HIST+151+Exams

These are taken from the exam pages for HIST 151 Fall 2013


 * MY OBSERVATIONS ON EXAM #1**


 * Remember: I love you and care for you--no matter how you did on the exam.**


 * Also Remember**: Your answers represent how much you learned in 1/3 of a college course.


 * Your answers**:

The number of pages is not the key to a high grade. What you say in your answer IS the key.

You can write 3 pages on each question and still not get a high grade, particularly if you do not stay focused on the chronology and organization of the material. You must be making concrete points from the study guide and demonstrating that you have read the assigned homework.

Your answer should be proportional to the material in the study guide. For example,

As I read your blue book, I underlined or circled the points you made that counted toward your answer.

When you write barely more than one page, and with little detail, that will usually indicate a problem.


 * Grades**:

This is our first exam together. I will look at how you progress over the semester.

Grade ranges: A=95; A/A-=92; A-/B+=90; B/B+=88; B=85; B/B-=82; B-/C+=80; C+/C-78; C=75; C/C-=72; C-=70 and below.

The lowest grade I awarded on this first exam is a C-. If you got a C- it generally indicates your real grade would probably have been a D or an F. Please let me help you figure out how to up your game.

I wrote very brief notes to you:

Let me help you (particularly in how to benefit from the study guide). Hang in there. Put "more meat on the bones."


 * Hints for next exam**:

Stay up with the homework readings. They are the foundation for your success.

Be sure to study principally the material on the study guide. I am trying to help you by limiting what you are responsible for.

Our websites add color and excitement to our material, but you should not spend much exam time telling stories from the websites--unless you hit the main study guide material as well.

Write out material to study from and then condense. Note my 4x6 cards.

Hit overall main points for sure. Then put important details under the main points.

To assess your own work, go back to the study guide and see what else you might have said but did not.
 * Self-assessment**

If you have issues with your grade, here is what you need to do before we can talk about it:

a. Type out your answer from your blue book. b. Compare what you wrote with what is on the study guide. c. Bring your blue book and your typed answers. d. By then, I hope you will see how well you actually covered the material. e. If you think we still need to talk, we will for sure.


 * Exam #1**

Study for the following five possible questions.

On the exam itself, I will pick three of these questions--you will have to answer two of the three. The exam will be essay; that means complete sentences, not just bullet points.

Possible Exam Questions:

1. Exploration: Portuguese and Spanish 2. Exploration and settlement: English Virginia 3. Exploration and settlement: New England 4. English restoration colonies: New York, Pennsylvania, and Carolinas 5. Road to Revolution


 * START HERE FOR QUESTION #1:**
 * EXPLORATION: PORTUGUESE AND SPANISH**

http://thelearningprofessor.wikispaces.com/Exploration
 * Portuguese Exploration**

Check out this great map to begin: Early explorations http://images.classwell.com/mcd_xhtml_ebooks/2005_world_history/images/mcd_mwh2005_0618377115_p93_f02.jpg

Luxury goods in Asia: silk, dyes, perfumes, jewels, and gold.

Spices in Asia: pepper, cloves, cinnamon, and nutmeg. Spice Islands [Moluccas in today's Indonesia] (Royal Museums, Greenwich) []

Earlier role of Italy as middlemen in European overland trade with China. Marco Polo's //Travels// (1275) to China. Published in 1477. Marco Polo (BBC) []

Constantinople (1453). Fell to the Muslim Turks.

Muslims then controlled overland trade routes from Catholic Europe to Asia.

Europeans sought all–water trade route to Asia to outflank Muslims.

Portugal will try to reach Asia by sailing east. The other European countries will try to reach Asia by sailing west. America gets in their way and becomes the heart of our story. Portugal began explorations first. Portuguese sailed around Africa to reach Asia.

Dias (Portugal): 1487-1488 (Cape of Good Hope--southern tip of Africa) Columbus (Spain): 1492 Treaty of Tordesillas: 1494 (Pope divided world between Spain and Portugal) Da Gama (Portugal): 1497-1498 (Reached India)

European Voyages of Exploration website: Portuguese exploration


 * Spanish Exploration**


 * a. Christopher Columbus** (Italian by birth, sailed for Spain)

Christopher Columbus (On This Day, Finding Dulcinea) []

Sailed west to reach Asia. Landed in Bahamas on first voyage. Four voyages in all Believed he reached East Indies—called the natives "Indians." Never realized he discovered a whole new world.


 * b. Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)**

Treaty of Tordesillas http://theageofdiscovery.wikispaces.com/The+Treaty+of+Tordesillas

Pope divided land claims between Portugal and Spain Portugal got Africa and Brazil Spain got remainder of New World


 * Ferdinand Magellan** (1519–1522).

Sailed around the globe.

Ferdinand Magellan (Royal Museums, Greenwich) []

Ferdinand Magellan (On This Day, Finding Dulcinea) []


 * Hernando de Soto** (1539–42).

Southeastern United States

Hernando de Soto Map http://bit.ly/18bR68P

De Soto reaches the Mississippi (History.com This Day in History | 5/8/1541) []

De Soto dies in the American wilderness (History.com This Day in History | 5/21/1542) []


 * Francisco Vázquez de Coronado** (1540–1542).

Southwestern United States

Coronado's Report to the King of Spain (PBS, The West) []

Map of his travels (PBS,The West) []


 * Hernán Cortés**

Spanish conqueror of Aztec empire in Mexico

1. Aztec Empire: [1517-1519: First Contact] http://www.pbs.org/conquistadors/cortes/cortes_a00.html

2. Cortes Expedition: [February 1519, Cortes defies the Governor] http://www.pbs.org/conquistadors/cortes/cortes_b00.html

3. Montezuma's Messengers [April 20, 1519: A Display of Force] http://www.pbs.org/conquistadors/cortes/cortes_c00.html

4. From Explore to Conquer: [Cortes burns his boats] http://www.pbs.org/conquistadors/cortes/cortes_d00.html

5. Spaniards in Tenochtitlan: [November 1519: The most beautiful thing in the world] http://www.pbs.org/conquistadors/cortes/cortes_e00.html

6. Cortes Seizes Power [November 1519: Montezuma arrested] http://www.pbs.org/conquistadors/cortes/cortes_f00.html

7. War Breaks Out [June 1520: Massacre at Tenochtitlan] http://www.pbs.org/conquistadors/cortes/cortes_g00.html

8. Siege of Tenochtitlan [December 1520: Siege, Starvation, & Smallpox] http://www.pbs.org/conquistadors/cortes/cortes_h00.html

9. Fall of the Aztecs [The Last Stand: An Aztec Iliad] http://www.pbs.org/conquistadors/cortes/cortes_i00.html


 * END HERE FOR QUESTION #1**
 * EXPLORATION: PORTUGUESE AND SPANISH**


 * START HERE FOR QUESTION #2**
 * EXPLORATION AND SETTLEMENT: ENGLISH VIRGINIA**


 * Religious Setting**


 * Protestant Reformation (1517)**

People saved by faith alone (Not by pilgrimages, indulgences) Priesthood of all believers replaced monasticism as the ideal Neither priests nor Latin Bible should keep people from the Word
 * Martin Luther (Lutherans).**

God alone decided who would be saved—predestination. Act as if you were one of the elect by strict morality and hard work Laymen governed church through elders and ministers (presbytery)
 * John Calvin (Calvinists).**


 * Key point to remember**: The History of America from 1607-1776 is English Colonial history. Colonies were a part of England, so what happened there mattered greatly to the colonists.


 * Reformation in England.**

English King Henry VIII—broke with Rome in 1533.

Under Henry, Protestantism hardly differed from Catholicism.

His son, Edward VI, was Protestant, but died as a teenager.

