POLI+385+Final+Exam


 * POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT TEMPLATE**

Various impediments to political development

History affects the present in many ways

Colonial rulers: Spain in our case US interventions Cold War legacy Effect of Cuba and Venezuela and other leftist places on these countries This country vis-a-vis major powers currently: US, Russia, China, UK U.S. sanctions against the country Strings attached by US Congress to foreign aid allocations (CRS Reports)

Civil wars/fight for independence/wars with neighboring countries IDP Internally Displaced Persons (disasters, civil war) Reconciliation problems from past wars/atrocities Role of disputes with neighboring countries Role of military: external; internal (in policing, for example)

Dictators History of coups d'état/ military takeovers Role of militias/hit squads in past/currently (left-wing or right-wing or both) ++++++++++

Pressures from international (UN) and regional (OAS) organizations, and financial donors (like US): human rights, corruption, impunity, etc.

Natural disasters: hurricanes, typhoons, earthquakes IDP Internally Displaced Persons

Economics: One-crop or one-product economy Dependence--these days--on the price of oil ++++++++++

Corruption

Culture of impunity

Lack of security Crime Gang activity Narco-trafficing

Poverty Inequality (role of elites)

Migrations: To US To other countries Remittances role in budget

Homogeneity problems: Language(s) Ethnic strife Indigenous groups Tribal rivalries Role of terror groups/insurgents

Role of religion: Catholic Church leadership Liberation Theology Evangelical activity Religious enmity: (Muslim-Christian, for example)


 * GUATEMALA**

Guatemala overview []

Guatemala Timeline http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-19636725

Congressional Research Service Insight: Guatemala: One President resigns, another elected http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/IN10354.pdf

Gangs in Central America (February 2014) Congressional Research Service Report #34112 http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL34112.pdf

Guatemala [Read the following sections: Introductory paragraphs prior to table of contents Jorge Ubico regime (1931-1944) Guatemalan Revolution (1944-1954) Coup and Civil War (1954-1996) https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala

Banana Republic []

Arbenz and the CIA in Guatemala https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rb7XaF1rs1E&feature=youtube_gdata_player

Castro and Cuba [communism will really become a threat] http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/castro/peopleevents/p_castro.html http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/castro/peopleevents/e_exiles.html http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/castro/peopleevents/e_coldwar.html

Guatemala Civil War http://www.cja.org/article.php?list=type&type=294

Military rule threatans Mayans https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/guatemala/military-rule-threatens-guatemalas-highland-maya-

Model villages in the Ixil region []

Guatemala builds strategic hamlets https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1984/12/21/guatemala-builds-strategic-hamlets/06a25c75-54cd-442d-9eb4-29870afcc314/

Guatemala [good on the civil wars] http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/guatemala.htm

Room for Debate: start with the main page What guilt does the U.S. bear in Guatemala? [] From the main page, click on each of these four items: a. Guatemalan slaughter was part of Reagan's hard line b. Guatemala Suffered for U.S. Foreign Policy c. Blaming the U.S. for Guatemalan Deaths Is Easy Propaganda d. We Enabled Guatemalan Genocide, but the Elite Committed It

Assassination of Bishop Gerardi http://www.ghrc-usa.org/our-work/important-cases/assassination-of-bishop-gerardi/

Historical Overview of Pentecostalism in Guatemala http://www.pewforum.org/2006/10/05/historical-overview-of-pentecostalism-in-guatemala/

Church flourishes in Guatemala, but struggles to bridge cultural differences and train new priests http://www.csmonitor.com/1986/0625/oguat3.html

Liberation Theology http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/beliefs/liberationtheology.shtml

Central America-4 Border Control Agreement. []

Guatemalan Migration in Times of Civil War and Post-War Challenges []

Waves of Guatemalan migrant children present unique language challenges []

Guatemala Guerrillas Drawing Indians Into Ranks for the First Time http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/guatemala/indians-ranks.htm

Guatemala: Rape sentences in landmark military trial http://www.bbc.com/news/world-35674893

Healing Guatemala's emotional scars from the civil war http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-17313508

U.S. 'interference' toppled me, ex-Guatemalan leader Perez says http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/09/10/us-guatemala-corruption-idUSKCN0RA0CL20150910

