatic relations with PRC then

Ping-Pong Diplomacy []

Nixon Leaves on Diplomatic Trip to China (Finding Dulcinea: On This Day) <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]


 * Election of 1972**

Nixon easily reelected over George McGovern. Democrats, however, retained control of Congress. He did not need to do a "Watergate."

Campaign commercials (Living Room Candidate) []


 * Nixon's "Southern Strategy"**

Main issue: Urged Republicans to go slow on civil rights issues

Republicans stood for law and order.

Equated Democrats with permissiveness, crime, drugs, pornography, the hippie lifestyle, student radicalism, black militancy, feminism, homosexuality, and dissolution of the family.


 * Watergate**

Richard Nixon Resigns [Let's go through this in detail] []

U.S. Senate report on Watergate https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/investigations/Watergate.htm

See also: Great series by the Washington Post The Washington Post Investigates [] The Government Acts [] Nixon Resigns []


 * Vice President Agnew Resigned**

Nixon's Vice President Spiro Agnew had to resign because of income tax evasion and corruption.

Vice President Spiro Agnew Resigns []


 * Gerald Ford became Vice President**

Spiro Agnew was replaced as Nixon's Vice President by Gerald Ford.

Gerald Ford Replaces Agnew (New York Times) [|http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/1127.html#article]


 * President Nixon resigned on 9 August 1974**
 * (before he could be impeached because of Watergate)**

Richard Nixon Resigns []


 * Post–Watergate restrictions on executive power**

Congressional reactions to "imperial Presidency

It is interesting to see how our government balances itself over time.

1. War Powers Act—President must consult with Congress before sending American troops into foreign wars.

2. Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act—prohibited the impounding of federal appropriations.

3. Freedom of Information Act—to aid citizens who were the victims of dirty–tricks campaigns and by giving people greater access to government documents.


 * In class today: reaction to homework**

1. Weapons of War: U.S. and enemy (Vietnam Online) [] http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/vietnam/trenches/weapons_02.html

2. The Language of War []

3. Viet Cong Fighters []

4. Punji Sticks Google Images: http://bit.ly/HfUilV

5. Enemy Tunnels http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/720577.stm


 * In class today: new material**


 * Kennedy's escalation of the U.S. war effort**

North Vietnam and Viet Cong increased attempts to win in South South Vietnam on the verge of losing JFK had sent 16,000 American advisors. Big historical question: what would Kennedy have done had he lived?

After Diem, revolving-door governments in South Vietnam Comparisons to Iraq and Afghanistan

Why did we let Diem be overthrown? Was there any better alternative? Was the country itself able to operate as a country? Could and would the South Vietnamese leaders actually lead their own people? At what point could the U.S. have gotten out of Vietnam?


 * President Lyndon Johnson and the Americanization of the War**

[]
 * Competition with his Great Society**


 * Tonkin Gulf Incident and Resolution**

Response to North Vietnamese attack on American destroyer. U.S. not entirely clean in this incident.

Tonkin Gulf Congressional Resolution http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/July-August-08/On-this-Day--False-Claims-of-Attack-Lead-Congress-to-Authorize-Vietnam-War.html

Gave LBJ authority to use unlimited military force in North Vietnam. Johnson interpreted it as equivalent to declaration of war.


 * George Ball's dissent against continued U.S. involvement in Vietnam**

He wanted us to bail out of Vietnam early on; in retrospect, he was probably right.


 * Operation Rolling Thunder: U.S. air campaign over North Vietnam**

More U.S. bombs on Vietnam than U.S. dropped in all of WWII North Vietnamese did not give up. Hid in shelters; rebuilt roads and bridges Their perseverance frustrated and awed American decision makers. U.S. prisoners of war: John McCain among them

Return With Honor (American Experience) http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/honor/


 * Escalation: U.S. commits regular combat units to Vietnam**

Johnson's decision for major increase of U.S. effort in Vietnam

Johnson sent 50,000 U.S. ground troops in July 1965. Successive escalations of U.S. troop levels. Maximum level of 536,000 in 1968.

We told the South Vietnamese: watch how well we could complete the job. They watched. We did not complete the job.


 * War details:**

1. Weapons of War: U.S. and enemy (Vietnam Online) [] http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/vietnam/trenches/weapons_02.html 2. The Language of War [] 3. Viet Cong Fighters [] 4. Punji Sticks Google Images: http://bit.ly/HfUilV 5. Enemy Tunnels http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/720577.stm


 * Attrition strategy**

American aim was to kill more enemy than could be sent from the North.

Search and destroy tactics Body count: the indication of success. Attrition did not succeed

Sanctuary: Enemy could use Laos and Cambodia as a sanctuary Hard to defeat an enemy that has this kind of advantage. Compare to Taliban using Pakistan as a sanctuary.

Ho Chi Minh trail: Google Images http://bit.ly/GXZlFl


 * U.S. military in Vietnam**

Many different wars depending on branch of service and location within South Vietnam Vietnam tour of duty: 12 months for Army Could be stationed in a U.S. unit or on an advisory team

Enlisted Men in Vietnam []

Reflections: The Volunteer A veteran examines his decision, at age 17, to join the Marines right out of high school. []

Women in Vietnam: A Red Cross worker describes her experience as a woman in a "men's war." []


 * Morale Problems**: largely due to the draft

1. Fragging http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/fragging-on-the-rise-in-us-units 2. Drug use 3. Post–traumatic stress. Other wars: shell shock, battle fatigue.


 * TET OFFENSIVE** (January 1968)

Tet Offensive by the enemy Tet is the Chinese Lunar New Year holiday

This event was really important in retrospect Enemy coordinated attacks all over South Vietnam U.S. was victorious militarily

In U.S., public relations fallout bad Americans became convinced that war was not winnable.

Viet Cong Invade American Embassy http://adst.org/2013/07/viet-cong-invade-american-embassy-the-1968-tet-offensive/


 * Divisions at Home in U.S.**


 * Pro-war**—by hard hats; silent majority


 * Anti-war protests**:

Vietnam War Protests 1969 (New York Times) http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/1115.html#article

Counterculture and the New Left both opposed the Vietnam War Used teach–ins, antiwar marches, and demonstrations. Some burned draft cards Others fled the draft by moving to Canada. "Hey, hey, LBJ, how many kids did you kill today?"


 * Kent State University**

U.S. raid into Cambodia (1970) triggered campus protests at Kent State and Jackson State.

Kent State University: 4 students killed; National Guard unit fired into a crowd of student protesters.

Finding Dulcinea: On This Day: Kent State Students Shot by Ohio National Guard http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/May-June-08/On-this-Day--Kent-State-Students-Shot-by-Ohio-National-Guard.html


 * Richard Nixon: Vietnamization of the war**

His anti-Communist credentials As a Republican, he had not “lost” China He began the withdrawal of U.S. troops South Vietnamese should carry the load. Similar to our attempts both in Iraq and Afghanistan: "if they stand up, we will stand down"


 * Fall of South Vietnam** (April 1975)

Google Images: Helicopters Leaving Saigon http://bit.ly/H9huRr

The Fall of Saigon--April 30, 1975 http://adst.org/2013/04/the-fall-of-saigon-april-30-1975/

Saigon Falls to Vietcong Ending Vietnam War (On This Day, Finding Dulcinea) http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/April/Saigon-Falls-to-Vietcong--Ending-Vietnam-War.html


 * Legacy of the Vietnam war**

58,000 U.S. dead Financial cost to U.S.: $200 billion. America's most unpopular war. Involvement of six U.S. presidents: Truman, Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson, Nixon, and Ford.


 * In class today: reaction to homework**

Vietnam War photos (Sacramento Bee) []


 * In class today: new material on the Vietnam War**


 * VIETNAM**

Vietnam became one of the many sites where the Cold War and the Third World intersected.

[]
 * Map** for us to refer back to during our study of this module:


 * Context for U.S. decision-making**

Containment policy

American leaders thought of Vietnam as an Asian Berlin, a place to draw the line against communism and to implement the containment doctrine.

China 1949 McCarthy in US (1950-1954) Korean War (1950-1953)


 * French Indochina**

Indochina (Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos) colonized in 1880s. Vietnamese resisted French colonial regime as much as possible Vietnamese tradition of historical resistance to invaders: China.


 * Ho Chi Minh:**

Leader of Vietnamese Communist Party Major leader of Vietnamese resistance to the Japanese Vietminh declared independence from France in 1945. Ho quoted from U.S. Declaration of Independence.


 * General Giap**:

Gen. Vo Nguyen Giap, Who Ousted U.S. From Vietnam, Is Dead http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/05/world/asia/gen-vo-nguyen-giap-dies.html?ref=global-home&pagewanted=all


 * Vietminh war against the French**

U.S. had a choice:

a) Support Ho Chi Minh's bid for independence b) Support French return to Indochina

We supported the French return. Context: containment of communism We paid 80% of the costs of French war against Vietminh


 * Dienbienphu (May 1954)**

French fall to Viet Minh at Dien Bien Phu (History.com This Day in History | 5/7/1954) <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]


 * French withdrawal from Indochina**

http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/geneva-conference-begins
 * Geneva peace conference** (July 1954)

Vietnam was divided at the 17th parallel. Ho's forces gained control of North Vietnam. Election to unify the country was scheduled for 1956. America, figuring Ho Chi Minh would win, did not permit the election.


 * U.S. replaced France in Vietnam**


 * AMERICA IN VIETNAM**


 * Overview**:

Ground combat took place within South Vietnam

U.S. never invaded North Vietnam

U.S. pursued an air war against North Vietnam


 * Enemy side**:

North Vietnam and those living in South Vietnam (called Viet Cong) who will fight against the United States


 * Our side**:

United States and those South Vietnamese friendly to U.S.