His daughter, "Bloody" Mary, was Catholic. Mary burned many Protestants at the stake. Other Protestants fled to safety of Frankfurt and Geneva There they absorbed radical Calvinist doctrines. Returned to England after the death of Mary Eager to "purify" English church of any hint of Catholicism.

. Henry's other daughter.
 * Queen Elizabeth I (1558-1603)**

Church settlement: Church of England became clearly Protestant, but in its own way. Latin liturgy translated into the English Book of Common Prayer. Cult of saints dropped. Clergy permitted to marry.

Calvinists, however, did not think these reforms went far enough.

Puritans versus Separatists


 * New Royal family (after Queen Elizabeth I)**

House of Stuart. (Like House of Clinton v. House of Bush)

James I (1603-1625)

Charles I (1625-1649)

Intolerant of Puritans. Believed in divine right of kings. Puritan dissenters decided to flee from England.


 * English Exploration:**


 * Roanoke Island (1585-1587)**

a. Historical Background on Roanoke Island (Time Team America, PBS) http://www.pbs.org/opb/timeteam/sites/ft_raleigh/history.php

b. Ancient map gives clue to fate of 'Lost Colony' (Telegraph) http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/science-news/9244947/Ancient-map-gives-clue-to-fate-of-Lost-Colony.html

Map of the Chesapeake Colonies []


 * Jamestown** (1607)

Website to review:

America in 1607: Jamestown and the Powhatans (National Geographic) http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2007/05/jamestown/jamestown-standalone

1. Jamestown

Explore the Fort Life and death at Jamestown Surviving in the New World What's Cooking? Impact of colonization A fort reveals its secrets Exploring the New World

2. Werowocomoco

Explore Werowocomoco Finding Powhatan's village Who were the Powhatans? Indian interactions with settlers What's cooking? Indian perspectives today?

First permanent English settlement in America

Route taken across the ocean http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Y6bYos6rgQw/TjCmJXpOUUI/AAAAAAAACNk/EoLNjnfwRZg/s640/jtown+map.png

Colony barely survived. Captain John Smith's leadership was crucial. Joint–stock company: Limited liability of investors Not financed by government. Not for religious purposes.


 * Anglican Church in Virginia**

Church of England (Episcopalians today). Not Puritans.

Religion in Early Virginia (Colonial Williamsburg) http://www.history.org/Almanack/life/religion/religionva.cfm


 * Powhatan Indians**

They initially aided colonists

Quarrels over land led to warfare (1622 and 1644) Indian massacre of 1622 Indians were defeated and pushed westward

Powhatan Indian World (National Park Service, Jamestown) http://www.nps.gov/jame/historyculture/the-powhatan-indian-world.htm

Pocahontas (National Park Service, Jamestown) http://www.nps.gov/jame/historyculture/pocahontas-her-life-and-legend.htm


 * House of Burgesses** (1619)

First Legislative Assembly in America (National Park Service, Jamestown) http://www.nps.gov/jame/historyculture/the-first-legislative-assembly.htm

Virginia began the tradition of local representative government New Spain, New France, and New Netherlands had autocratic rule


 * Royal colony**

In 1624, Virginia became a royal colony, ruled by the king through appointed officials.


 * Tobacco**

Basis of Virginia's success Key cash crop Required much land Required continuous labor


 * Headrights**

Land grants to individuals Settlers could claim 50 acres of land for themselves 50 acres for those whom they paid passage (including servants). Enabled some to build a large estate of landed wealth


 * Indentured servitude**

Tobacco cultivation required many laborers English began with indentured servants (7 years) from England Slaves cost three times as much for initial outlay Life was hard on servants; not much easier for owners Diet of pork and corn Not much material wealth (not like today's Williamsburg) Servant might not live through his indenture If he lived through it, he could become a landowner himself


 * Virginia Families**

Predominance of males, servitude, high mortality rates caused Fewer, smaller (1–3 healthy children), and shorter–lived families. Most children had step–parents: death of parent and remarriage. Parents had less control of their children in Virginia than in New England.

Rich families began by 1700 to control the colony They were intermarried, wealthy, powerful The same people were Burgesses, militia, church vestry, county court.


 * END HERE FOR QUESTION #2**
 * EXPLORATION AND SETTLEMENT: ENGLISH VIRGINIA**


 * START HERE FOR QUESTION #3**
 * EXPLORATION AND SETTLEMENT: NEW ENGLAND**


 * New England**

Map of New England colonies []


 * Websites to review:**

Puritanism and Predestination (Divining America, National Humanities Center) []

Faith of the Pilgrims http://www.plimoth.org/what-see-do/17th-century-english-village/faith-pilgrims

God in America: Pilgrims http://www.pbs.org/godinamerica/people/pilgrims.html

God in America: Puritans http://www.pbs.org/godinamerica/people/puritans.html

American as a Religious Refuge (part 1) (Library of Congress) http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/religion/rel01.html


 * a. Plymouth (1620)**

Separatist Puritans Called "Pilgrims" Wanted to leave the Church of England entirely.

Came to America on the Mayflower

Plymouth Rock.

Mayflower Compact.

Governor William Bradford.

Pokanoket Indians (compare to Powhatans) help Pilgrims. Squanto (compare him to Malinche) helps Pilgrims. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squanto

First Thanksgiving.

b. Between 1620 and 1630, other options for settlement (besides Virginia and New England). English migrants settled on St. Kitts (1624) and Barbados (1627).

Great map illustrating the Great Migration during the1600s []

c. Massachusetts Bay (1630)

Non Separatist Puritans

Governor John Winthrop. [] A "city on a hill."

Religious intolerance in treatment of Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson. Roger Williams (God in America, PBS) [] Anne Hutchinson (God in America, PBS) []

Covenant theology. God covenanted with the Puritans and they with Him. People covenanted together to form a church.

Puritan church became known as Congregationalists

d. New England towns

No headright system as in Virginia. Land distributed to groups, not individuals. Grants of land led to growth of communities not large personal estates.

e. New England families

Numerous, large (5–7 healthy children), and long–lived. Even grandparents appeared. Parents exercised control over their adult children Allocation of land Need for children's labor to support them. Contrast with Chesapeake


 * English Civil War**

English civil war (1642–1646). Armies of Puritan–dominated Parliament defeated armies of King Charles I (executed in 1649). His sons, Charles II and James II, went into exile in France.

English Civil War timeline []

Choosing Sides in the English Civil War (BBC) []

The Execution of Charles I (BBC) He was the son of James I []


 * Oliver Cromwell**

Commonwealth Period.

Puritans under Oliver Cromwell controlled the English government until 1658. Puritans did not need to migrate to America.

Oliver Cromwell (BBC) []


 * END HERE FOR QUESTION #3**
 * EXPLORATION AND SETTLEMENT: NEW ENGLAND**


 * START HERE FOR QUESTION #4**
 * ENGLISH RESTORATION COLONIES: NY, PENNSYLVANIA, CAROLINAS**


 * Restoration of the monarchy**

Stuart Restoration (1660). House of Stuart restored to the monarchy.

Country was tired of the Puritan Commonwealth; wanted a king again.

Parliament asked Charles II to come back from exile in France.


 * Charles II** (1660–1685)

Restoration [of the monarchy]

Restoration colonies. During the reign of Charles II (1660–1685). Charles gave land grants of new colonies as rewards to men who supported him during his exile. All were proprietorships: their owners held title to the soil and controlled the government.

Charles II (British Monarchy) []


 * Key for America**:

Charles gave land grants of new colonies as rewards to men who supported him during his exile in France.

All were proprietorships: their owners held title to the soil and controlled the government.

Restoration colonies.


 * Middle Colonies**

a. America as a Religious Refuge (Part 2) (Library of Congress) http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/religion/rel01-2.html

b. Religious Pluralism in the Middle Colonies (Divining America) http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/tserve/eighteen/ekeyinfo/midcol.htm


 * New York**

Charles II gave his younger brother, duke of York, a large land grant which include the Dutch–held New Netherlands.