From President to Prison: Otto Pérez Molina and a Day for Hope in Guatemala http://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/from-president-to-prison-otto-perez-molina-and-a-day-for-hope-in-guatemala

Guatemala profile (Insight Crime) http://www.insightcrime.org/guatemala-organized-crime-news/guatemala


 * EL SALVADOR**

Video (74 minutes): In the Name of the People: El Salvador's Civil War 1985 []

El Salvador President: Salvador Sánchez Cerén [former FMLN leader] []

El Salvador: Background and U.S. Relations Congressional Research Service (4 February 2016) http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R43616.pdf

Driven by fear: the Salvadorean children sent on the perilous journey to the US http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/aug/29/el-salvador-children-journey-us

Escalating violence in El Salvador Congressional Research Service Insight (January 2016) http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/IN10382.pdf

El Salvador: BBC profile http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-19401932

Historical timeline (BBC profile) http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-19402222

El Salvador profile (Insight Crime) http://www.insightcrime.org/el-salvador-organized-crime-news/el-salvador

At Salvadoran Factory, Helping Troubled Youth Makes Business Sense http://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/22/world/americas/at-salvadoran-factory-helping-troubled-youth-makes-business-sense.html?rref=collection%2Ftimestopic%2FEl%20Salvador

Two Salvadoran gangsters walk into a church https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/04/03/two-salvadoran-gangsters-walk-into-a-church/

El Salvador's Gang Truce: Positives and Negatives []

How El Salvador's Barrio 18 spends extortion money http://www.insightcrime.org/news-analysis/el-salvador-barrio-18-spends-extortion-profits

Driving a bus is a ‘death sentence’ in El Salvador’s capital city https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2015/07/31/driving-a-bus-is-a-death-sentence-in-el-salvadors-capital-city/

Christianity is growing rapidly in El Salvador — along with gang violence and murder rates https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/acts-of-faith/wp/2015/04/08/christianity-is-growing-rapidly-in-el-salvador-along-with-gang-violence-and-murder-rates/

El Salvador Civil War (Center for Justice and Accountability) []

Reagan's obsession with Central America http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/269619.stm

Dirty Hands (U.S. Policy in El Salvador) http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1998/12/dirty-hands/377364/

Farabundo Marti http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farabundo_Mart%C3%AD

Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farabundo_Mart%C3%AD_National_Liberation_Front

Report of the Commission of the Truth for El Salvador http://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/file/ElSalvador-Report.pdf a. Murder of Jesuit Priests, 38-47 b. Murder of American churchwomen, 54-59 c. El Mozote massacre, 105-113 d. Murder of Archbishop Romero, 118-123 f. Death squad pattern, 124-130

Roberto d'Aubuisson, 48, Far-Rightist in Salvador http://www.nytimes.com/1992/02/21/world/roberto-d-aubuisson-48-far-rightist-in-salvador.html

El Salvador marks Archbishop Oscar Romero's murder http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8580840.stm

Romero beatification opens old wounds in El Salvador http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/in-el-salvador-beatification-of-slain-archbishop-reopens-old-wounds/2015/05/21/2fad3e90-fd84-11e4-8c77-bf274685e1df_story.html

Allies, beware: the US is a fair-weather friend (Elliott Abrams) http://www.wsj.com/articles/allies-beware-the-u-s-is-a-fair-weather-friend-1433285681

U.S.-Funded War in El Salvador Casts Shadow over Romney/Ryan Campaign [Elliott Abrams again!] http://www.prwatch.org/news/2012/08/11710/us-funded-war-el-salvador-casts-shadow-over-romneyryan-campaign#sthash.VZ6rgO7D.dpuf

U.S. Wants Former Salvadoran Ally to Face Justice in 1989 Jesuit Massacre http://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/14/world/americas/us-wants-former-salvadoran-ally-to-face-justice-in-1989-massacre.html?rref=collection%2Ftimestopic%2FEl%20Salvador

El Salvador's suffering lingers on http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3879373.stm

Death Squad Was After The Jesuits In 1977, The White Warriors Union - A Right-wing Group - Ordered All Jesuits Out Of The Country Under Threat Of Death. http://articles.philly.com/1989-11-20/news/26140891_1_jesuits-father-ignacio-ellacuria-death-squad

Liberation theology issues relating to Archbishop Romero http://www.catholicherald.co.uk/news/2015/02/05/archbishop-romero-will-be-beatified-within-the-year-says-archbishop/