 * Our man in Vietnam: Ngo Dinh Diem**

Our initial handpicked leader in South Vietnam No real alternative leader in South Vietnam to Ho Chi Minh in the North U.S. backed Ngo Dinh Diem

He consolidated power over internal rivals (we wish the leaders of Iraq and Afghanistan could do the same): Diem was a Catholic (in a mostly Buddhist country) Bachelor (role of his family, especially brother and his sister-in-law)

His brother: Ngo Dinh Nhu His sister-in-law: Madame Ngo Dinh Nhu Madame Nhu and her daughter visit the US http://oldlifemagazines.com/the-1960s-1/1963/october-11-1963-life-magazine.html

Diem's oppressive policies and persecution of Buddhists made him unpopular Vietnamese monk burning himself to death []

CIA backed an overthrow of Diem (who was murdered)

The Ugly American Telegram http://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/24/opinion/the-ugly-american-telegram.html?ref=global-home

Arrest and assassination of Ngo Dinh Diem JFK himself was assassinated three weeks later.


 * In class today: reaction to homework**

MLK explanation of his philosophy of non-violence []

Freedom Rider Jim Zwerg []


 * In class today: new material**


 * March on Washington (28 August 1963)**

Eyes on the Prize: March on Washington Work through each tab: "Introduction"; "Context"; "Press"; "Music"; "Video"; and "Gallery" []

Martin Luther King and the race riot that never was []

An overlooked dream, now remembered [How the Washington Post missed the story] []


 * MLK "I Have a Dream Speech"**

One of the great speeches in U.S. history. Delivered as part of the program during a March on Washington (60,000 whites and 190,00 blacks).

Martin Luther King Jr. Delivers “I Have a Dream” Speech (Finding Dulcinea: On This Day) <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]


 * Sixteenth Street Baptist Church bombing (13 September 1963)**

Bomb exploded during Sunday School, killing four teenage black girls. The Sunday school lesson for that morning was "A Love that Forgives."

Four Girls Killed in Birmingham Church Bombing (Finding Dulcinea: On This Day) []


 * John F. Kennedy assassinated**


 * President Lyndon B. Johnson is new president**


 * 1964**


 * Freedom Summer**

Local black leaders aided by white students from elite colleges. Whites saw this activity as "invasion" by outside agitators.

Eyes on the Prize: Freedom Summer Work through each tab: "Introduction"; "Context"; "Press"; "Music"; "Video"; and "Gallery" []

One Volunteer's Freedom Summer []


 * Voter registration**

No real power for blacks until they could vote. But risked their lives if they went through with the process.

Alabama Voter Registration form [See if you can fill this out!! I can't.] []


 * Murder in Mississippi (21 June 1964)**

Two white and one black civil rights workers were murdered in Mississippi.

Three Civil Rights Workers in Mississippi Go Missing (Finding Dulcinea: On This Day) []


 * Civil Rights Act (1 July 1964)**

Johnson signs Civil Rights Act (History.com This Day in History | 7/2/1964) <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]


 * MLK won the Nobel Peace Prize**.**(14 October 1964)**

MLK Wins Nobel Peace Prize 1964 (New York Times) [|http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/1014.html#article]


 * 1965**


 * Selma to Montgomery, Alabama march**

"Bloody Sunday".

Eyes on the Prize: Selma to Montgomery Work through each tab: "Introduction"; "Context"; "Press"; "Music"; "Video"; and "Gallery" []

Selma-to-Montgomery March Begins (Finding Dulcinea: On This Day) <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]


 * LBJ speech**

Asks Joint Session of Congress for sweeping civil rights legislation. Ends speech with "we shall overcome." His southern friends appalled at his sellout.

Text of LBJ speech (History Matters) Scroll down almost to the bottom: The Purpose of this Government [His time working in a school for Mexican-American children] []


 * Watts Riots**

Watts Riots 1965 (New York Times) [|http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0811.html#article]


 * 1967**


 * Black power**

Militant black leaders gained prominence in SNCC, questioned Martin Luther King's philosophy of nonviolence, and forced white members to leave the organization.

Black Power Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute (Stanford University) <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]


 * Black Panther Party**

Founded in California. Major figures: Eldridge Cleaver, Huey Newton, and Bobby Seale. Advocated violent confrontation with whites.

Political platform []


 * 1968**


 * Tet Offensive in Vietnam (February)**


 * Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr.** (April: in Memphis)

Assassination of MLK Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute (Stanford University) <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]

<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">Martin Luther King, Jr. assassinated (Finding Dulcinea: On This Day) <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]


 * Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy** (June: in Los Angeles)

Senator Robert F. Kennedy Assassinated (Finding Dulcinea: On This Day) []


 * Black Power Salute at Mexico City Olympics**

U.S. Athletes Give Black Power Salute on Olympic Podium (Finding Dulcinea: On This Day) []

50 stunning Olympic moments: Tommie Smith and John Carlos salute (Guardian) <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]


 * Hispanic School Protests in Los Angeles**

East LA Walkouts []

Sal Castro and the 1968 East LA Walkouts []

Walkout (the full movie) []


 * In class today; reaction to homework**

Eyes on the Prize: Freedom Summer Work through each tab: "Introduction"; "Context"; "Press"; "Music"; "Video"; and "Gallery" []

One Volunteer's Freedom Summer []

Alabama Voter Registration form [See if you can fill this out!! I can't.] []


 * In class today**: **new material**


 * 1959**


 * Non-Violence**

MLK and his wife spent a month in India studying Gandhi's non–violence.

MLK explanation of his philosophy of non-violence []

King's Trip to India Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute (Stanford University) <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]


 * 1960**


 * Sit–ins**

Eyes on the Prize: Nonviolent Protests Work through each tab: "Introduction"; "Context"; "Press"; "Music"; "Video"; and "Gallery" []

Sit-ins Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute (Stanford University) []

Greensboro Four: Civil Rights Sit-in []

Greensboro Sit-Ins: Launch of a Civil Rights Movement (Greensboro Sit-in Museum) <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]


 * Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC--pronounced "snick")**

Established to coordinate sit–ins across the south. []

John Lewis (currently a member of the United States House of Representatives) Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute (Stanford University) <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]

Diane Nash []


 * MLK jailed** (October)

During the 1960 presidential election campaign, concern expressed by both JFK and Robert Kennedy for the arrest and prison sentence of Martin Luther King, Jr., earned Kennedy the black vote.


 * 1961**


 * Freedom Rides**

A group of black and white persons set out by bus from Washington, D.C. to New Orleans to test the "whites only" facilities of southern interstate bus terminals.

Freedom Riders (American Experience) [Rides, People, Issues] []

Trace the map of the rides []

Freedom Ride Protests Provoke Violent Backlash Across American South (Finding Dulcinea: On This Day) []

Eyes on the Prize: Freedom Rides Work through each tab: "Introduction"; "Context"; "Press"; "Music"; "Video"; and "Gallery" []

Letter from a Freedom Rider's Father []

Extended Interview with white Freedom Rider Jim Zwerg. []

The 50th Anniversary of the Freedom Riders Denver Post Plog (75 incredible photos) []


 * 1962**


 * University of Mississippi Desegregated**

James Meredith desegregated the University of Mississippi.

James Meredith Graduates From Ole Miss (Finding Dulcinea: On This Day) []


 * 1963**


 * Project "C" [Confrontation] in Birmingham**

Birmingham, Alabama (called "Bombingham" by civil rights workers, due to so many unsolved bombings).

Eyes on the Prize: Birmingham Work through each tab: "Introduction"; "Context"; "Press"; "Music"; "Video"; and "Gallery" []

1. "Letter from a Birmingham Jail"

Written by MLK while in jail. Response to an ad from white pastors telling him that he was stirring up too much trouble.

Letter from Birmingham Jail (Encyclopedia of Alabama) <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]

<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">Text of letter []

2. Birmingham Children's march. Police dogs and fire hoses. TV coverage shocked America.

Childrens' Crusade Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute (Stanford University) <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]

3. Sheriff "Bull" Connor

Bull Connor Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute (Stanford University) <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]

4. JFK TV speech.

He was afraid of losing votes of white southern Democrats. He finally spoke out: "Civil rights is a moral issue." []


 * Medgar Evers murdered**

Evers was the Mississippi head of NAACP. []

Medgar Evers Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute (Stanford University) <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]


 * In class today; reaction to homework**

Hispanic School Protests in East Los Angeles: Walkout movie []

Note: You may enjoy this documentary Chicano: Taking Back the Schools https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NL4rQHKza9Y


 * In class today**: begin the Civil Rights movement module


 * Main websites we will employ in this module**:

1. Finding Dulcinea: On This Day series

2. Eyes on the Prize [] Work through each tab: "Introduction"; "Context"; "Press"; "Music"; "Video"; and "Gallery"

3. Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute (Stanford University) Online Encyclopedia []

4. [Special one-time offer!] You may enjoy this item: Music in the Civil Rights movement []

5. Photos

USINFO photo gallery []

LIFE magazine []

The following extensive chronology will help us tie together the events of the civil rights movement:

Follow with me by using Google Images on your laptop for each person and event.

[]
 * Jim Crow laws (Segregation)**

Rise and Fall of Jim Crow (PBS) [] A Century of Segregation [Let's click through the timeline and open a few of the notes] []


 * Plessy versus Ferguson** (1896) (Supreme Court decision)

Plessy versus Ferguson (Today in History, Library of Congress) [Scroll down to the paragraph entitled "Tour the Library of Congress online collections] []

Separate but equal is ok.


 * 1948**

Post World War II. Returning black veterans unwilling to accept second–class status back home.


 * Racial desegregation of the armed forces** (1948) by executive order of President Truman.


 * 1954**


 * Brown v. Board of Education (Supreme Court decision)**

Overturned the decision in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896). "Separate facilities are inherently unequal" and therefore unconstitutional.

Argued by Thurgood Marshall on behalf of the NAACP.