Duke of York became King James II when his older brother Charles II died.

King James II (British Monarchy) http://www.royal.gov.uk/HistoryoftheMonarchy/KingsandQueensoftheUnitedKingdom/TheStuarts/JamesII.aspx

New Netherlands was conquered in 1664 by the English; renamed New York.

New Jersey. Duke of York regranted much of his land grant to two friends. Province of New Jersey

We won't do anything more with either New York or New Jersey.


 * Pennsylvania** (1681)

Charles II gave William Penn a proprietary land grant

William Penn [|William Penn Religious Revolutionary, segment from "The American Birthright Part I" Documentary - YouTube]

Penn saw this land as a refuge for Quakers—a "holy experiment" Pennsylvania became known for its religious toleration. Religious diversity: Quakers, German Reformed, Lutherans, Mennonites

Penn actively promoted his colony—to Germans (Deutsch) particularly

Pennsylvania became grain producing area of colonial America


 * Quakers**

Society of Friends, founded in England by George Fox.

Quakers then believed everyone could be saved—all were children of God and could experience his inner light. No need of a formal priesthood or liturgy. Women were allowed an important role in ministry. Refused to swear oaths on the Bible—it would imply they were not telling the truth on other occasions. Pacifists. Refused to perform militia service or pay taxes for self–defense. Related well to the Indians. Could history have developed differently if we had learned from Quakers?


 * Carolinas** (1663)

Map of the Carolinas and Georgia []

Remember: Charles II paid back several of his supporters (those who stood by him in exile in France) with land grants.

Northern portion of the grant (North Carolina) grew similarly to and was linked with Virginia.

Area around Charleston became the nucleus of South Carolina.

Heavily influenced by settlers from Barbados whose brand of slavery was harsher than in other parts of North America.

Major crops: Rice and indigo.

South Carolina used skills slaves brought from Africa (rice growing) and the West Indies (indigo—blue dye).

Both crops offset each other: different growing seasons; indigo grown on high ground, rice in low–lying swampy areas.


 * END HERE FOR QUESTION #4**
 * ENGLISH RESTORATION COLONIES: NY, PENNSYLVANIA, CAROLINAS**


 * START HERE FOR QUESTION #5**
 * ROAD TO REVOLUTION**


 * First Great Awakening**: a reaction to the decline of religious fervor

Began in Massachusetts in 1730s; in all colonies by 1760s.

First Great Awakening


 * Jonathan Edwards**

Great Awakening began in Northampton, Massachusetts (1734–35)

He noticed a remarkable number of conversions among the youth of his church to a message based on Calvinist principles, a recognition of their own depraved natures, and the need to surrender completely to God's will.

Jonathan Edwards: The Life of a Master Preacher (Princeton University) [|http://www.princeton.edu/~mudd/exhibits/edwards/index.html]

Jonathan Edwards (God in America, PBS) http://www.pbs.org/godinamerica/people/jonathan-edwards.html


 * George Whitefield**

The effects of such conversions remained isolated until 1739, when George Whitefield, an English Anglican clergyman, arrived in America. For fifteen months he toured the colonies. Preached to large audiences from Georgia to New England. His journey: new interconnection among the previously distinct colonies.

George Whitefield (God in America, PBS) []

Benjamin Franklin on Rev. George Whitefield, 1739 (National Humanities Center) []


 * Impact of the Great Awakening**

Challenged deference, introduced egalitarianism to the colonies.

The Great Awakening divided churches over several issues:


 * Were pastors clearly born again?
 * How much education did pastors need?
 * Was itinerant evangelism allowable?

Denominations split into New Lights and Old Lights (Presbyterians) and Old Sides and New Sides (Congregationalists).


 * French and Indian War**

a. Animated Map: French and Indian War http://www.revolutionarywaranimated.com/FrenchAnimation.html

b. The Seven Years War and the Great Awakening (Crash Course US History #5) []


 * French and Indian War (Seven Years' War**), 1754-1763

Really a French versus British war with Indian allies on both sides.

French began to encircle the British colonies.

French—from today's Canada—claimed the Great Lakes and Mississippi Valley. French established New Orleans to anchor the southern end of the Mississippi River. French claimed the Pittsburgh area (originally called Fort Duquesne by the French, Fort Pitt by the British). Three rivers come together at Pittsburgh: Allegheny, Monongahela, and Ohio


 * Peace Treaty of Paris** (1763)

Great Map! []

France is entirely ousted from the North American continent France will want to get back at Britain for this defeat France will therefore be willing to help us win the American Revolution.

After the war, British colonists no longer feared a French threat. Indians could no longer play European powers against one another.


 * Major themes along the Road to Revolution**:
 * Development and spread of the colonial resistance movement
 * British actions
 * Colonists' responses


 * King George III** (1760–1820)

New young king; various prime ministers. []


 * Pontiac's uprising** (1763)

Indian chief led Indian uprisings in the Ohio region to kick out colonists. British troops unable to defend the frontier against him.

Good map


 * Proclamation Line of 1763**

Good map []

British tried to keep colonists out of land west of Appalachian Mountains British wanted to protect Indians British wanted to slow down land speculation . But many colonists had already settled west of the Proclamation Line They refused to respect the line.


 * Sugar Act** (1764)

Sugar Act (Massachusetts Historical Society) []

New British Prime Minister George Grenville He felt that colonists should pay a greater share of costs of empire. Particularly pay back costs of French and Indian War.


 * Currency Act** (1764)

British merchants complained that Americans were paying their debts in inflated local currencies. Currency Act outlawed colonial issues of paper money.


 * Stamp Act** (1765)

Stamp Act (Massachusetts Historical Society) []

Modeled on a law in effect in Britain for over a century.

Three aspects to remember:

Stamp Act required tax stamps on most printed material Tax stamps had to be paid for in cash (scarce) Violators would be tried in vice admiralty courts (no juries).


 * Protests against the Stamp Act**

Colonists feeling their way.

a) James Otis:

How to combat certain acts of Parliament without questioning Parliament's authority over the colonies. He concluded that colonists had to obey British laws. Many Americans, therefore, reluctantly prepared to obey the Stamp Act.

b) Patrick Henry

Not all the colonists were resigned to paying the Stamp tax. Patrick Henry did not agree with James Otis He proposed the "Virginia Stamp Act Resolves" These resolves protested Parliament's right to tax Americans without their consent.

c) **Despite the uproar, most Americans wanted to remain loyal British subjects and were not yet arguing for independence.**


 * Sons of Liberty**

Colonial elites wanted to control the protests against unpopular laws. They created an inter-colonial association, the Sons of Liberty, to protest the Stamp Act. In subsequent U.S. history, groups who want to protest government action often will call themselves Sons of Liberty.

Sons of Liberty (Massachusetts Historical Society) []


 * Non-importation association**

The first attempts to use an economic boycott to pressure British exporters to demand repeal of the Stamp Act.

Non-Importation (Massachusetts Historical Society) []


 * Stamp Act Repeal** (March 1766)

New British Prime Minister, Lord Rockingham He repealed the Stamp Act **not because** he believed Parliament lacked the power to tax the colonies, **but because** he thought the law unwise and divisive.


 * Declaratory Act** (March 1766)

Linked to the repeal of the Stamp Act. Dangerous implications for the colonists.


 * Asserted Parliament's ability to tax & legislate for the colonies "in all cases whatsoever."**


 * Townshend Acts** (1767)

Townshend Acts (Massachusetts Historical Society) []

1. British officials searched for new ways to generate revenue to help pay war debts from French and Indian War.

2. The passage of the Townshend Acts drew a swift response from the colonists, who were now less hesitant and better organized.