How One American Diplomat Solved the Case of the Murdered Churchwomen in El Salvador http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2016/02/el-salvador-churchwomen-murders/460320/

Spanish trial of soldiers who killed priests raises hopes of ending impunity in El Salvador http://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/apr/08/spanish-trial-of-soldiers-behind-uca-atrocity-raises-hopes-of-ending-impunity-in-el-salvador


 * HONDURAS**

The Deported: Uprooted from his life and family in the United States, a Honduran deportee returns to the country that he tried so hard to escape. http://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/13/magazine/the-deported.html?rref=collection%2Ftimestopic%2FHonduras

Honduras Profile (Insight Crime) http://www.insightcrime.org/honduras-organized-crime-news/honduras

5 facts about Honduras and immigration http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/08/11/5-facts-about-honduras-and-immigration/

Honduras: BBC profile http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-18954311 Timeline http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1225471.stm

Natural Disaster Issue: Hurricane Mitch devastates Honduras.(October 1998) http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1998/11/98/hurricane_mitch/202395.stm

Honduras struggles 10 years after Hurricane Mitch http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7682412.stm

Honduras becomes US military foothold in Central America https://nacla.org/news/honduras-becomes-us-military-foothold-central-america

US proxy war in Nicaragua https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M8Ihf9w_KCU&feature=youtu.be

Honduras (Center for Justice and Accountability) http://www.cja.org/article.php?list=type&type=254

Cables Show Central Negroponte Role in 80's Covert War Against Nicaragua http://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/13/politics/13contra.html?_r=0

Our Man in Honduras: John Negroponte http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2001/sep/20/our-man-in-honduras/

Contras https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contras

1981- Honduras becomes embroiled in various regional conflicts. US-run camps for training Salvadorans in counterinsurgency are set up on Honduran territory. [why Salvadorans?]

Past vanishes in Honduras [Salvadoran refugee camps in Honduras] http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3906977.stm

1982 - US-backed Nicaraguan counter-revolutionaries, or Contras, launch operations to bring down Nicaragua's Sandinista government from Honduran territory.

1984 - US-run training camps for Salvadoran counter-revolutionaries are shut down, but the government continues to cooperate with the US administration's anti-Sandinista activities in return for substantial economic aid.


 * NICARAGUA**

Nicaragua: BBC profile http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-19735631

Nicaragua (Insight Crime) http://www.insightcrime.org/nicaragua-organized-crime-news/nicaragua

Bill de Blasio's stand against Reagan's contra war on Nicaragua [He is the current mayor of New York City] http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/sep/25/bill-deblasio-reagan-nicaragua

The Counter-Revolutionaries (Contras) https://www.brown.edu/Research/Understanding_the_Iran_Contra_Affair/n-contrasus.php

President Jimmy Carter's approach to Nicaragua https://history.state.gov/milestones/1977-1980/central-america-carter

President Ronald Reagan's approach to Nicaragua https://history.state.gov/milestones/1981-1988/central-america

Few Nicaraguans among Central America's exodus to US http://www.latimes.com/world/mexico-americas/la-fg-nicaragua-no-migrants-20140830-story.html

Confessions of a 'Contra' | The New Republic http://www.newrepublic.com/article/confessions-contra

Adolfo Calero, Contra Leader in Nicaragua, Is Dead at 80 http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/04/world/americas/adolfo-calero-contra-leader-in-nicaragua-is-dead-at-80.html

In Central America, Reagan Remains A Polarizing Figure Page 1 [] Page 2 []

Brief summary of Nicaraguan history for our purposes:

1912-25 - US establishes military bases. 1927-33 - Guerrillas led by Augusto Cesar Sandino campaign against US military presence. 1934 - Sandino killed on the orders of the National Guard commander, General Anastasio Somoza 1937 - General Somoza elected president, heralding the start of a 44-year-long dictatorship by his family. Somoza family dictatorship [US relations with dictators] 1961 - Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN) founded [named for Augusto Sandino] Revolution turns sour. Sandanista's got rid of a dictatorship - but civil war ensued. The US supported the Contra rebels while the Soviet Union backed the FSLN government of Daniel Ortega.

Daniel Ortega http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-15544315

Nicaragua's broken dreams http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3856843.stm