Supreme Court Ends School Segregation (Finding Dulcinea: On This Day) []


 * 1955**


 * Emmett Till's Murder** (28 August 1955)

Murder in Mississippi of a young black teenager from Chicago for having insulted a white women.

Eyes on the Prize: Emmett Till Work through each tab: "Introduction"; "Context"; "Press"; "Music"; "Video"; and "Gallery" []

Who was Emmett Till? (BBC News) []


 * 1955**


 * Montgomery, Alabama, Bus Boycott (Rosa Parks)**

Rosa Parks arrested on 1 December 1955

Rosa Parks (Today in History, Library of Congress) []

Montgomery Bus Boycott Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute (Stanford University) [check out what all is on the page, especially the "related items" on the right side] []

Eyes on the Prize: Montgomery Bus Boycott Work through each tab: "Introduction"; "Context"; "Press"; "Music"; "Video"; and "Gallery" []


 * Martin Luther King, Jr.**

Citizen Martin Luther King (American Experience) []


 * 1956**


 * Southern Manifesto**

Document signed by 100 Southern members of Congress saying they would not obey the Brown versus Board of Education decision. []


 * White Citizens' Councils**

Brought economic power to bear. []

White Citizens' Councils Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute (Stanford University) <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]


 * 1957**

[]
 * Southern Christian Leadership Conference** (SCLC)

Grouping of African-American pastors.

Southern Christian Leadership Conference (Encyclopedia of Alabama) <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]


 * Little Rock Central High School**

Little Rock, Arkansas. Central High School desegregated. Arkansas Governor Faubus. Nine black students. President Eisenhower sent 101st Airborne.

Arkansas National Guard Bars “Little Rock Nine” From School (On This Day: Finding Dulcinea) []

Eyes on the Prize: Little Rock High School Work through each tab: "Introduction"; "Context"; "Press"; "Music"; "Video"; and "Gallery" []


 * In class today: reaction to homework**

Bay of Pigs (John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum) <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]

50 Years Ago: The Cuban Missile Crisis (Alan Taylor/The Atlantic) [26 photos] []

Cuban Missile Crisis Interactive exhibit from the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum World on the Brink: Thirteen Days in October 1962 Go to [] 1. Click on "Begin The Thirteen Days" 2. Click your way through each of the thirteen days. 3. Read what is on each screen. You can click on each visual to enlarge it.


 * In class today: new material**


 * Sputnik** (1957)

Soviets launched a satellite that scared America and put them (the Soviets) ahead (temporarily) in the space race.

04 Oct 1957: Sputnik satellite blasts into space (BBC On This Day)) []


 * U–2 incident** (1 May 1960)

American U–2 spy plane carrying high–powered cameras crashed 1,200 miles inside the Soviet Union.

U-2 flight path: []

After denying presence of such a spy plane, President Eisenhower (Ike) accepted the blame.

American CIA pilot Francis Gary Powers put on trial in the Soviet Union. (He was later exchanged for a Soviet spy.) []

17 May 1960: East-West summit in tatters after U-2 spy plane incident (BBC On This Day) []


 * President John F. Kennedy**

I. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum []

JFK in History <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]

II. John F. Kennedy Miller Center (University of Virginia) []

III. Kennedy photos [Check out #26 with his brothers Robert and Ted] []


 * 1960 Presidential Election**

Finding Dulcinea: On This Day: Nixon and Kennedy Hold First Ever Presidential Debate []

John F. Kennedy (Democrat) defeated Richard M. Nixon (Republican)

1960 Election campaign commercials []


 * Peace Corps**

Peace Corps (John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum) <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]

President Kennedy signs Peace Corps legislation (History.com This Day in History | 9/22/1961) []

Great image collage about Peace Corps (Washington Post) []


 * Berlin Wall** (August 1961)

Soviets built a wall to keep people from fleeing East Berlin.

Berliners Awake to a Divided City (BBC On This Day) []

The Rise and Fall of the Berlin Wall - Photo Essays (TIME) The first 5 pictures are the most relevant for us. []

The Berlin Wall Through Time - Interactive Feature (New York Times) [comparison photos] []


 * President Kennedy's Speech at the Berlin Wall (26 June 1963)**

On a visit to Berlin, to show support to the city, Kennedy declared [in German] "I am a Berliner."

Compare with how we are reacting today to the crisis in the Ukraine/Crimea.

Finding Dulcinea: On This Day [26 June 1963]: President Kennedy Declares “Ich bin ein Berliner” []

26 Jun 1963: Kennedy: 'Ich bin ein Berliner' speech (BBC On This Day) []


 * Cuba and Castro**

1. Fidel Castro ousted American–backed dictator Fulgencio Batista (1959)

Finding Dulcinea: On This Day: Batista Flees Cuba and Castro Takes Power []

Fidel Castro (American Experience) []

2. Castro's Cuba became an ally of the Soviet Union.

3. America freaked. President Eisenhower (Ike) broke diplomatic relations with Cuba.

Finding Dulcinea: On This Day: Eisenhower Places Embargo on Exports to Cuba []

4. Ike ordered CIA to use Cuban exiles to raid Cuba in an attempt to overthrow Castro.


 * Bay of Pigs invasion** (April 1961)

1. Kennedy approved the Eisenhower-initiated plan to topple Castro. 2. The 1,500 man invasion force was unsuccessful. 3. No uprising against Castro occurred. 4. Kennedy took all the blame. His poll ratings went up! Kennedy in his first Hundred Days.

Bay of Pigs (John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum) <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]

<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">Finding Dulcinea: On This Day: Bay of Pigs Invasion Embarrasses US []


 * Cuban missile crisis** (October 1962)

The closest the world has come to having a nuclear war.

1. Soviet's secretly installed offensive missiles in Cuba. Our U-2 flights discovered them.

The Cuban Missile Crisis photographs (National Security Archive, George Washington University) [|http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/nsa/cuba_mis_cri/photos.htm]

2. Kennedy (JFK) laid out a range of options to deal with the threat: bomb airfields, invade Cuba, etc.

3. JFK chose a naval blockade (quarantine) of Cuba.

4. Much negotiation between both sides took place behind the scenes.

4. Soviets ships eventually turned back before they got to U.S blockade.

Cuban Missile Crisis (John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum) <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]

Finding Dulcinea: On This Day: Cuban Missile Crisis Begins []

50 Years Ago: The Cuban Missile Crisis (Alan Taylor/The Atlantic) [26 photos] []

Cuban Missile Crisis Interactive exhibit from the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum World on the Brink: Thirteen Days in October 1962 Go to [] 1. Click on "Begin The Thirteen Days" 2. Click your way through each of the thirteen days. 3. Read what is on each screen. You can click on each visual to enlarge it.


 * Kennedy Assassination**

On This Day: Kennedy assassinated http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/November/President-Kennedy-Assassinated.html


 * In class today: reaction to homework [deal with it in our chronology today]**

09 Feb 1950: McCarthy launches anti-Red crusade (BBC On This Day) []

“Hollywood Ten” Blacklisted by Movie Studios (Finding Dulcinea: On This Day) []

Army-McCarthy Hearings First Televised []


 * In class today: new material**


 * North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)** (1949)

1. Established to defend Europe against a Soviet invasion. 2. U.S. foreign policy change: not since French–American alliance (1778) 3. Members pledged to treat an attack against one as an attack on all. 4. Dwight Eisenhower named initial NATO commander. 5. Four U.S. divisions stationed in Europe to evidence American support. 6. Soviets later formed Warsaw Pact in response.


 * McCarthyism**:

Anti–communist hysteria Named for Senator Joseph McCarthy (R-Wisconsin)

09 Feb 1950: McCarthy launches anti-Red crusade (BBC On This Day) []

McCarthyism []

Here are some of the key names and major events associated with McCarthyism:

1. J.Edgar Hoover (head of the FBI): fear of internal subversion by Communist spies became intertwined with fear of external attack by the Soviet Union.

2. Spy revelations gave people cause to be alarmed

3. People began pointing accusing fingers at each other. Red-baiting.

4. "Hollywood Ten" (screenwriters and directors) jailed for contempt of Congress.

They refused to provide names of alleged Communists. Others were blacklisted—even if only accused. Those who did provide names (Elia Kazan) are controversial to this day

“Hollywood Ten” Blacklisted by Movie Studios (Finding Dulcinea: On This Day) []

5. Schoolteachers had to take loyalty oaths and were fired if they refused.

6. Downfall of McCarthy

a. President Eisenhower: reluctance to confront McCarthy.

b. Televised hearings: Army–McCarthy.

Army-McCarthy Hearings First Televised []

c. US Senate condemns McCarthy (BBC On This Day) []


 * Reconstruction of Japan**

Role of U.S. in controlling postwar Japan (Douglas MacArthur)

To help contain communism in Asia, we eventually built up Japan.

Japan turned into a formidable economic competitor.


 * People's Republic of China (PRC)** (1949)

1. Chinese Civil War (1945-1949)

War between the forces of Mao Tse-Tung's Commuists and our World War II ally, Chang Kai-Shek.

2. Mao Tse-Tung's Communists won. Establishment of the People's Republic of China (1949).

Let's look at this summary together. []

3. Chang Kai-Shek and his supporters were forced to leave mainland China and move to the island of Taiwan (formerly called Formosa).

4. The Communist victory had a major influence on American politics.

Republicans criticized Democrats for the "loss" of China to the Communists.

A defeat for containment.