3. Townshend Acts provided as follows:
 * Duties on goods (paper, glass, tea) imported from Britain to the colonies
 * Proceeds would pay salaries for some royal officials in the colonies
 * American Board of Customs Commissioners (based in Boston)
 * Added vice–admiralty courts in Boston, Philadelphia, and Charleston


 * Boston "Massacre"** (5 March 1770)

British troops assigned to Boston to protect Customs Commissioners. Tensions in a military garrison town: soldiers took local jobs Was this a "massacre"?

Massachusetts Historical Society []


 * Townshend Duties Repealed (12 April 1770)**

Townshend Duties Repealed/Non-Importation (Massachusetts Historical Society) []

Parliament revoked all the duties except that on tea. (This will be a cause of the Boston Tea Party)

The other Townshend provisions remained in force.

ROAD TO REVOLUTION
 * END HERE QUESTION #5**


 * Exam #2**

Study for the following five possible questions.

On the exam itself, I will pick three of these questions--you will have to answer two of the three. The exam will be essay; that means complete sentences, not just bullet points.

Possible Exam Questions:

1. Road to Revolution 2. Revolutionary War 3. Constitutional Convention 4. Presidencies of George Washington and Thomas Jefferson 5. War of 1812 to Gold Rush


 * START HERE FOR QUESTION #1:**
 * ROAD TO REVOLUTION**

Called Intolerable Acts by the colonists
 * Coercive Acts (1774)**

Americans convinced British planned to take away their liberty.

Port of Boston closed to shipping until tea was paid for: "Lord North is closing the port of Boston."

a. Massachusetts Government Act

Altered the Massachusetts charter Substituted an appointed council for an elected one Increased the powers of the Governor Halted most town meetings.

b. Justice Act

British officials would be sent to England for trial.

c. Quartering Act

British military commanders could house their troops in private dwellings.


 * Quebec Act (1774)**

Intended to ease strains of British conquest of the former French colony.

Catholics granted greater religious freedom. Representative assembly abolished. Canada boundary extended to Ohio River. Many American colonists coveted this land.


 * Results thus far** in the arguments between the British government and the colonies:

Colonists worried over precedents of Coercive Acts and Quebec Act. Both Acts made colonists fear that Britain had a deliberate plan to oppress the American colonies.

BUT: few people wanted to take hasty action. Most patriots remained loyal to Britain and hoped for reconciliation Colonists agreed to send delegates to Philadelphia to attend a Continental Congress to consider an appropriate response.


 * The American Revolution required patriot leaders to do three things**:
 * Establish a coalition in favor of independence
 * Gain foreign recognition.
 * Triumph over the British army


 * First Continental Congress** (Philadelphia, Sept 1774)

1. Declaration of Rights and Grievances Colonists would obey normal laws of British Parliament Colonists would not obey taxes in disguise (like Townshend Duties)

2. Continental Association Boycott of English goods

3. . Committees of Observation & Inspection Committee members (7000) assigned to monitor boycott, Became, in effect, the local leaders of the American resistance.

Independence was being won at the local level, without formal acknowledgement and without much bloodshed.
 * Provincial conventions**:

Popularly elected congresses took over government in each colony

These conventions
 * a. elected delegates to the Second Continental Congress
 * b. organized militia units
 * c. gathered arms and ammunition
 * d. collected taxes


 * Choosing sides**

1. **Patriots** (40% of population)

Americans who were against the British


 * To win, Patriots had to neutralize or defeat potential internal enemies.**

2. **Neutrals** (40% of population)

Those who tried to remain in the middle


 * Sincere pacifists (Quakers)
 * Those who supported whoever controlled their area
 * Those who simply wanted to be left alone

3. **Loyalists** (20% of population)

Loyalists were Americans who remained loyal to the British:


 * British–appointed government officials
 * Merchants whose trade depended on British connections
 * Anglican (Church of England) ministers

100,000 loyalists left America, many to Canada

4. **African–Americans**

Slaves sought freedom by supporting the British. British eventually took away 55,000 slaves Colonies with highest slave %—less support for revolution.

5. **Indians**

Both British and patriots tried to keep Indians neutral Indians bitter at aggressive expansionism of colonists Most taking sides supported British—less threat than Patriots


 * END HERE FOR QUESTION #1**
 * ROAD TO REVOLUTION**


 * START HERE FOR QUESTION #2**
 * REVOLUTIONARY WAR**


 * British military planners made three erroneous assumptions**:

1. Americans would not stand up to professional troops

2. English could fight a conventional war as they would in Europe

3. Military victory would be sufficient to win the struggle


 * Battles of Lexington and Concord** (April 1775).

Paul Revere's Ride (Finding Dulcinea, On This Day) []

Results: Colonial victory (note casualties and losses


 * Battle of Bunker Hill** (June 1775)

Results: British victory


 * Second Continental Congress**

Convened in May 1775 at Philadelphia

a. Became the intercolonial government during American Revolution b. Authorized the printing of money c. Established a committee to supervise relations with foreign countries d. Created Continental Army e. Washington, from the South, appointed commanding general


 * Thomas Paine: //Common Sense//** (Jan 1776)

His essay helped Americans accept the idea of separation from Britain.


 * ALL OF THE ABOVE TOOK PLACE BEFORE ANY DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE**


 * Declaration of Independence** (July 4, 1776)

a. Thomas Jefferson was chosen to draft the Declaration

b. Colonists would no longer accept legitimacy of Parliament

c. Declaration of Independence concentrated on King George III as the villain

The King had attempted to destroy representative government The King oppressed Americans by excessive force

d. All men are created equal: principle to live up to

e. Signers of the Declaration at great risk: treason. John Hancock's big signature: "King won't need his spectacles"


 * Lineup of opponents during the war itself**:

a. War took place on several levels

Regular troops: British against Patriots Irregular troops: Partisan warfare (Patriots versus Loyalists)

b. Fighting moved chronologically from North to South:
 * New England
 * Middle colonies
 * Southern colonies


 * Continental army**

a. Never numbered more than 18,500 men b. Included black (5,000) troops c. Short–term militiamen helped in their own area d. Women traveled with the army


 * Patriot winter camp**: **Valley Forge**

Tremendous suffering Time for needed training (Baron von Steuben)


 * Treason of Benedict Arnold (21 September 1780)**

Officers developed intense commitment to the revolutionary cause


 * Washington "crossed the Delaware" River**

Attacked Trenton and Princeton These victories cheered American spirits


 * Battle of Saratoga**

a. British invaded New York to cut off New England from rest of colonies b. British General Burgoyne surrendered 6,000 troops c. American victory led to French recognition of American independence


 * Franco–American Treaty of Alliance** (1778)

Treaty of alliance brought France into war on American side:

a. Americans had mixed feelings b. France had been major enemy in past c. French were Catholic d. But French were anxious to avenge their defeat in the French and Indian War

French help was critically important to the overall Patriot victory against the British.


 * British Surrender at Yorktown** (1781)

a. British General Cornwallis trapped on Tidewater peninsula b. American and French armies surrounded him on land. c. French navy defeated British rescue effort off Chesapeake Bay d. Great American victory.


 * Peace Treaty of Paris** (1783)

American diplomats: Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and John Jay Won a tremendous settlement for America

a. England recognized American independence b. Britain kept Canada—but reduced to its original boundaries before Quebec Act c. U.S. got all territory east of the Mississippi d. Britain ignored territorial rights of its Indian allies e. French GOT NOTHING out of the peace treaty


 * END HERE FOR QUESTION #2**
 * REVOLUTIONARY WAR**


 * START HERE FOR QUESTION #3**
 * CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION**


 * Articles of Confederation**:

The first American constitution Codified the way the Second Continental Congress operated Government was unwieldy and inefficient

Like a League of Friendship Compare it to the Confederacy during Civil War. Compare it to U.S. participation in the United Nations.