 * Korean War** (1950-1953)

The Korean War: An Overview (BBC) []

Let's spend a few minutes with this map of the Korean War []

Great Korean War maps in this one! []

Here is a summary of the specific events during the war:

1. North Korea attacked across 38th parallel into South Korea (25 June 1950)

25 Jun 1950: UN condemns North Korean invasion (BBC On This Day) []

2. President Truman, determined to "contain" communism, committed U.S. forces to battle.

Finding Dulcinea: On This Day: General Douglas MacArthur Named Commander of UN Forces []

Historic Headlines | June 27, 1950: Truman Orders U.S. Forces to Fight in Korean War (New York Times) [See how this article adds to the Finding Dulcinea approach.] []

3. Pusan perimeter: North Koreans advanced all the way to southern tip of South Korea.

4. Inchon invasion. Douglas MacArthur reversed initial tide of the war.

U.S. forces pushed to the Yalu River (North Korea's border with PRC)

8. Chinese troops entered the Korean War.

9. U.S. embarrassed militarily, particularly at the Chosin Reservoir

10. MacArthur now looked like a chump.

11. Civilian control of the military became a hot issue.

12. MacArthur: wanted to expand the war to the Chinese mainland; use nuclear weapons

13. Truman: wanted to keep conflict limited; not risk Soviet entry and a possible World War Three

14. President Truman fired General MacArthur

15. War's results. U.S. casualties: 34,000 dead.

16. Sometimes called the "Forgotten War": frustrating; no clear victory.

17. Issues today: U.S. troops in South Korea; North Korea threat


 * President Dwight D. Eisenhower**

American Experience: The Presidents series []

Dwight D. Eisenhower (Miller Center, University of Virginia) []


 * 1952 Presidential Election**

Eisenhower (Republican) defeated Adlai Stevenson (Democrat)

Check out this great web site for campaign commercials. 1952 election campaign commercials []


 * 1956 Presidential Election**

Eisenhower defeated again defeated Adlai Stevenson

1956 election campaign commercials []


 * In class today: reaction to homework**

Photos: Korean War 60th Anniversary (Denver Post Photo Blog) []


 * In class today: new material**

Fun item: dMarie Time Capsule []


 * Sources Of The Cold War**

Main focus is the rivalry between the U.S. and the Soviet Union (USSR). Hot war==actual shooting Cold war==hostility but either no actual shooting or war through surrogates


 * Containment**

Containment of Soviets became the cornerstone of American foreign policy.

[]
 * George F. Kennan**

1. **Kennan's "Long telegram"** 1946

a. American diplomat in Moscow. b. Soviet fanaticism made even a temporary understanding impossible. c. His report played into a growing belief among American officials that only toughness would work with the Soviets.

2. **Kennan's "Mr. X" article**.

a. The article, titled the //Sources of Soviet Conduct// and based on the "long telegram," was published in the prestigious //Foreign Affairs// magazine. b. Author (Kennan) advocated a policy of firm containment of the Soviets. c. "Confront the Soviets with unalterable counterforce at every point where they show signs of encroaching on the interests of a peaceful and stable world."


 * Winston Churchill's "Iron Curtain" speech** (1946)

<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">Churchill Delivers Iron Curtain Speech (Finding Dulcinea: On This Day) []

Churchill Iron Curtain Speech Assails Soviet Policy 1. Warned that a Soviet "iron curtain" had cut off Eastern European countries from the West. 2. Called for an Anglo–American partnership to resist the communist menace.

Map: After World War II. Iron Curtain []


 * President Harry S. Truman**

Harry S. Truman Miller Center (University of Virginia) []


 * Truman Doctrine** (1947)

President Truman Establishes Truman Doctrine []

Truman doctrine: "U.S. policy to support free peoples who are resisting attempted takeover by (a) armed minorities or (b) outside pressure."

1. British had no money to continue to help Greece and Turkey.

2. British claimed that Communists threatened both countries.

3. Congress approved $400 million economic aid to Greece & Turkey.


 * Marshall Plan** (1948)

Marshall Plan (On This Day, Finding Dulcinea) []

1. War damage and dislocation in Europe invited communist influence:

a. Food was scarce; workers were demoralized; winter of 1947 was the worst in 50 years b. Communist voting strength was growing in France and Italy

2. U.S. offered economic aid to all European countries (including Soviets)

3. Soviets declined: fearing aid might defeat their control of Eastern Europe

Soviet Union rejects Marshall Plan assistance (History.com This Day in History | 7/2/1947) <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]

4. U.S. gave $17 billion in aid over four years.

5. That aid helped rebuild Europe. It was also good for American business.


 * Israel Became a Separate Country**

UN Votes to Partition Palestine (On This Day, Finding Dulcinea) []

Israel Becomes a Nation (On This Day, Finding Dulcinea) []

The Liberation and The Catastrophe: The Deadly Founding of Israel, May 14, 1948 []


 * Berlin blockade and airlift** (1948–49)

1. Soviets blocked land access to Berlin. 2. U.S. airlifted food and fuel for 2 million West Berliners lasting ten months. 3. Flights of 1,000 planes a day (every 3 minutes) for ten months. 4. Soviets finally called off blockade.

Soviet Union Ends Berlin Blockade []

Berlin Airlift (American Experience): The Candy Bomber (Gail Halvorsen) []

Berlin Airlift: Static Map []


 * North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)** (1949)

1. Established to defend Europe against a Soviet invasion. 2. U.S. foreign policy change: not since French–American alliance (1778) 3. Members pledged to treat an attack against one as an attack on all. 4. Dwight Eisenhower named initial NATO commander. 5. Four U.S. divisions stationed in Europe to evidence American support. 6. Soviets later formed Warsaw Pact in response.


 * In class today: reaction to homework**

D-Day []

Battle of the Bulge []

Iwo Jima http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/23/newsid_3564000/3564547.stm

Okinawa (Kamikaze attacks) []


 * In class today: new material**


 * Teheran [Iran] Conference** (December 1943)

Dispute b/n Britain & U.S: when/where Europe invaded. Soviets demanded a second front. Soviets bore brunt of land war until mid–1944. Decision was finally made on a cross-channel invasion against Europe mainland Eisenhower was named to be Supreme Commander of Allied Forces

1 Dec 1943 Allies united after Tehran conference (BBC On This Day) []


 * Let's remember to refer back to these two maps:**

Pacific []

Europe []


 * 1944**

Biggest invasion armada in world history (5,000 ships, 150,000 men).
 * D-Day==Normandy invasion==Operation Overlord==6 June 1944**

Animated Map: The D-Day Landings Read the description for each of the four maps: The Atlantic Wall, Concentration of Forces, The Landings, Securing the Beachheads []

Fascinating tidbit: U.S. Paratrooper Joseph Beyrle fought for both U.S. and Soviets. []


 * Battle of the Bulge**.

Overview: Battle of the Bulge []

17 Dec 1944 Germany attacks in Ardennes (BBC On This Day) []

Photo Gallery: Battle of the Bulge []


 * 1945**


 * Yalta Conference** (February)

Yalta Conference (BBC On This Day) []

Soviets would control most of Eastern Europe. Germany would be divided. Soviets would fight Japan three months after German surrender


 * Iwo Jima** (February-March)

23 Feb 1945: US flag raised over Iwo Jima (BBC On This Day) [| http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/23/newsid_3564000/3564547.stm]


 * Okinawa** (April)

Attacks by 3,000 kamikaze planes on U.S. fleet. []

Remembering Japan's kamikaze pilots []

21 Jun 1945: US troops take Okinawa (BBC On This Day) [| http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/21/newsid_3564000/3564489.stm]


 * Victory in Europe**

FDR died (12 April 1945)

Hitler killed himself (30 April 1945)

Germany surrendered (7 May)


 * Victory against Japan**

Factors involved in the decision to drop the atomic bombs on Japan:

1. Fear that the Soviet Union would soon enter the war against Japan 2. Concern that a land war in Japan would result in massive American casualties

Chronology:

1. First atomic bomb: Hiroshima (6 August 1945)

6 Aug 1945: US drops atomic bomb on Hiroshima (BBC On This Day) []

2. Soviets entered war in Pacific with 1.5 million troops (8 August 1945)

3. Second atomic bomb: Nagasaki (9 August 1945)

9 August 1945 U.S. drops atomic bomb on Nagasaki (BBC On This Day) []

Fascinating tidbit: Japanese survivor of both atomic bombs [] []

4. Japanese surrendered (2 September 1945) Emperor allowed to keep his throne Allied Supreme Commander Douglas MacArthur would rule Japan.

[] My Website Spotlight blog post []
 * American and the Holocaust** (American Experience)


 * Death Toll of World War II**

World–wide: 55 million United States: 405,000 Soviet Union: 21 million (one–ninth of Soviet population).


 * Postwar position of the U.S.**

We suffered little damage to our own land. We emerged as the world leader


 * In class today: reaction to homework**

Life in the Infantry []

Combat []


 * In class today: new material**


 * 1940 [We return to our chronology]**

1. German blitzkrieg (lightning warfare) [today we call it "shock and awe"]

Blitzkrieg: Germany's Lightning War (BBC) []

2. Germans invade Denmark, Norway, Netherlands, Belgium

3. Dunkirk: British and French evacuated from beach (6/4)

Dunkirk (BBC) []

4. France conquered (6/5-6/25)

14 June 1940 German troops enter Paris (BBC On This Day) []


 * [Keep in mind:]**


 * Hitler's conquests and attacks in Europe made French, Dutch, and British colonies in Asia vulnerable to Japanese attack.**

Japan had been at war in China since 1937.

Japan will not attack Pearl Harbor until December 1941.


 * [Return to chronology]**


 * Blitz** and **Battle of Britain**: Britain attacked by air (June-December 1940). "Blitz." Prelude to expected German invasion.

7 September 1940 London Blitzed by German Bombers (BBC On This Day) []

Why this was important:

US needs to help Britain hang on against possible Nazi invasion.

US is still neutral (or at least not involved in any fighting) at this point.


 * Maps:**

Pacific Theater []

Europe http://wps.ablongman.com/wps/media/objects/1483/1518969/DIVI585.jpg


 * World War II lineup leaders:**

A. The Allies

United States: Franklin D.Roosevelt Great Britain: Winston Churchill Soviet Union: Josef Stalin France: Charles DeGaulle China: Chang Kai–Shek

B. The other side:

Germany: Adolf Hitler Italy: Benito Mussolini Japan: General Hideki Tojo; Emperor Hirohito


 * 1941**


 * Lend–Lease Act**

U.S. became the "arsenal of democracy" by lending and leasing American military goods to those fighting against the Axis powers.

American unemployment dropped as our industries geared up to produce war material.


 * Germany invaded Soviet Union (June 22)**

Major mistake.

22 Jun 1941: Hitler invades the Soviet Union (BBC News On This Day) []


 * Japan attacked Pearl Harbor (December 7)**

The Growth of U.S.-Japanese Hostility, 1915-1932 (EDSITEment) [|http://edsitement.neh.gov/lesson-plan/growth-us-japanese-hostility-1915-1932#sect-background]

The Road to Pearl Harbor (EDSITEment) [|http://edsitement.neh.gov/lesson-plan/growth-us-japanese-hostility-1915-1932#sect-background]


 * Japanese initial victories**:

Philippines, Malaya, Thailand, Hong Kong.

Remember: the war between China and Japan going on simultaneously.


 * 1942**

Animated Map []
 * Doolittle raid on Tokyo** (4/18)


 * Battle of Midway**

U.S. wins. **Turning point in Pacific war**

7 Jun 1942 Japanese beaten in Battle of Midway (BBC On This Day) []


 * 1943**


 * Stalingrad**


 * Turning point of the war in Europe.**

2 Feb 1943 Germans surrender at Stalingrad (BBC On This Day) []

Soviets can now go on the offensive.


 * Teheran [Iran] Conference** (December 1943)

Dispute b/n Britain & U.S: when/where Europe invaded. Soviets demanded a second front. Soviets bore brunt of land war until mid–1944. Decision was finally made on a cross-channel invasion against Europe mainland Eisenhower was named to be Supreme Commander of Allied Forces

1 Dec 1943 Allies united after Tehran conference (BBC On This Day) []


 * In class today: reaction to homework**

Crash Course on US History: World War II []

Photos: The 70th Anniversary of Pearl Harbor <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]


 * In class today: new material**


 * World War Two: the material is arranged by year**


 * 1931**

Japan became a major threat to U.S. goals in Asia:

Standard Map: Pacific Theater []

(1) Japan's "New Order" in Asia

Wanted a sphere of influence in Asia Similar to United States in Latin America U.S. unwilling to permit such Japanese influence. United States had major interests at stake in Asia: Philippines and various Pacific islands Religious missions Trade and investments Open Door in China.

(2) Japanese seized Manchuria (1931)

American response: Stimson Doctrine of nonrecognition Mere moral lecture U.S. had neither the means nor will to use military force.


 * 1933**

Adolf Hitler became Chancellor of Germany (1/30)

Franklin Roosevelt became President of the United States (3/4)

U.S. recognized Soviet Union. To increase trade. To halt Japanese expansion. <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]


 * 1935**

U.S. Neutrality Acts. Neutrality Acts an expression of isolationist sentiment.

Congress sought to protect the nation by outlawing the kinds of contacts that had compromised U.S. neutrality during World War I.


 * 1936**

Expansion in Europe by Germany, 1930s <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]

<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">German expansion in Europe <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">On this web page, scroll down to Discussion Goal #3 []

Germany reoccupied the Rhineland (3/7)

1936 Summer Olympics held in Berlin (August) Jesse Owens (American Experience) <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]


 * Civil war in Spain**. (**1936-1939**)

Spanish Civil War (Today in History, Library of Congress) []

Lineup:

Democratically-elected (left-wing) Spanish government: supported by Soviet Union and international mercenaries (Abraham Lincoln brigade from America)

Challenger: General Francisco Franco (right-wing) supported by Germany and Italy (fascists).

Franco eventually won.

Britain, France, and U.S. looked the other way.


 * 1937**


 * Beginning of World War II in Asia.**

Japanese invasion of mainland China (7 July 1937)

China then was a U.S. ally.

Chiang Kai-shek (Wikipedia) []

Madame Chiang Kai-Shek []


 * 1938**

Expansion in Europe by Germany, 1930s []

1. German invasion and annexation of Austria (12 March 1938)

2. Munich agreement (Chamberlain/Hitler) (15 September 1938). Czech Sudetenland to Germany.

3. Appeasement issue


 * 1939**

1. Germany occupied remainder of Czechoslovakia (March)

2. German-Russian Non-Aggression Pact (8/23). The odd couple: fascists and communists. Agreed not to attack each other.

3. German invasion of Poland (1 September 1939). Beginning of World War II in Europe

Nazi Germany Invades Poland, Starting World War II (On This Day, Finding Dulcinea) []

4. U.S. declared neutrality (5 September 1939). U.S. still trying to stay out of war

Legislating Neutrality, 1934-1939 (EDSITEment) [|http://edsitement.neh.gov/lesson-plan/legislating-neutrality-1934-1939#sect-background]


 * 1940**

1. German blitzkrieg (lightning warfare) [today we call it "shock and awe"]

Blitzkrieg: Germany's Lightning War (BBC) []

2. Germans invade Denmark, Norway, Netherlands, Belgium

3. Dunkirk: British and French evacuated from beach (6/4)

Dunkirk (BBC) []

4. France conquered (6/5-6/25)

14 June 1940 German troops enter Paris (BBC On This Day) []


 * In class today: reaction to homework**

Great Depression: How Young Americans Survived the Hard Times <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]

Photos: U.S. Route 66 <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]


 * In class today: new material**


 * Opposition to the New Deal**

a) Conservative critics. Republicans did not like government control of the economy.

b) Liberal critics:

1) Father Charles Coughlin.

Catholic priest from Detroit Weekly radio sermons (30 million audience) Criticized the New Deal Proposed a National Union for Social Justice to counter the New Deal. Anti-Semite: depression caused by international Jewish bankers. Expressed support for Hitler's approach to running Germany.

Reverend Charles E. Coughlin [|http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/holocaust/peopleevents/pandeAMEX96.htm]

2) Dr. Francis E. Townsend []

Proposed an Old Age Revolving Pensions plan Every person over age 60 would get a $200 per month pension. His plan would cost 50% of national income to help 7% of population.

3) Huey Long.

Former Governor of and Democratic Senator from Louisiana. Proposed a Share Our Wealth Society Tax rich people heavily Furnish each family an annual income of $2,500 Assassinated in 1935

Every Man a King (American Rhetoric Speech Bank) []


 * Social Security Act**

FICA deduction today. Designed to prevent more radical alternatives (Townsend and Long) Workers required to pay into it Answer to critics of "relief" Worker's payment matched by employer

Social Security Act (Finding Dulcinea) []

Frances Perkins []


 * Works Progress Administration (WPA)**

WPA (Today in History, Library of Congress) []

Emphasized under-consumption. Massive public works programs for the jobless Home relief (the dole) versus work relief.

Employed 3 million men as manual laborers: roads, hospitals, bridges. Employed educated persons: Federal Art, Writers', Theater Projects Criticized by conservatives as make-work

[]
 * Presidential Election of 1936**

FDR won a second term easily


 * FDR attempt at "Court Packing**" (Supreme Court)

Court Packing (Finding Dulcinea) []

Court declared AAA and NIRA unconstitutional on 5-4 votes. FDR wanted to appoint pro–New Deal justices Proposed six new ones (one for every member over age 70). Congress (both parties) opposed the plan Felt he was overreaching and looking like a dictator.

Issue became moot: a swing justice changed his voting pattern.

The so-called "switch in time that saved nine" [] Owen Roberts (Wikipedia) []

[]
 * Presidential Election of 1940**

War had started in Europe on 1 September 1939 when Hitler invaded Poland.

FDR won historic third term.


 * New Deal assessed**

New Deal failed in its fundamental purpose: to put people back to work and end the depression.

Depression only ended due to World War II.

But New Deal gave Americans back their psychological will to overcome.

In the past, federal government had served as an economic regulator. During New Deal, it became an economic guarantor and stimulator as well.

Congressional Republicans are currently trying to limit the size of government, much of which began with the New Deal.


 * In class today: reaction to homework**

Biography of Seabiscuit []

Racing and Radio Broadcasts []

Riding the Rails: Teenagers on the Move during the Great Depression (Overview) []


 * In class today: new material**


 * Saving the Banks**

Context: prior bank failures FDR issued a decree closing all banks in America This approach called a "banking holiday"


 * Emergency Banking Relief Act.**

Provided for government supervision and assistance to banks Strong ones would be reopened with federal support Weak ones would be closed Deposit insurance ($5,000) would be available

Banking Crisis (University of Virginia) [|http://xroads.virginia.edu/~MA02/volpe/newdeal/banking.html]


 * Fireside chats**

FDR made great use of radio to reach public.

First Fireside Chat: The Banking Crisis http://xroads.virginia.edu/~MA02/volpe/newdeal/banking_fireside_text.html


 * Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)**

Farming in the 1930s []

Three million people left farms in the 1930s. Agricultural Adjustment Act was designed to help farm problems:

Overproduction Low prices paid for crops Low income of farmers Difficulty of paying mortgages Rise in farm foreclosures

The act provided for the following: Government paid subsidies to farmers who a) Restricted crop acreage: wheat, cotton, corn, rice, or tobacco b) Reduced number of livestock, particularly pigs.


 * Dust Bowl**

Drought and poor farming techniques led to dust storms. Many from Oklahoma (Okies) and Arkansas (Arkies) fled to California.