 * Features of the Articles of Confederation:**

1. No strong central government 2. Sovereignty and independence retained by states 3. One house in Continental Congress—each state had an equal vote 4. State control of Congressional delegation
 * Delegates selected by state legislatures
 * Delegates paid by states
 * Delegates had one-year terms, up to a maximum of 3 terms

5. Nine of thirteen states' votes required for normal legislation 6. All 13 states' votes needed to amend the articles itself 7. No separate executive branch to administer the government 8. No national-level court system 9. No power to levy taxes 10. No authority to regulate commerce 11. No strong, centralized military


 * Northwest Ordinance of 1787**

Confederation Congress successful in one thing: legislation for Northwest Territory Today's states of Wisconsin, Michigan, Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio

Abolished slavery in Northwest territory Guaranteed freedom of religion within the territory Defined how formal governments would be organized: When 6,000 settlers: territorial status When 60,000 settlers: apply for statehood New states would join Union on equal footing with original thirteen


 * Why did we have what became known as the Constitutional Convention?**

Many American leaders felt that the laws of the Confederation government were not adequate to run the country.


 * Convention itself**

Where: Philadelphia When: May–Sept 1787

Delegates to the Federal (Grand) Convention are considered to be: Founding Fathers Framers of the Constitution


 * Procedural rules crucial to the outcome**:

a. Absolute secrecy b. OK to reopen questions c. Only a majority vote of states required to approve provisions


 * James Madison—his vital role**:

Well prepared: Studied comparative governments historically Analyzed our existing government in his essay entitled "Vices of the Political System of the United States"

Took notes during entire Convention

Often called the "Father of the Constitution" Later role as Fourth President of the United States


 * Virginia plan**

Goal: Replace the Articles of Confederation

Large states liked this plan Two–house legislature:

Lower house elected directly by the people Upper house selected by the lower

Proportional representation in both houses

"National" executive with "supreme" powers "National" executive to be chosen by legislature; (electoral college)

National judiciary—became basis of Supreme Court

Congressional veto over state laws.


 * New Jersey plan**

Goal: Just amend the Articles of Confederation

Small states liked this plan One–house legislature Each state would have an equal vote Only a modestly stronger national government


 * Great [Connecticut] Compromise**

Convention had almost collapsed because of the large state/small state split over representation.

The Great Compromise reconciled the Virginia and New Jersey plans:

1. Lower House

Proportional representation Members elected directly by the people

2. Upper house

Each state had two members Equal votes per state (so they thought) Elected by state legislatures (1916: direct election)


 * Three–Fifths clause**

Issue of proportional representation now became a stumbling block to the delegates.

How to allocate lower house representation among the states? This question divided states between slave/free rather than state size Slaves to count as "three–fifths" of a person for representation South gained power: House of Representatives & electoral college


 * Other constitutional protections for slavery**

Congress prohibited from outlawing slave trade for twenty years Fugitive slave clause: states must return runaways to masters. National troops can help put down states' "domestic violence"


 * Separation of powers**

Power balancing power. Gridlock intentionally built in.

Checks and balances both horizontal and vertical: Horizontal: President, Congress, and Supreme Court. Vertical: Federalism—balance between national and state levels


 * Ratification (approval) Conventions**:

Ratification of the Constitution required approval of nine states Most state legislatures were only willing to revise the Articles

The question became: How to bypass the state legislatures The solution: State constitutional conventions—people selected convention delegates Rationale: Since a constitution more important than normal legislation, it should not be passed by regular legislative process.


 * Two general groupings arose out of the ratification convention**s:

//**Federalists**//:

Called themselves Federalists, not nationalists.
 * Wanted a strong national government
 * Supported the Constitution as drafted
 * Promised a Bill of Rights after ratification

//**Antifederalists**//:


 * Wanted strong state governments as chief protectors of individual rights
 * Opposed the Constitution as drafted
 * Demanded a Bill of Rights to protect individuals from national government


 * Ratification (approval) vote**:

The proposed Constitution not overwhelmingly popular Debate in the state constitutional ratifying conventions was spirited.

Some state votes were close:
 * Massachusetts (187–168)
 * New Hampshire (57–46)
 * New York (30–27)
 * Virginia (89–79)

But the Constitution was ultimately approved!


 * END HERE FOR QUESTION #3**
 * CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION**


 * START HERE FOR QUESTION #4**
 * PRESIDENCIES OF GEORGE WASHINGTON AND THOMAS JEFFERSON**


 * The Presidency of George Washington**

Washington elected unanimously Vice President John Adams Washington acted cautiously Aware of precedents for the future Only used his veto power when he felt a bill was unconstitutional


 * First Congress** (April 1789):

Members were Federalists—generally


 * Congress succeeded at its four immediate tasks**:

a. Revenue Act of 1789.

Congress adopted a 5 percent tariff on certain imports. Raised sufficient revenue to support the new government.

b. Bill of Rights

Responding to state ratification conventions' call for a bill of rights. James Madison took the lead. First ten amendments to the Constitution passed.

c. Beginnings of a "Cabinet"

Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson Secretary of Treasury Alexander Hamilton Secretary of War Henry Knox Attorney General Edmund Randolph

d. Judiciary Act of 1789.

Organized the federal judiciary. Supreme Court (6 members) District courts (13) Circuit courts of appeal (3)


 * First political party system**:

Both groupings gradually divided into two opposing camps, each accusing the other of having sold out the principles of the Revolution.

a. **Federalists**

Supporters of Alexander Hamilton began calling themselves Federalists to link themselves with the federal Constitution.

Washington and Adams were both Federalists.

Supporters: Those in favor of the Constitution during ratification Concentrated in New England

Strong national government Central economic planning For a National Bank Internal improvements (roads, harbors) Commercially-oriented America: For manufacturing Protective tariffs (a tax on imported goods—to protect American industry) Who should hold power: social elite—best interests of the people More order, less liberty: protection of property rights Constitution: broad construction==loose interpretation Foreign policy: closer ties with Great Britain

b. **Democrat-Republicans**

Supporters of Jefferson began calling themselves Republicans, contending that they were the true heirs of the Revolution and that Hamilton was plotting to subvert republican principles.

Key person: Thomas Jefferson.

Supporters: Anti-federalists during ratification process

Their policies were generally the opposite of the Federalists on almost every domestic and foreign policy issue.


 * Presidency of Thomas Jefferson**

From 1801–1824, all three American presidents were Republicans and Virginians: Thomas Jefferson (8 yrs.); James Madison (8 yrs.); James Monroe (8 yrs).


 * Empire of liberty**

Jefferson shared with other Americans the belief that the U.S. was destined to expand its "empire of liberty." Most past empires had been run by dictators.


 * Four obstacles to America's empire of liberty** would have to be confronted:

a. French in New Orleans and the Louisiana Territory b. Spanish in Florida and Mexico c. British in Canada d. Native Americans throughout the continent.


 * Presidential Election of 1800**

Republicans Jefferson and Burr tied for the election Jefferson selected by Federalist–controlled House of Representatives Peaceful transition of power between political parties New Congress controlled by Democrat-Republicans

Jefferson won election of 1800 (Today in History, Library of Congress) http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/feb17.html


 * Louisiana Purchase** (1803)

The obstacle to the "empire of liberty" posed by the French was the first to be overcome.

Louisiana Purchase (Today in History, Library of Congress) http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/oct20.html

U.S. paid $15 million to France. Doubled the size of America.