Dust Bowl (Finding Dulcinea) http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/May/Great-Plains-Hit-With-Devastating-Dust-Storm.html

Use "Dust Bowl 1930" as search term in Google Images. []

American Experience: Dust Bowl Surviving the Dust Bowl [] Then go to Photo Gallery. []

Grapes of Wrath []


 * Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)**

Job corps for young men, aged 18–25. Supervised by U.S. army. Workers paid $30 per month, of which $25 had to be sent to family. Pumped $2 billion into economy (equivalent to $200 billion today). Work planned by National Park Service: Tree planting (North Dakota to Texas), flood control, road construction.

American Experience: Civilian Conservation Corps [] Go to Photo Gallery. Click through the photos there. []


 * America in the 1930s (UVA). This is terrific.**

1. Timeline—by year. Check out how incredible this is!! [|http://xroads.virginia.edu/~1930s2/Time/1929/1929fr.html]

2. Depression Slang [|http://xroads.virginia.edu/~MA04/hess/Slang/kids.html#Joe] Deal particularly with these two parts: a. Click on "Shoot Some Soda Jerk Slang" and work through that section. b. Click on "Don't Be Dead Between the Ears, Check Out Some Jivin' Slang" and work through that section.


 * In class today: new material**


 * Stock Market Crash** (1929)

Business context

1. Increasing flow of consumer goods: autos, radios, and household appliances

2. Installment credit increased sales

3. Optimism in the air Unlimited prosperity would never end "Blue skies keep smiling on me"

4. But the consumer–goods revolution contained seeds of its own collapse.


 * Factories produced more than country could consume.
 * Workers had insufficient purchasing power.
 * Farmers were particularly suffering.

5. Stock market crash in October 1929 burst the bubble.

Black Tuesday, Stock Market Crash Ushers in Great Depression (On This Day, Finding Dulcinea) []


 * Beginning of the depression.**

1. Between 1929 and 1932, industrial production declined by almost 45% Decline of production led to plant closings and unemployment.

2. Unemployment rose quickly:
 * 1930—5 million (15% unemployment)
 * 1931—9 million (25%)
 * 1932—12 million (40%)

3. Bank failures rose steadily.

4. Protectionism

Smoot–Hawley tariff raised U.S. import duties to an all–time high. Difficult for other countries to sell their products in U.S. Difficult for them to earn dollars to buy American products. Other countries raised their tariffs in retaliation.

Ben Stein's take on Smoot-Hawley (New York Times) []

Ben Stein take on Smoot-Hawley in Ferris Bueller's Day Off (YouTube) []

5. Depression dominated American life for 10 years (1929–1939).

a. People postponed marriage; married couples postponed having children. b. Malnutrition and deteriorating diets made people susceptible to disease. c. Out–of–work fathers felt ashamed of their diminished roles.


 * 1932 Presidential Election**

Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) defeated Herbert Hoove


 * President Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) (1933-1945)**

Paralyzed nation strengthened by physically–handicapped President

Google Images: Franklin Roosevelt []

Paralyzed nation strengthened by physically–handicapped President

Google Images: Franklin Roosevelt and polio []


 * First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt**

Details on her life. []

Google Images: Eleanor Roosevelt []

Great advocate of social justice; admired by African-Americans.

Marion Anderson concert at the Lincoln Memorial, 1939 <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]


 * NEW DEAL**


 * First 100 Days**

Congress was in session for one hundred days before it adjourned. During this period, FDR went fifteen for fifteen in major legislation. Subsequent presidents are measured by this impossible standard.


 * In class today: reaction to homework**

Fundamentalism and the Social Gospel []

Sister Aimee (American Experience) Work through each of the links listed in my blog post. []


 * In class today: new material**


 * Scopes trial (1925)**

1. Held in Dayton, Tennessee

2. Scopes, a high school Biology teacher, had apparently taught evolution, a violation of Tennessee law.

Google Images: John Scopes http://bit.ly/zwYLIL

3. Clarence Darrow, noted trial lawyer and non-religious, defended Scopes. http://www.findingdulcinea.com/features/profiles/d/clarence-darrow.html

Clarence Darrow obituary (New York Times) http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0418.html

Google Images: Clarence Darrow http://bit.ly/xHLeQT

4. William Jennings Bryan, an evangelical, argued against evolution.

Google Images: William Jennings Bryan http://bit.ly/xLipqf

5. Evolution undermines Biblical account of creation

6. The issues at stake:

Faith v. reason Science v. creationism Rural v. urban values

Work through each of the links listed in my blog post. []
 * Sister Aimee Semple McPherson**

Online Poll http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/sister/sfeature/poll.html

The Angelus Temple http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/sister/sfeature/temple.html

God or Gorilla? [read all 3 sub-parts] http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/sister/sfeature/darwin.html

1. A Crisis of Faith http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/sister/sfeature/darwin_01.html

2. The Fight for Genesis http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/sister/sfeature/darwin_02.html

3. McPherson on Trial http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/sister/sfeature/darwin_03.html

Excerpts from Interviews with 2 Professors http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/sister/sfeature/qa.html

Photo Gallery http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/sister/gallery/index.html


 * In class today: reaction to homework**

Versailles Peace Treaty Signed (New York Times) [|http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0628.html#article]

Senate Rejects Treaty of Versailles for Second and Final Time (New York Times) []


 * In class today: new material**

(Back to World War One)


 * Paris Peace Conference (Versailles)**

1. British and French demanded harsh approach to defeated Germany 2. Wanted defeated Germany disarmed 3. Wanted Germany's colonies: Africa, Asia 4. Wanted monetary payback (reparations) of Allied war costs 5. Hoped reparations would cripple Germany forever ($33 billion) 6. Severity of reparations a main cause of World War II


 * Wilson's program (Fourteen Points)**

World peace based on American principles. Highly idealistic. Some of his points were as follows:

Open diplomacy Freedom of the seas Removal of trade barriers Reduction of armaments Impartial adjustment of colonial claims Evacuation of occupied lands National self-determination


 * League of Nations**

League of Nations the most important point to Wilson To police the world: forerunner of United Nations Article 10: required major power intervention against aggressors U.S. unwilling to commit to such potential intervention abroad


 * U.S. Senate rejection of the peace treaty**

1. Senate has to approve any treaty by 2/3 vote Wilson was a Democrat Senate had 96 members: 49 Republicans, 47 Democrats Close party balance as in 2001 Most Republicans opposed the treaty as written

2. Wilson stubbornly refused to work with his Republican opponents Took his case to the American people: tiring speaking tour Wilson suffered a stroke

3. Senate rejected the peace treaty 4. America did not join the League of Nations


 * U.S. Post-World War I Foreign Policy**

1. Major foreign policy debate 2. Collective security versus unilateralism 3. Most Americans preferred historical tradition of nonalignment 4. Willing to act unilaterally in world to achieve national interests 5. Reluctant to take on binding commitments to collective action


 * In class today: reaction to homework**

Jane Addams (Hull House, Chicago) http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0906.html

Influenza epidemic killed some 20 million people world–wide (700,000 Americans)

A Letter from an Army doctor treating Spanish Flu cases at Camp Devins, Massachusetts: []

Photo Gallery: please cycle through the photo collection []

The Spanish Influenza of 1918 in Philadelphia (History Matters) [|Let Me Put Him in a Macaroni Box]


 * In class today: new material**


 * IMMIGRATION**


 * Push factors**:

Wars Unemployment Food shortages Anti–Semitism (Poland and Russia). German Jews versus Polish/Russian Jews


 * Pull factors**:

America as a land of opportunity Patterns of settlement and adaptation. Role of chain migration.

Role of return migration.


 * U.S. has always had immigration**:

Asylum of liberty.

Source of immigration changed: Prior immigrants: northern and western Europe and the British Isles. New immigrants: eastern and southern Europe.


 * Characteristics of newer immigrants (1890-1900)**

Generally poor Often illiterate Jewish or Catholic Catholicism became largest American religion Had very different customs. Most settled in eastern cities. Few settled in South.


 * Immigrant cultures**

Role of ethnic enclaves: preserve culture

Ethnic associations Newspapers Schools (tied to religion: parochial and rabbinical) Churches Restaurants Stores

How to strike a balance between **assimilation and ethnic identity** Melting pot or salad bowl as appropriate metaphor?


 * Generational divide**

First generation: not speak English Second generation: not speak native tongue Third generation: aware of heritage


 * Social workers: Settlement Houses**

Key name: Jane Addams

Jane Addams obituary []

Hull House in Chicago (1889).

Located in center–city, immigrant neighborhoods. Staffers: young; middle–class; college–educated; white women.

Emphasis placed on: English language classes Courses in cooking, sewing, and household skills Infant welfare clinics Bathhouses


 * Nativist response**

Distrust of foreigners by "natives" a consistent theme in U.S. history.