Jefferson compromised his strict constructionist views


 * Lewis and Clark Expedition** (May 1804-Sept 1806)

4,000 Miles. Explored extent of Louisiana Purchase: rivers that drain into Mississippi. Began in St. Louis; up the Missouri River to its source Across the Rocky Mountains (Continental Divide) Rivers running east go to Mississippi, those to West to Pacific Ocean Winter camp in Astoria, Oregon


 * War with Barbary pirates** (1801-1815)

Barbary States: Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Tripoli (today's Libya). []

Pirates attacked U.S. ships in the Mediterranean U.S. got tired of paying protection money U.S. built up its naval and marine capacity Pirates defeated by 1815; no more protection money

Marine Corps Hymn: "To the shores of Tripoli":


 * END HERE FOR QUESTION #4**
 * PRESIDENCIES OF GEORGE WASHINGTON AND THOMAS JEFFERSON**


 * BEGIN HERE FOR QUESTION #5**
 * WAR OF 1812 TO GOLD RUSH**


 * WAR OF 1812**

Remember: Britain and France locked in a world war

Napoleon invaded Russia in 1812.


 * American grievances with British**:

1. Impressment

Britain's navy suffered a severe shortage of sailors. Britain stopped American ships Forcible draft of American sailors.

2. Desire to defend American independence and honor


 * The vote for war**

Congress deeply divided over whether to go to war with Britain. Federalists in New England did not want to go to war. Many Federalist considered conflict to be "Mr. Madison's War." Raising troops in New England was difficult. People in west wanted to go to war.


 * War Hawks**

Their fathers had fought in the Revolution. They themselves wanted to prove themselves in war

Key names: John C. Calhoun of South Carolina House Speaker Henry Clay of Kentucky

[]
 * Key battles of the War of 1812**:

1. **Washington, D.C.**

British captured the city.

British Troops Burn White House and Capitol (Finding Dulcinea, On This Day) http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/July-August-08/On-this-Day--British-Troops-Burn-White-House-and-Capital.html

2. **Baltimore**

British bombarded; Americans held out.

Francis Scott Key Writes “The Star-Spangled Banner” (Finding Dulcinea, On This Day) http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/September-October-08/On-this-Day--Francis-Scott-Key-Writes--The-Star-Spangled-Banner-.html

3. **Horseshoe Bend** (in today's Alabama)

Andrew Jackson (future American president) defeated the Creek Indians. He forced them to sign away most of their land.

4. **New Orleans** (8 Jan 1815)

Andrew Jackson's troops defeated the British.

British: 300 killed, 1300 wounded, 500 captured Americans: 30 killed, 40 wounded


 * Consequences of War of 1812**

1. Affirmed the freedom won in the Revolutionary war 2. Strengthened America's resolve to avoid European politics 3. Dealt a serious blow to Indian resistance to American expansion 4. Increased nationalism—renewed feeling of confidence and assertiveness 5. Stimulated economy (capitalists began to invest in home manufactures)


 * Trail of Tears: Indian Removal**

Five Civilized tribes: Choctaw, Chickasaw, Creek, Cherokee, Seminole


 * Cherokee Trail of Tears**

One part, a sad one, of the overall Indian removal. Some 4,000 of the 13,000 Cherokees died along the way.

Cherokees. If civilizing Indians was the American goal, no tribe met that test better than the Cherokees


 * Mountain Men**

Mountain men became guides on Oregon Trail


 * Oregon Trail**:

Independence, Missouri to Oregon/California Trip was 2,000 miles; took 6 months Role of Methodist missionaries (1833) "Oregon fever" began after the Panic of 1837 Fremont mapped the trail (1842) 1843—major increase in migration over the Trail


 * Oregon Country**

U. S. negotiated for Oregon Country (1846). U.S. went to brink of war with Britain over Oregon boundary. Polk's campaign slogan: Fifty-Four Forty or Fight U.S. could not fight Mexico and Britain at same time


 * California Gold Rush (1849)**

1. Discovery of gold (1848) (2 months before Mexican-American war treaty)

California Gold Rush (1849) Overland trail plus passage around South America 100,000 arrived in one year

2. California statehood (1850)

END HERE FOR QUESTION #5 WAR OF 1812 TO GOLD RUSH


 * Exam #3 (Final Exam)**

Bring with you a blue book and a pen.

Exam times:

8:20 section:

10:40 section:

Study for the following four possible questions.

On the exam itself, I will pick three of these questions--you will have to answer two of the three.

The exam will be essay; that means complete sentences, not just bullet points.

Possible Exam Questions:

1. Texas Revolution and the U.S.-Mexican War 2. Reform 3. Slavery 4. Civil War


 * START HERE FOR QUESTION #1:**
 * TEXAS REVOLUTION AND THE U.S.-MEXICAN WAR**


 * TEXAS**

Map: []

Americans move into Spanish, then Mexican Tejas Panic of 1819 pushed some Americans westward Mexico gained its independence from Spain (1821)

Spain gave land grants to Moses Austin Mexico continued the same deal with Stephen Austin (1824) []

Americans not happy with three aspects of life in Mexico:

a. Catholicism: Settlers either converted superficially or ignored requirement b. Slavery (in 1829 Mexico freed its slaves)(colonists freed slaves but signed them to lifelong indentured servant contract c. Self government

Texas part of Mexican Coahuila (Texas outnumbered 3 to 1) Americans demanded a Mexican state of their own

Dictator Santa Anna abolished separate Mexican states (1834) []


 * Texas revolution** (1836)

By 1835, Texas population: 30,000 Americans; 3,000 Mexicans "War party" declared Texas independent in1836 Guests who rebelled against their hosts


 * Main battle of the Texas Revolution**:

Alamo: 187 all died (Davy Crockett, Jim Bowie, William Travis) []

The Alamo Came Under Attack (Finding Dulcinea, On This Day) http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/Feb/On-this-Day--The-Alamo-Came-Under-Attack.html


 * Texas: the Lone Star Republic** (1836–1845)

Texas a separate country

Sam Houston the first president. []

Population increased from 30,000 to 142,000 Annexation delayed until 1845: volatility of the slavery issue


 * U.S.-MEXICAN WAR**

Army Life: U.S. Army http://www.pbs.org/kera/usmexicanwar/war/army_life_us.html

Army Life: Mexican Army http://www.pbs.org/kera/usmexicanwar/war/army_life_mexican.html

Many Truths Constitute the Past http://www.pbs.org/kera/usmexicanwar/aftermath/many_truths.html


 * Manifest Destiny**

The notion that American expansion westward and southward was inevitable, just, and divinely ordained

In accordance with this view: Native Americans: savages, best eliminated Hispanics: inferior peoples, best controlled or conquered


 * Mexican War (1846–1848)**

U.S.-Mexican War (PBS) http://www.pbs.org/kera/usmexicanwar/prelude/

Mexican War Regular Map: []

1. Mexico felt annexation of Texas cause for war

American sent forces into disputed region to provoke a Mexican attack Mexicans did attack America declared war

Some in U.S. opposed war:

Many northerners opposed the war with Mexico They saw in a war an evil design by slave owners to increase possible slave territory

Henry Clay; Abraham Lincoln

2. American interest in California--then a part of Mexico:

New England clipper ships traded with the area in the 1830s http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clipper

Bartered manufactured goods for cowhides Boston companies set up resident agents in California Agents' reports back East sparked interest in California

a. Richard Henry Dana's //Two Year Before the Mast//: a best seller (1840)

Richard Henry Dana http://www.winthrop.dk/rhdana.html

Dana Point. Ship visit: Pilgrim. http://www.ocean-institute.org/programs/pilgrim.html

b. Sutter's Fort. Sacramento. At end of Overland Trail.

3. When war with Mexico seemed likely, U.S. claimed California

Bear Flag Revolt (June 14, 1846)

Key names: Sonoma; William B. Ide; John Fremont; Mexican Governor Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo

Separate country for less than a month

California's Bear Flag revolt begins (History.com This Day in History | 6/14/1846) http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/californias-bear-flag-revolt-begins

4. U.S. Forces in Mexico

a) General Zachary Taylor: invaded Mexico from north

b) General Winfield Scott: invaded Mexico from seacoast

Halls of Montezuma Marines raised U.S. flag over National Palace in Mexico City

5. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Territorial Acquisitions Map 

U.S. paid Mexico $15 million Present states: California, Utah, New Mexico, Nevada, Arizona U.S. territory enlarged by 20%


 * Legacy of the Mexican-American War**

$100 million in military costs 13,000 Americans died Training ground for military officers later famous in Civil War Gold discovered in California (1848): a few months before treaty signed Continuing controversy over extension of slavery in land won from Mexico


 * END HERE FOR QUESTION #1**
 * TEXAS AND THE U.S.-MEXICAN WAR**


 * START HERE FOR QUESTION #2**
 * REFORM**


 * SECOND GREAT AWAKENING**

Began around 1800 Democratized American religion—as voting was being democratized Rejected doctrine of predestination


 * A. On the frontier: West and South**

Focus on individual salvation; no impulse to reform society

Let's take a look at the section in this article entitled "Great Revival of the South" http://www.lewis-clark.org/content/content-article.asp?ArticleID=2449


 * 1. Camp meetings**

Attended by thousands Cane Ridge (1801): 10,000 participants

Cane Ridge Revival Kentucky (Google Images) []

Cane Ridge Meeting House http://www.caneridge.org/ Plus: The Great Revival http://www.caneridge.org/revival.html


 * 2. Circuit riders**

Methodist Circuit Riders (Google Images) []

The Circuit Riders in Early Methodism http://www.gcah.org/site/pp.aspx?c=ghKJI0PHIoE&b=3828779

Nothing but Crows and Methodist Preachers http://www.forgottenword.org/crows.html

Circuit Riders http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_rider_%28religious%29


 * B. In the north**

Congregationalists and Presbyterians Small to medium-sized towns Northern revivals led to an impulse to reform society


 * Charles G. Finney**

Key name in Second Great Awakening

New York lawyer Converted (1821) Finney became a full–time evangelist "I have a retainer from Jesus to plead his case" Focused initially on the small towns in western New York.

Arminianism==Free will A more democratic version of Christianity than predestination. Any person who wanted to be saved could be saved.

Finney's evangelistic approach

Was controversial for its time:

a. Protracted meetings. Revivals continued nightly for a week or more.

b. Anxious bench

"Almost saved" would sit up front Made an object of special prayer.

c. Women allowed to speak aloud and pray for male relatives


 * Converts organized into voluntary associations**

1810—Foreign Missions Board

Students at Williams College: Haystack Prayer Meeting http://wso.williams.edu/~dchu/MissionPark/meeting.html

1816—American Bible Society—distributed Bibles in the West

1825—American Tract Society—to seamen and urban poor


 * PERFECTIONISM**

Converted should confirm their status as Christians
 * Live a godly life: give up vices
 * Individual self-improvement
 * Convert others
 * Ask them to perfect themselves

Reformers organized associations to address pressing social ills:

a. Prison reform (US History.org) http://www.ushistory.org/us/26d.asp

b. Treatment of the mentally ill

Dorothea Dix: Memorial to the Legislature of Massachusetts (Disability Museum) http://www.disabilitymuseum.org/dhm/lib/detail.html?id=737


 * TEMPERANCE**

Temperance History http://www.temperancetantrum.com/Temperance%20history.htm

A campaign against the use of alcohol was one of the key reform efforts.
 * Evangelicals considered drinking a sin
 * Forsaking alcohol a part of conversion
 * The sale of whiskey often involved a Sabbath violation
 * Whiskey destroyed families

Alcohol consumption was cut. Ordinary women formed Martha Washington societies. Cold Water Army. No drinks but cold water. Teetotalers. Total abstinence for all drink.

Employers complained that drinkers took St. Monday as a holiday to recover from Sunday.

Demon rum became a prime target of reformers.


 * Temperance goals shifted over time**:

From the moderate use of alcohol Debate on how to define "alcohol": beer, wine, whiskey To voluntary abstinence To total prohibition


 * WOMEN'S MOVEMENT**


 * Seneca Falls Woman's Rights Convention** (1848)

Seneca Falls Convention (Finding Dulcinea) http://www.findingdulcinea.com/features/multi-day/virtual-tourist/week-10/wed-seneca-falls.html

Women's Rights National Historical Park http://www.nps.gov/wori/historyculture/stories.htm

1. Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott the organizers:

Elizabeth Cady Stanton []

Lucretia Mott [|http://www.pbs.org/godinamerica/people/lucretia-mott.htm]

Susan B. Anthony []

2. Felt that American society treated women no better than slaves

The Seneca Falls Convention (American Treasures of the Library of Congress) []

3. Offered a "Declaration of Sentiments" http://www.nps.gov/wori/historyculture/declaration-of-sentiments.htm "All men and women are created equal"


 * END HERE FOR QUESTION #2**
 * REFORM**


 * BEGIN HERE FOR QUESTION #3**
 * SLAVERY**


 * Antebellum South**

Old South or Antebellum South (before the Civil War) (1800-1860) North grew and changed South just grew


 * Remained a rural, agrarian society
 * Thin population distribution
 * Few cities
 * Small number of factories


 * Rise of the Cotton South**

Several factors increased the growth of slave–supplied cotton plantations:

1. Cotton gin [before gin:10 hours for 1 pound; after: 1000 pounds/day] http://www.freetech4teachers.com/2012/02/cotton-gin-animated.html#.UJ5lFoY9WSo

2. Short–staple cotton

3. English and northern U.S. textile factories need for cotton


 * Southern society**

Some 75% of white southern families owned NO slaves at all.

Most planters owned fewer than 10 slaves. But the big planters (100 slaves or more) set the tone for southern society.


 * Slave life**

Food generally adequate, but plain and monotonous Slaves owned few clothes and lived in small, one–room cabins Slaves worth more healthy than sick Women as child bearers were particularly valuable to owner

Slaves treated as property:
 * Pledged for a debt
 * Gambled away in a card game
 * White crimes against slaves went unpunished
 * Slaves could not testify against whites


 * Slave work routine**

1. House slaves

2. Field slaves

Most field slaves worked in the **gang system** White overseer: compensated on how much he produced Black slave drivers: foremen to keep down dissension

3. Some slaves worked the **task system**

In urban settings and on some rice plantations Assigned daily tasks to complete at their own pace Remainder of the time was their own

4. Slave **hire system**

Some skilled slaves were able to hire themselves out They could keep most of their wages Often used proceeds to purchase their freedom


 * Slave religion**

Most white southerners were religious

Most believed they should help slaves become Christians

But they did so on their own terms

Whites used religion as a form of control:

God commanded slaves to serve and obey their masters Slaves felt there must be a real Bible somewhere One not written by their white owners Many whites unwilling to accept slaves as brothers and sisters in Christ.

Christianity helped slaves cope with bondage:

Slaves used religion as a refuge Inner sense of personal worth and dignity Slaves hoped for deliverance from bondage Surely in heaven but hopefully in this lifetime


 * Slave family life**

Slaves tried to be monogamous

Slave marriages had no legal basis Slaves still had marriage ceremonies Vows were changed to "till death or distance do us part" Family was central to slave life

Worst fear was family separation by sale At any moment, the master could a. Sell a slave husband or wife b. Die in debt, forcing a division of his property c. Give a slave child away as a wedding present

Husbands tried to provide for their wife and children Could not protect the females from sexual exploitation by the master


 * Slave resistance**

Few violent rebellions

Whites had firepower, slave patrols, militia, and federal troops

Slaves tried to preserve mental independence and self–respect

Coping mechanisms


 * Trickster tales
 * Nonviolent forms of resistance
 * Stealing food
 * Temporarily running away
 * Slacking off at work


 * Nat Turner slave rebellion in Virginia** (1831)

Nat Turner []

Turner an educated black lay preacher

Key slave rebellion—a violent one Caused an intense white reaction in the south


 * Virginia legislature slavery debate** (1832)

White advocates of gradual abolition of slavery forced a debate Argued that slavery was injurious to Virginia's modernization Motion favoring abolition lost Last public debate on slavery in the antebellum South


 * Antislavery**

Antislavery was not a unified movement at first

Its adherents differed over several issues:
 * a. How hard to push the issue
 * b. The rights of women
 * c. The place of free blacks in American society

The issue of slavery eventually became so compelling that it consumed all the other reforms we have discussed.