New immigrants were particularly seen as utterly alien Threaten "American" values based on their language, religion, and culture


 * In class today: reaction to homework**

War in the Air: Observation and Reconnaissance []

Tanks []


 * In class today: new material>>U.S. in World War I: The Fighting Phase**


 * American Expeditionary Force** (AEF)

1. Name given to the American armies in France

2. Commanded by General John J. Pershing [] []

3. U.S. came in on the side of the Allies: Britain and France

4. Our enemy: Germany

Why did we refer to them as "Huns? []


 * A soldier's life**

Snipers []

No Man's Land []

Wiring Parties []

Observation Balloons []

Poison Gas []

Big Bertha [] Big Bertha Golf Driver []


 * Major battles** (all in 1918) involving Americans:

1. As a result of Bolshevik Revolution, Russia had gotten out of the war

Germans shifted their troops from Russia to France

Germans launched a major offensive in March 1918

Animated Map: The Western Front in 1918 []

2. Arrival of U.S. forces was just in time

Map: The Western Front: U.S. Participation, 1918 []

3. Americans fought at several major locations:

Chateau-Thierry (3-4 June 1918) and Belleau Wood (6-26 June 1918) [] [] []

Marne (15 July-5 August 1918) []

Saint Mihiel (12 September 1918) []

Meuse-Argonne (26 September-end of October 1918) [] []


 * 4. Armistice**

By November 1918, Germany was retreating all along the front

Fighting ceased on at 11 a.m. on 11 November 1918: our current Veterans' Day

Armistice Signed 11/11/18 (New York Times) [|http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/1111.html#article]

American dead totaled 118,000
 * Casualties**


 * In class today: reaction to homework**

Animated map, 1914-1918 []

President Woodrow Wilson (Miller Center, University of Virginia) a. "The Campaign and Election of 1916" [] b. "Federal Wartime Authority" and Civil Liberties during the War Years" [] c. "Neutrality in World War I," "End of Neutrality," "American Troops in the War," and "Wilson and the 14 Points" []


 * In class today: new material**


 * Wilson's War Message (2 April 1917)**

President Wilson bio sketch []

Primary source document: text of President Wilson's War Message []

1. Wilson wanted to make the world "safe for democracy."

Idealism, progressivism, "city on a hill"

2. America: a special sense of mission—to reform world politics

3. Wilson believed taking part in the war necessary to guarantee U.S. a seat—and an insider's voice—at the peace table.

April 2, 1917 | Woodrow Wilson Asks For Declaration of War Against Germany (New York Times) []


 * MOBILIZING AND MANAGING THE HOME FRONT**

Mobilization of the nation for war altered American life

War cost $32 billion—U.S. yearly budget only $1 billion

Centralized planning boards: New Deal and World War II precedents

For a general overview: []

Federal Wartime Authority [scroll halfway down the page] []

(1) **War Industries Board**

Key name: Bernard Baruch

Coordinated the national economy

(2) **Food Administration**

Key name: Herbert Hoover

Teaching With Documents: Sow the Seeds of Victory! Posters from the Food Administration During World War I []

a. Victory gardens []

b. Meatless and wheatless days

Herbert Hoover's experience (Herbert Hoover Presidential Library) [scroll down to "Food Will Win the War] []

c. Posters

[]

[]

(3) **Fuel Administration**

a. Daylight savings time Poster: "Light consumes coal"--Save light, save coal []

b. Gasless days

(4) **Committee on Public Opinion**

Key name: George Creel

Propaganda agency to get America behind the war effort

75,000 four-minute speakers

Four-Minute Men: Volunteer Speeches during World War One [check out this History Matters website] []

Anti-German sentiment became pronounced in U.S.

Schools stopped teaching the German language

Sauerkraut became "liberty cabbage"

Saloons removed pretzels

German composers were not played

See also: Domestic Propaganda During WWI []


 * In class today: reaction to homework**

Great video (12 minutes) from the Crash Course series by John Green [|Archdukes, Cynicism, and World War I: Crash Course World History #36 - YouTube]

How did "Pack Up Your Troubles" become the viral hit of World War One? [] []


 * In class today: new material**


 * War beginnings (continued)**

3. America's initial reaction: Wilson urged "impartiality in thought and action

President Woodrow Wilson (Miller Center, University of Virginia) a. "The Campaign and Election of 1916" [] b. "Federal Wartime Authority" and Civil Liberties during the War Years" [] c. "Neutrality in World War I," "End of Neutrality," "American Troops in the War," and "Wilson and the 14 Points" []

4. America not sure whom to root for: we had immigrants from many places

Those of British heritage cheered for Britain Irish hoped Britain's troubles would permit Irish independence French remembered fondly for help in American Revolution German-Americans rooted for Germany


 * American financial assistance to the Allies**

a. England and France bought huge amounts of arms, grain, and clothing b. American bankers helped finance purchases c. U.S. was not exactly neutral Loans to Allies exceeded $2 billion; Loans to Germany: only $27 million


 * German submarine (U-boat) warfare**

1. A real threat to freedom of the seas came from German submarines []

2. (Feb 1915) Germans declared the waters around British Isles a war zone Threatened to sink any ship there

3. (May 1915) Germans sank the passenger liner Lusitania Among 1,198 dead were 128 Americans PR impact: comparable to Maine in Havana harbor America protested through diplomatic notes

Lusitania (Today in History, Library of Congress) []

Official German warning

The Lusitania [Jay Winter] []

4. (1 Feb 1917). Germans decided on unrestricted submarine warfare To sink any ship found in waters around France and England

Major German miscalculation Germany hoped to defeat Allies before American troops reached Europe

US Breaks Relations with Germany (3 February 1917) (New York Times) [|http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0203.html#article]

Feb. 3, 1917 | U.S. Breaks Relations With Germany and Plans to Declare War (New York Times) []

[]
 * Zimmermann Telegram** (25 February 1917)

Here is the raw telegram

1. Germany asked Mexico to be their ally—and perhaps even invade a part of the U.S.—if U.S. entered the war against Germany.

2. In return, Germany would help Mexico get back territory U.S. received from the Treaty of Guadalupe (1848) ending the Mexican War.

This map shows the territory at issue:

See also: Teaching with Documents: The Zimmermann Telegram (National Archives) []

Zimmermann Telegram (First World War.com) [translated text of the telegram] []


 * Wilson's War Message (2 April 1917)**

President Wilson bio sketch []

Primary source document: text of President Wilson's War Message []

1. Wilson wanted to make the world "safe for democracy."

Idealism, progressivism, "city on a hill"

2. America: a special sense of mission—to reform world politics

3. Wilson believed taking part in the war necessary to guarantee U.S. a seat—and an insider's voice—at the peace table.

April 2, 1917 | Woodrow Wilson Asks For Declaration of War Against Germany (New York Times) []


 * In class today: reaction to homework**

Why World War I Resonates - NYTimes.com []

The Human Face of War Work through each of the 9 personal stories. []


 * In class today: new material**


 * Learning Objectives for World War I module**:

Why did the United States try to remain neutral and then enter the European war in 1917? To what extent did U.S. participation influence the outcome? Were the Espionage and Sedition Acts justifiable in a time of war? Why or why not? What was the impact of the war on the American home front? Examine the debate over ratification of the Treaty of Versailles and American entry into the League of Nations, and explain the Senate's rejection of the treaty.


 * Here are some great overview resources**:

1. BBC History for World War One []

2. First World War.com: a multimedia history []

3. The Great War and the Shaping of the 20th Century []

4. Animated maps Animated Map: Europe in 1914 [] Animated Map: Outbreak of War [] Animated map, 1914-1918 []

5. Posters [] Go to Posters, United States. Click through the posters on each of the 4 pages. What is the intended audience? What does the government want people to do?

6. Songs

These links are from the FirstWorldWar.com website (they are organized by year): []

Most Famous Song in U.S.: Over There [] Bio of George M. Cohan []

Other noteworthy WWI songs: [] [] [] [] [] [] []


 * Initial lineup of adversaries:**

Allies: Britain, France, Russia, Japan, and Italy Central Powers: Germany, Austria–Hungary, Turkey Initially, the United States attempted to remain neutral

Map: Europe, 1914 <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]


 * War Beginnings**

1. Large armies (web of alliances) dominated European continent

European Alliances and Battlefronts, 1914-1918 []

The Causes of World War One []

2. In Sarajevo, the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne was assassinated.

Archduke Ferdinand assassinated in Sarajevo (Today in History, Library of Congress) []

Austria Sends Ultimatum to Serbia which will lead to WWI (New York Times) [|http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0723.html#article]

Austria Declares War on Serbia (New York Times) [|http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0728.html#article]

Britain Declares War on Germany 1914 [great headline] (New York Times) [|http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0804.html#article]

3. America's initial reaction: Wilson urged "impartiality in thought and action

President Woodrow Wilson (Miller Center, University of Virginia) a. "The Campaign and Election of 1916" [] b. "Federal Wartime Authority" and Civil Liberties during the War Years" [] c. "Neutrality in World War I," "End of Neutrality," "American Troops in the War," and "Wilson and the 14 Points" []

4. America not sure whom to root for: we had immigrants from many places

Those of British heritage cheered for Britain Irish hoped Britain's troubles would permit Irish independence French remembered fondly for help in American Revolution German-Americans rooted for Germany


 * American financial assistance to the Allies**

a. England and France bought huge amounts of arms, grain, and clothing b. American bankers helped finance purchases c. U.S. was not exactly neutral Loans to Allies exceeded $2 billion; Loans to Germany: only $27 million


 * German submarine (U-boat) warfare**

1. A real threat to freedom of the seas came from German submarines []

2. (Feb 1915) Germans declared the waters around British Isles a war zone Threatened to sink any ship there

3. (May 1915) Germans sank the passenger liner Lusitania Among 1,198 dead were 128 Americans PR impact: comparable to Maine in Havana harbor America protested through diplomatic notes

Lusitania (Today in History, Library of Congress) []

Official German warning

The Lusitania [Jay Winter] []

4. (1 Feb 1917). Germans decided on unrestricted submarine warfare To sink any ship found in waters around France and England

Major German miscalculation Germany hoped to defeat Allies before American troops reached Europe

US Breaks Relations with Germany (3 February 1917) (New York Times) [|http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0203.html#article]

Feb. 3, 1917 | U.S. Breaks Relations With Germany and Plans to Declare War (New York Times) []


 * In class today: reaction to homework**

Theodore Roosevelt (Miller Center, University of Virginia) Please read the "Panama Canal," "Roosevelt Corollary," and "Great White Fleet" paragraphs. []


 * In class today: new material**


 * Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine**

1. What was the Monroe Doctrine []

2. What was the Roosevelt Corollary [to the Monroe Doctrine] []

Speak softly but carry a big stick President Roosevelt warned Latin American nations to keep their affairs in order or face American intervention.

3. U.S. would assume the role of an international police power, a 911 number—whether requested or not.


 * Great White Fleet** (1907)

U.S. navy made world tour to impress the Japanese.

Japanese increased their military budget as a result.