 * Gradual emancipation**:

1. American Colonization Society (founded in 1816) 2. Advocated gradual emancipation of former slaves 3. Suggested resettlement in Africa 4. Liberia was set up for this purpose Its capital, Monrovia, named for President James Monroe


 * Immediate emancipation**

Immediatism surpassed gradualism as dominant anti-slavery approach


 * a. Immediate—right now
 * b. Complete—no other labor contract
 * c. Uncompensated—owners not paid a thing


 * William Lloyd Garrison**

Garrison was a white abolitionist He argued for immediate emancipation His newspaper, //The Liberator//, began publication in 1831


 * Black abolitionists**

Much of abolitionism was run by free blacks By 1830, blacks had organized some 50 abolitionist societies


 * Women abolitionists**
 * Women more prominent in abolition than other movements
 * Women could not vote
 * Women expected to "keep their place" in the background

Angelina and Sarah Grimke []

White daughters of a South Carolina slave owner Moved to the North Became involved in anti-slavery and women's rights Attacked the concept of subordination of women to men


 * END HERE FOR QUESTION #3**
 * SLAVERY**


 * START HERE FOR QUESTION #4**
 * CIVIL WAR**


 * John Brown at Harpers Ferry** **(1859)**

Using both whites & blacks, John Brown attacked federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry Brown hoped to arm slaves and trigger a slave rebellion Brown failed: captured, tried, and executed Northern abolitionists saw him as a Jesus figure South bothered by this adulation; thought all northerners endorsed him

John Brown: America's First Terrorist? (National Archives magazine) http://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2011/spring/brown.html


 * U.S. Presidential Election of 1860**

Lincoln got no southern electoral votes but still won the election. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1860

Lincoln's analysis "You in the south think slavery is right and ought to be expanded. We think it is wrong and ought to be restricted."


 * Secession**

Map of secession: []

Secession of South Carolina (December 20, 1860)

The secession of South Carolina led other southern states to secede

Distinguish the two waves of secession

a) Deep South: Miss., Fla., Ala., Ga., La., Tx. b) Upper South: Ark., Tn., N.C., Va.

Several slave states remained committed to the North: Mo., Ky., Md., Del.


 * Confederate States of America**

Confederacy was a separate country Problems similar to those of the Articles of Confederation

Jefferson Davis chosen as President of the Confederate States of America

Jefferson Davis Elected (Today in History, Library of Congress) http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/nov06.html

Capital of the Confederacy was initially in Montgomery, Alabama Capital for remainder of war in Richmond, Virginia Each side tried to take the enemy's capital city


 * War aims**

a. North: Preserve the Union. Not free the slaves

b. South: Preserve slavery==the southern way of life


 * Names used to describe each side**:

a. North=Federals=Yankees=Union=Billy Yank=Blue

b. South=Confederates=Rebels=Secessionists=Johnny Reb=Gray


 * Key Leaders/Generals**

a. North:

Abraham Lincoln Ulysses Grant William Tecumseh Sherman George Meade George McClellan

b. South: Confederate States of America

Jefferson Davis Robert E. Lee Stonewall Jackson J.E.B. Stuart

http://www.teachingamericanhistory.org/neh/interactives/civilwar/lesson1/civil_war.swf
 * Comparisons of both sides**

a. Northern advantages:

Larger population Greater industrial production More railroads and canals

b. Southern advantages:

Greater emotion Excellent military commanders


 * Diplomatic strategy**

a. North

Lincoln tried hard to prevent Britain and France from aiding the Confederacy

Trent Affair (Historian of the State Department) http://history.state.gov/milestones/1861-1865/TrentAffair

b. South

"King Cotton" diplomacy

Hoped that Britain and France would aid South to get southern cotton It did not happen Both countries developed other supply sources


 * Life of a soldier**

Camp Life http://ncmuseumofhistory.org/exhibits/civilwar/about_section2a.html

Campaigning http://ncmuseumofhistory.org/exhibits/civilwar/about_section2b.html

Women soldiers in the Civil War (National Archives magazine) http://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/1993/spring/women-in-the-civil-war-3.html

Black Union soldiers: Racism in the Union army was strong. Black soldiers in the Union army (120,000) fought for acceptance from their white comrades


 * Emancipation**

a. Lincoln's approach

1. Hoped to achieve a peace treaty compromise with the South 2. Tried to balance conflicting parts of his Republican party coalition Radical Republicans wanted immediate emancipation Others (especially border slave states) did not 3. His priority remained: to preserve the Union, not end slavery 4. But he needed to keep Britain and France from aiding the Confederacy

The Civil War and emancipation (Africans in America) []

Emancipation Proclamation []

b. Jefferson Davis's approach

Preserving Confederate independence was the key Would free the slaves if it preserved Confederate independence An effort was made to emancipate: too little, too late


 * Major Battles of the Civil War**

[]
 * Map of the Civil War, 1861-1862**


 * Bull Run**. South won. Southerners confident. Stonewall Jackson.

Stonewall Jackson profile (Finding Dulcinea) http://www.findingdulcinea.com/features/profiles/j/thomas--stonewall--jackson.html


 * Shiloh**. Union barely won. General Grant removed from command. Large casualties revealed the horrible nature of modern warfare.


 * Antietam**. Battle a draw. First time South invaded North. Antietam and Gettysburg the only major battles outside the South.


 * Fredericksburg** (December 1862). Union lost big. Made 14 charges against well–entrenched Confederates.

[]
 * Map of the Civil War, 1863-1865**


 * Chancellorsville** (May 1863). Confederates won battle. But lost their great general, Stonewall Jackson.

May 2, 1863 | Stonewall Jackson Shot by His Own Men at Chancellorsville (New York Times) []


 * Vicksburg** (July 1863). Union victory. Union gained complete control of Mississippi River. Western part of Confederacy cut off.


 * Gettysburg** (July 1863)

Battle of Gettysburg Begins (Finding Dulcinea, On This Day) http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/July-August-08/On-this-Day--Battle-of-Gettysburg-Begins-.html

Union victory. "High tide" of Confederacy. Turning point of the war for the South.


 * Gettysburg Address**

President Lincoln Delivers Gettysburg Address (Finding Dulcinea, On This Day) http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/November/President-Lincoln-Delivers-Gettysburg-Address.html


 * Battle of Atlanta** (1864). Union victory. Ensured Lincoln's reelection.


 * Sherman's March through Georgia**

Union victory Sherman operated in deep South Across Georgia: Atlanta to Savannah Destroyed everything in a path 50 miles wide, 200 miles long

Sherman's March to the Sea (Eyewitness to History) http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/sherman.htm


 * Grant's overland campaign** pursuing Lee's army to Richmond


 * Appomattox** (9 April 1865).

Confederate Robert E. Lee surrendered to Union Ulysses S. Grant Lincoln assassination: 14 April 1865

Jefferson Davis captured (Today in History, Library of Congress) http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/may10.html


 * Deaths in the Civil War**

Total deaths 620,000===(360,000 North; 260,000 South)


 * END HERE FOR QUESTION #4**
 * CIVIL WAR**