The Great White Fleet (Mapping US History) []


 * Panama Canal (1904-1914)**

Map of Panama []

The Panama Canal (Small Planet) []

Interview: Walter Lafeber (section on the "Panama Canal") []

Spanish–American War demonstrated need for a Panama Canal: Shift naval forces quickly from Atlantic to Pacific.

Panama originally a province of Columbia. Columbia rejected proposed canal route treaty with the U.S. in 1903 Wanted more money Treaty infringed on their sovereignty. Almost immediately, Panama declared its independence from Columbia With the help and approval of TR). U.S. signed a treaty with Panama (1903). Canal completed in 1914.

http://thelearningprofessor.wikispaces.com/Term+Paper
 * In class today if we have time: Research and Writing for Term Papers**


 * In class today: reaction to homework**

A Gift from the Gods http://www.smplanet.com/teaching/imperialism/#SAW3

Boxer Rebellion Read "Spheres of Influence" and "Fists of Righteous Harmony" http://www.smplanet.com/imperialism/fists.html

Missionary Martyrs (Christian and Missionary Alliance) Read the entire page, but especially the "Letter from Mr. Carl Lundberg" http://www.cmalliance.org/about/history/in-the-line-of-fire/boxer-rebellion


 * In class today: new material**


 * Philippines**

The proposed treaty with Spain sparked an important debate in America: Should we acquire the Philippines? []

1. Those in favor of acquiring Philippines: imperialist case. Advocated an empire.

Appealed to motives of Patriotism Manifest destiny Commerce.

2. Those against acquiring Philippines: anti–imperialist case.

Many felt imperialism counter to U.S. principles. Others felt U.S. could expand markets without ruling other countries. Labor unions felt they would be undercut by importation of low–wage contract workers.

3. Result: we paid $20 million and acquired the Philippines as an American possession.

[]
 * Philippine–American war** (1898–1904)

Small Planet: A Gift from the Gods [|http://www.smplanet.com/teaching/imperialism/#SAW3]

1. Emiliano Aguinaldo's army had helped U.S. against the Spanish. []

2. Aguinaldo expected to be president of an independent Philippines.

3. U.S. decided not to permit him to be President.

4. Aguinaldo led a guerrilla war against the occupying U.S. military.

5. War foreshadowed tactics and atrocities of Vietnam.

6. Aguinaldo finally captured. The revolt ended. []


 * Boxer Rebellion in China (1899-1901)**

a. "Spheres of Influence" and "Fists of Righteous Harmony" []

b. Missionary Martyrs (Christian and Missionary Alliance) Read the entire page, but especially the "Letter from Mr. Carl Lundberg" []

On This Day: June 9, 1900 Boxer's Rebellion (New York Times) []

Additional item of interest: Future U.S. President Herbert Hoover caught in China during Boxer Rebellion [] []


 * U.S. Open Door Policy (1899-1900)**

Maps: Spheres of Influence

a. Colonial Powers Carve up China []

b. Spheres of Influence and Treaty Ports []

As a trading nation, the U.S. opposed barriers to international commerce and demanded equal access to markets. Secretary of State John Hay
 * 1st Open Door Note (1899): all nations guarantee free trade in China.
 * Boxer Rebellion (1900). U.S. and others rescue foreigners in Peking.
 * 2nd Open Door Note (1900): all nations protect China's territorial integrity


 * In class today: reaction to homework**

The Question of an American Empire (EDSITEment) [|http://edsitement.neh.gov/lesson-plan/question-american-empire#sect-background]

Spanish-American War: Remember the Maine http://www.smplanet.com/teaching/imperialism/#SAW1

Spanish American War: Yellow Journalism http://www.smplanet.com/teaching/imperialism/#SAW1-1


 * In class today: new material**

1. In 1890, the US census declared the frontier "closed."

2. Many in America began to believe we had to expand abroad.

3. Great powers measured their greatness by the colonies they acquired.

World Colonial Empires, 1900 []

4. Britain, Germany, and France divided up Africa. They wanted to carve up Asia as well.

Imperialism in Africa []

5. Alfred Thayer Mahan

Mahan's //The Influence of Sea Power upon History// (Historian of the State Department) []

Mahan was for many years the President of the Naval War College.

Mahan's argument ran as follows:

~He argued that national greatness and prosperity depended on naval power. ~Mahan urged the Navy to shift from wood construction to steel ~Overproduction: In the US, more produced than domestic market could absorb. ~Hence, overseas markets needed to dispose of surplus ~Overseas markets implied distant ports ~Reaching distant ports required large merchant marine ~Merchant marine needed protection of powerful navy ~Ships needed coaling stations and repair yards ~Coaling stations implied secure stops: colonies ~Canal across Panama needed to link East coast with Pacific Ocean


 * Spanish–American War (1898-1902)**


 * Motives for war**:

[Underlying versus immediate] [How does this compare to today?] U.S. had sizable economic interests in Cuba and a lobbying group of 100,000 Cubans who lived in the U.S.

1. Humanitarians. Believed Spain too cruel in fighting rebels.

2. Hawks (jingoes). Believed America should chastise Spain

3. "Yellow journalism." Circulation war: Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst. [] []

Small Planet: Yellow Journalism http://www.smplanet.com/teaching/imperialism/#SAW1

[]

4. De Lome letter—Spanish Ambassador to U.S. criticized McKinley []

5. Sinking of the U.S. battleship Maine. Blown up in Havana harbor. Probably an internal explosion. []


 * The War Itself**

Teller Amendment. U.S. had no intention of taking possession of Cuba.

1. Short and glorious—"a splendid little war."

Small Planet: A Splendid Little War http://www.smplanet.com/teaching/imperialism/#SAW2

2. Major battles:

Excellent map: <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]

a. Manila. George Dewey defeated Spanish fleet in Manila. []

George Dewey (Today in History, Library of Congress) http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/dec26.html

b. San Juan Hill. Theodore Roosevelt and his Rough Riders. []

3. U.S. defeated Spain.

4. Beginning of a U.S. empire.


 * Treaty of Paris** (1898)

1. Guam: to the U.S.

2. Puerto Rico: to the U.S.

Puerto Rico invaded (History.com This Day in History |7/25/1898) []

3. Cuba: granted independence by Spain

4. Platt Amendment permited U.S. intervention in Cuba's internal affairs

Read this together: Platt Amendment (Historian of the State Department) http://history.state.gov/milestones/1899-1913/Platt

5. Philippines: U.S. paid $20 million to Spain.

Spanish-American War Ends (On This Day, Finding Dulcinea) http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/Aug/Spanish-American-War-Ends.html

Nurses in the Spanish-American War (National Archives magazine) http://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2002/fall/band-of-angels-1.html http://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2002/fall/band-of-angels-2.html


 * In class today: reaction to homework**

Nellie Bly (Finding Dulcinea) []

Details of her experience http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/world/peopleevents/pande05.html

Interactive map of her trip (American Experience) []

Nellie Bly (New York Times Learning Network--this is good) []


 * In class today: new material**


 * American Dreams of Empire: Overview resources**

Toward Empire: Overseas Expansion The United States in the Pacific: 1850-1911 []

American Empire (map), 1900 []

The Age of Imperialism (Small Planet) [|http://www.smplanet.com/teaching/imperialism/#EP1]


 * Hawaii**

Footholds in the Pacific (Small Planet) [|http://www.smplanet.com/teaching/imperialism/#EP2]

1. In 1820, the first American missionaries arrived.

2. Their offspring became powerful sugar planters in Hawaii.

3. By 1875, a treaty between the U.S. and Hawaii tightened the links between the two:

a. Allowed Hawaiian sugar to enter the U.S. free of customs duties; b. Required Hawaiian monarchy to make no territorial or economic concessions to other countries.

4. In 1890 McKinley Tariff ended special status given to Hawaiian sugar.

5. By this time, Caucasian Americans owned three–quarters of the islands' wealth, though they represented a mere 2.1 percent of the population.

6. In 1891, a strongly nationalistic Queen Liliuokalani ascended to the throne and tried to restore greater power to Hawaiian natives. []

7. In 1893, Americans overthrew Queen Liliuokalani, set up a provisional government, and asked to become an American state—so that their sugar would be classified as domestic and would avoid tariffs.

Hawaiian Monarchy Overthrown by America-Backed Businessmen (New York Times) <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[]

8. Annexation of Hawaii to the United States took place in 1898 during the Spanish–American War.


 * WELCOME TO SPRING SEMESTER 2016**

I'm Dave Lambert. This is History 152.

I hope you had a great break.

We are going to have fun together this semester--while learning a whole lot in the process.


 * SORRY, NO CRASHING**

I won't be able to add anyone who is not already registered.


 * SCHEDULE FOR TODAY**

1. PRAYER

2. LAPTOP REQUIRED

You must bring a laptop to class every period.

3. MY "THORN IN THE FLESH" http://thelearningprofessor.wikispaces.com/Thorn+in+the+Flesh

4. CLASS ROSTER (WITH YOUR LOVELY PICTURES ON IT)

5. INFORMATION CARD http://thelearningprofessor.wikispaces.com/Info+Card

6. SYLLABUS http://thelearningprofessor.wikispaces.com/HIST+152+Syllabus

7. HOME WIKI: THE LEARNING PROFESSOR http://thelearningprofessor.wikispaces.com/

Let's take a quick tour of what is on it.

This wiki is public, but only I can make changes to it. You do not need to "join" it or ask to be a member.

8. OUR CLASS PAGE ON THIS WIKI http://thelearningprofessor.wikispaces.com/Today+HIST+152

We will use the material contained on our class page of this wiki during every class period:

9. HOMEWORK FOR NEXT CLASS SESSION (Read and think about the article below. No writing required.)

Note: Suez Canal and US transcontinental railroad completed in 1869.

Nellie Bly (Finding Dulcinea) []

10. BYE. (WHY I DO HIGH FIVES) http://thelearningprofessor.wikispaces.com/High+Fives